INFO 3130 Chapter 13
Web Services
-Reusable software components that use XML and open internet standards (platform independent) -Enable applications to communicate with no custom programming required to share data and services -Can engage other Web services for more complex transactions -Using platform and device-independent standards can result in significant cost-savings and opportunities for collaboration with other companies What type of services are capable of all of this?
Joint application design (JAD)
-Used to accelerate generation of information requirements and to develop initial systems design -Brings end users and information systems specialists together in interactive session to discuss system's design -Can significantly speed up design phase and involve users at intense level
Role of end users in Systems Design
-User information requirements drive system building -Users must have sufficient control over design process to ensure system reflects their business priorities and information needs -Insufficient user involvement in design effort is major cause of system failure
Rad UtilizationTechniques
-Visual programming and other tools for building graphical user interfaces -Iterative prototyping of key system elements -Automation of program code generation -Close teamwork among end users and information systems specialists -JAD, Agile Development All refer to what techniques?
Variety of tools for BPM
.Identify and document existing processes .Identify inefficiencies .Create models of improved processes .Capture and enforce business rules for performing processes .Integrate existing systems to support process improvements .Verify that new processes have improved .Measure impact of process changes on key business performance indicators Are things that are enabled by?
1. Output 2. Input 3. User Interface 4. Database Design 5. Processing 6. Manual Procedures 7. Controls 8. Security 9. Documentation 10. Conversion 11. Training 12. Organizational Changes
12 Different types of design specifications
iPhone Android Windows Phone
3 Main Platforms of Mobile application development
Requirements Analysis Formulate and evaluate alternative solutions Feasibility study
3 Systems Analysis Methods
1. Parallel strategy 2. Direct cutover 3. Pilot study 4. Phased approach
4 Main Strategies of Conversion
Automation Rationalization of Procedures Business Process Redesign Paradigm Shifts
4 Structural Organizational Changes Enabled by IT
1. Identify processes for change 2. Analyze existing processes 3. Design the new process 4. Implement the new process 5. Continuous measurement
5 Steps in BPM
Feasibility study
A part of systems analysis, is used to determine whether that solution is achievable, from a financial, technical, and organizational standpoint.
Systems development
Activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem or opportunity
Test Plan
All preparations for series of tests
Advantages of Outsourcing
Allows organization flexibility in IT needs refers to what?
Systems analysis
Analysis of problem to be solved or a new opportunity to be exploited by developing a new system or Identify problem(s) Specify solutions Establish information requirements refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
Business Process Redesign
Analyze, simplify, and redesign business processes Reorganize workflow, combine steps, eliminate repetition Refers to which Structural Organizational Change Enabled by IT?
Traditional systems life-cycle Prototyping End-user development Application software packages Outsourcing
Approaches to Building Information Systems
True
Because a prototype can be developed quickly and inexpensively, systems builders can go through several iterations, repeating steps 3 and 4, to refine and enhance the prototype before arriving at the final operational one
New hardware and software Changes in jobs and skills Changes to management and organization
Building a new information system is one kind of planned organizational change which requires what 3 things?
Prototyping
Building experimental system rapidly and inexpensively for end users to evaluate, Working but preliminary version of information system Refers to which Approach to Building Information Systems?
Maintenance
Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures to a production system to correct errors, meet new requirements, or improve processing efficiency
2 way to implement Systems as Planned Organizational Change
Demonstrates the use of information systems to streamline and redesign business processes Illustrates need to address and make changes in culture and organization to support new systems
Systems design
Describes system specifications that will deliver functions identified during systems analysis or Create design specifications refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
redesigning organizations
Designing new information systems require
Request for Proposal (RFP)
Detailed list of questions submitted to packaged-software vendors Used to evaluate alternative software packages based on weights of the criteria
Testing
Ensures system produces right results refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
Software package evaluation
Evaluation criteria include several factors, including functions provided by the package, hardware and software resources, vendor quality, cost, etc.
Agile development
Focuses on rapid delivery of working software by breaking large project into several small subprojects Emphasizes face-to-face communication over written documents, allowing collaboration and faster decision making
Component-based Development
Groups of objects that provide software for common functions (e.g., online ordering) and can be combined to create large-scale business applications
Disadvantages of Outsourcing
Hidden costs Opening up proprietary business processes to third party
Requirements Analysis
Identifying information requirements of the various users (current & potential) Define objectives of new/modified system Detail the functions new system must perform
Solutions
In regards to Systems as Planned Organizational Change, Enterprise suite to centralize data management and replace legacy software, changes to corporate culture and organization. are what?
Common Problem
In regards to Systems as Planned Organizational Change, Inefficient manual processes, legacy systems. are a what?
Automation
Increases efficiency Replaces manual tasks Refers to which Structural Organizational Change Enabled by IT?
Organizational Culture
Largest single barrier to successful business process change is what?
Total quality management
Makes achieving quality an end in itself and the responsibility of all people and functions within an organization
Acceptance Testing
Makes sure system is ready to be used in production setting
Disadvantages of prototyping
May gloss over essential steps May not accommodate large quantities of data or large number of users May not undergo full testing or documentation Refers to what?
Advantages of End User Development
More rapid completion of projects High-level of user involvement and satisfaction Refers to what?
Disadvantages of End User Development
Not designed for processing-intensive applications Inadequate management and control, testing, documentation Loss of control over data Refers to what?
object
Object-oriented development use the _____ as the basic unit of systems analysis and design
1. Automation 2. Rationalization 3. Redesign 4. Paradigm Shifts
Order of 4 Structural Organizational Changes Enabled by IT from low risk low reward to high risk high reward
Conversion
Process of changing from old system to new system Requires end-user training Finalization of detailed documentation showing how system works from technical and end-user standpoint or Plan conversion Prepare documentation Train users and technical staff refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
Rapid application development (RAD)
Process of creating workable systems in a very short period of time
True
Purchasing a book from a physical bookstore requires many steps to be performed by both the seller and the customer
Paradigm Shifts
Rethink nature of business, Define new business model, and Change nature of organization Refers to which Structural Organizational Change Enabled by IT?
Fourth-Generation Languages
Software tools that enable end users to create reports or develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance.
Query Languages
Software tools that provide immediate online answers to requests for information that are not predefined
Six Sigma
Specific measure of quality, representing 3.4 defects per million opportunities
1. Identify user requirements 2. Develop initial prototype 3. Use prototype 4. Revise and enhance prototype
Steps in prototyping
Rationalization of Procedures
Streamlines standard operating procedures Often found in programs for making continuous quality improvements Total quality management (TQM) Six sigma Refers to which Structural Organizational Change Enabled by IT?
1. Programming 2. Testing 3. Conversion
System Implementation Consists of which three 6 core activities of the Systems Development Process?
Production and maintenance
System reviewed to determine if revisions needed May include post-implementation audit document or Operate the system Evaluate the system Modify the system refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
Programming
System specifications from design stage are translated into software program code or Translate design specification into code refers to which of the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process?
System Testing
Test functioning of system as a whole
End Users Information Specialists
Test plans require input from what two sources?
Unit Testing System Testing Acceptance Testing
Testing consists of what three types of test?
Unit Testing
Tests each program in system separately
Automation
The most common form of IT-enabled organizational change is
Subprojects of Agile development
Treated as separate, complete projects Completed in short periods of time using iteration and continuous feedback (development sprints) Refers to what?
Domestic outsourcing Offshore outsourcing
Types of External vendors
Cloud and SaaS providers External vendors
Types of outsourcing
Advantages of prototyping
Useful if some uncertainty in requirements or design solutions Often used for end-user interface design More likely to fulfill end-user requirements Refers to what?
60%
User enhancements, improving documentation, recoding for greater processing efficiency makes up what percent of maintenance in the Systems Development Process?
End-user development
Uses fourth-generation languages to allow end-users to develop systems with little or no help from technical specialists Refers to which Approach to Building Information Systems?
True
Using Internet technology makes it possible to redesign the process for purchasing a book so that it requires fewer steps and consumes fewer resources
Business process management (BPM)
Variety of tools, methodologies to analyze, design, optimize processes Used by firms to manage business process redesign
Responsive Web Design
Web sites programmed so that layouts change automatically according to user's computing device
1. Systems analysis 2. Systems design 3. Programming 4. Testing 5. Conversion 6. Production and maintenance
What are the 6 Core Activities of the Systems Development Process
Managing the process and standards
What is the Greatest Challenge of End User Development?
Parallel Strategy
What type of conversion strategy is when both the old system and its potential replacement are run together for a time until everyone is assured that the new one functions correctly.
Phased Approach Strategy
What type of conversion strategy is where the new system is introduced in stages, either by functions or by organizational units.
Pilot Study Strategy
What type of conversion strategy is where the new system is introduced to only a limited area of the organization, such as a single department or operating unit. When this is running smoothly it is installed throughout the rest of the organization.
Direct Cutover Strategy
What type of conversion strategy is where the old system is replaced entirely by the new system on an appointed day.
Various Conditions Requirements for each Condition Expected Results
When developing a test plan, it is imperative to include what three things?
The effects on business processes and the entire organization
When implementing Systems change it is important to consider
Traditional Systems Lifecycle
Which Approach to Building Information Systems Is the Oldest method for building information systems, Uses Phased approach divides development into formal stages Follows "waterfall" approach: Tasks in one stage finish before another stage begins Maintains formal division of labor between end users and information systems specialists, Emphasizes formal specifications and paperwork, Is Still used for building large complex systems and Can be costly, time-consuming, and inflexible?
Application software packages
Which Approach to Building Information Systems Saves time and money, offer customization features: modification to meet requirements to be done without destroying integrity of package software?
Outsourcing
Which Approach to Building Information Systems includes Cloud and SaaS providers and External vendors
20%
changes to hardware, software, data, reporting makes up what percent of maintenance in the Systems Development Process?
20%
debugging, emergency work makes up what percent of maintenance in the Systems Development Process?
data flow diagram
logical graphical model of information flow, partitioning a system into modules that show manageable levels of detail.
structure chart
top-down chart, showing each level of design, its relationship to other levels, and its place in the overall design structure.
Process specifications
transformations occurring within the lowest level of the data flow diagrams.
