Information Storage and Management v5

Structured data

Organized in fixed fields within a record or file. To structure the data, you require a data model. A data model specifies the format for organizing data, and also specifies how different data elements are related to each other. For example, in a relational database, data is organized in rows and columns within named tables.

3 Reasons organizations need backups

- Recover lost or corrupted data for smooth functioning of business operations. -comply with regulatory requirements -Avoid financial and business loss

7 Key Characteristics of a Modern Data Center

1. Continuous Availability 2. IT-as-a-Service 3. Virtualization 4. On-demand Scalability 5. Multi-layered Security 6. Software-defined 7. Orchestration Management

What is a protocol?

A set of functions based on a set of rules. All participants agree to use the same protocol to communicate.

AI/Machine Learning Methods

Involves creating mathematical and statistical algorithms that can accept input data and use some sort of analysis to predict the output. Steps: 1. Collect the datasets for analysis. 2. Once data is collected, select the type of learning method to be used, then build a model. 3. Train the model with test datasets and improvise the model accordingly for future decision making. 3 Types of machine learning methods: Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement

True or False. Back up devices must be directly attached.

False. Backup devices can be directly attached or through a network.

Information

Processed data to enable useful interpretation and decision-making. For example, when you process the annual sales data into a sales report, it provides useful information.

What modern data center characteristic helps in improving business agility by automated arrangement and coordination of various component functions that is based on a predefined workflow?

Orchestrated Management Orchestration of management operations helps in improving business agility. Orchestration enables automated arrangement and coordination of various component functions that is based on a predefined workflow

Big Data Analytics

Organizations can use their Big data to: −Uncover new, emerging trends. −Identify potential business opportunities. −Discover new ways to gain competitive advantages. Big data demands an approach to analytics that is flexible, accessible, and fast. To maximize the value of Big data, analysts: −Leverage data lakes that can store a massive amount of data. −Apply statistical and machine learning techniques to deliver predictive analytics.

True or False. Several VMs can be created on a single physical compute system.

True but depends on the hardware capabilities

Which of the following is a feature of 5G network?

Ultra low-latency Low latency: minimal delay in the processing of computer data over a network connection

What is Internet of Things (IoT)? What are some examples?

an ecosystem where sensors, devices, and equipment are connected to a network and can transmit and receive data for tracking, analysis, and action. **Integration of IT and OT technologies that have been around for decades. Examples: •Wearable gadgets-smartwatches and fitness activity trackers. •Electronic sensors-temperature sensors and heart monitoring implants .•Household appliances-TV, thermostats, and lighting.

What is containerization?

an operating system-level virtualization method that simplifies application deployment and requires fewer resources than virtual machines.

What are the typical virtual hardware components of a VM?

Virtual CPU(s), virtual motherboard, virtual RAM, virtual disk, virtual network adapter, optical drives, serial and parallel ports, and peripheral devices

What are some compute system hardware? Hint P.M.I.I

processor(s), memory, internal storage, and I/O devices

True or False. Storage virtualization software has the ability to pool and abstract physical storage resources, and present them as a logical storage resource, such as: −Virtual volumes −Virtual disk files −Virtual storage systems

True

True or False. The OS that is installed on a guest machine is called a guest OS

True

True or False. The hypervisor provides virtual hardware resources, such as CPU, memory, storage, and network resources to all the VMs

True

True or False. Traditional applications are designed for desktop first, and then extended to other devices as necessary.

True

3 Type of network connectivity

-Compute to Compute Connectivity -Compute to Storage Connectivity - Between Data Centers

4 most common back up components

- Backup client: gathers data that must be backed up and sends to storage node. -Backup server: manages backup operations and maintains backup catalog which contains info about backup configuration(when needs to run) and back up metadata(info about backed up data). -Storage node: organizes client data and writes data to back up device. Sends tracking information. -Backup Target (Backup Device): These include tape, disk, virtual disk library, and the cloud. *most time to the storage node and backup server run on the same system.

Containers are application-centric methods that:

- Delivers microservices by providing portable, isolated virtual environments for applications to run without interference from other running applications. −Bundles applications with the software libraries that they depend on, allowing developers to create "build once, run anywhere" code making applications very portable. −Becomes the norm for modern applications and cloud-native applications.

Business Drivers of Digital Transformation

- Organizations are also under pressure to manage the enormous growth of digital data and derive new values from the data. To survive, the organization must transform and adopt modern technologies to support the digital transformation. - In this digital world, organizations must develop new applications using agile processes and new tools to achieve rapid time-to-market. Simultaneously, the organizations still expect IT to operate and manage the traditional applications that provide revenue.

APEX Hybrid Cloud (Hybrid cloud)

-A single vendor experience with consistent SLAs across all cloud workloads and single-vendor support. -Unparalleled breadth of capabilities with a range of cloud solutions that enable greater innovation and provide the flexibility of cost-efficient, multiple cloud consumption models. -A consistent experience and common management tools across all clouds, enabling IT teams to choose the optimal mix of public, private and edge cloud resources. -Support for all major cloud partners, with the ability to extend hybrid cloud solutions to the world's broadest cloud ecosystem that includes more than 4,200 cloud providers like AWS, Azure and Google Cloud Platform. VMware Cloud Foundation on VxRail is the foundation for APEX Hybrid Cloud. It delivers a simple and direct path to modern apps and the hybrid cloud with one, complete, automated platform.

A VM consists of files such as: C.V.M.L

-Configuration File: VM name, location, BIOS information, guest OS type, number of CPUs, memory size, number of adapters and associated MAC addresses, and SCSI controller type -Virtual Disk File: A VM can have multiple virtual disk files, each of which appears as a separate disk drive to the VM. -Memory state file: used to resume a VM that is in a suspended state. -Log File: Used to keep a record of the VM's activity and is often used for troubleshooting purposes.

3 Desktop Virtualization benefits

-Simplified desktop infrastructure management -Improved data protection and compliance -Flexibility of access

8 Cloud Computing Benefits

1. Business Agility: IT resources provisions quickly at anytime which reduces time to deploy new applications. 2. Reduced IT Costs: Consumers can rent IT resources based on pay per use or subscription pricing. 3. High Availability: Ensures resource availability at varying levels. 4. Flexible Scaling: unilaterally and automatically scale IT resources. More costs efficient than buying new IT resources for short term use. 5. Business Continuity: recover from outages faster. 6. Increased collaboration: allows for sharing of resources from any location. 7. Simplified Infrastructure Management: Infrastructure management reduced to only what is needed to access the cloud. 8. Flexibility Access: Applications and data are stored centrally and can be accessed from anywhere over a network from any device

Three Principal Aspects of Big Data

1. Data Processing Nodes: Needs highly scalable architecture for efficient storage. 2. Business Value: Can gain valuable insights from searching, aggregating, and cross referencing large data sets. 3. Characteristics of Data: Massive data sets with structured and unstructured data, can be generated and changed rapidly, come from diverse sources.

5 Cloud Computing Characteristics Hint (MR.ROB)

1. Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability. 2. Resource Pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multitenant model. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth. 3. Rapid Elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, sometimes automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. 4. On-demand Self-Service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider. 5. Broad Network Access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (such as, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

4 Cloud Deployment Models

1. Public Cloud: A public cloud provides the benefits of low upfront expenditure on IT resources and enormous scalability. 2. Private Cloud: Greater degree of privacy and control over the cloud infrastructure, applications, and data. Can be on-prem or externally hosted. 3. Hybrid Cloud Cloud: Two or more cloud infrastructure (private or public) that remain unique entities but are bound by standardized or proprietary technology. 4. Multi Cloud: helps to meet the business demands since sometimes no single cloud model can suit the varied requirements and workloads across an organization.

3 Characteristics of Big Data Hint (All 3 start with V)

1. Velocity: the rate at which data is produced and changes, and also how fast the data must be processed to meet business requirements. - Must be delivered at exceptional speed. -Data must be process analyzed, and results delivered in timely manner. Ex: Real time face recognition for screening passengers at airports. 2. Variety: Diverse formats of data. Generated by numerous formats and various structured and unstructured forms. Combination of data from various data sources and in various formats is a key requirement in Big Data analytics Ex: combining the many medical records of a particular patient with various published medical research to find the best treatment. 3. Volume: Ever-increasing growth in data of all types. Growth in data is reaching petabyte and even exabyte scales. requires substantial cost-effective storage, but also increases challenges in data analysis. . Organizations are witnessing an ever-increasing growth in data of all types, such as: - Transaction-based data stored over the years. - Sensor data. - Unstructured data streaming in from social media.

The VM is what kind of entity? What does the OS view the VM as ?

A VM is a logical entity; but to the OS running on the VM, it appears as a physical compute system, with its own processor, memory, network controller, and disks.

What is a blade server?

A blade server is a printed circuit board containing only core processing components, such as CPU(s), memory, integrated network controllers, storage drive, and essential I/O cards and ports. Providing integrated power, cooling, and networking, each chassis has multiple slots to hold multiple blade servers.

How is Information stored?

A choice of non-volatile media such as: Magnetic storage devices (Hard disk drive and magnetic tape drive). −Optical storage devices (Blu-ray, DVD, and CD). −Flash-based storage devices: Solid-state drive (SSD), memory card, and USB thumb drive.

5G Definition and Purpose

A fifth-generation mobile network after 4G networks. -Enables a fully mobile and connected society virtually including objects, devices, and machines. -Enable a fully mobile and connected society virtually including objects, devices, and machines.

What is Desktop Virtualization?

A technology that decouples the OS, applications, and user state from a physical compute system to create a virtual desktop environment that can be accessed from any client device.

What is cloud computing?

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (for example, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services).

Dell Edge Gateway (Edge computing)

Allows you to connect (wired or wireless) to network enabled devices and manage them remotely in your existing network ecosystem. -Mount on a wall or DIN rail at the edge of the network enabling you to collect, secure, analyze, and act on data from multiple disparate devices and sensors. -Help to connect, extract, and analyze data from both legacy and modern systems with the help of expanded I/O. It supports diverse communication protocols through certified independent software vendor (ISV) middleware. -Perform analytics locally, close to the devices and sensors generating data. It sends only meaningful data to the cloud or data center or to a master gateway—instead of gorging on bandwidth and wasting money transmitting every unprocessed dataset.

What is a backup?

An additional copy of production which is retained for the sole purpose of recovering lost or corrupted data.

4 Cloud Computing Use Cases

Cloud Bursting: Provisioning resources for a limited time from a public cloud to handle peak workloads. Easily scale your network to handle peak seasonal traffic. VDI (Virtual Desk Infrastructure) and DaaS (Desktop as a Service): Due to growth in mobile workforce, VDI and DaaS helps to increase data and application availability, because they are hosted in the cloud and can be easily accessed from any device. Disaster Recovery: By having a standby site in the cloud for DR purposes, failover is quick and easy. Also, there is no need to build and maintain separate infrastructure. Application Development and Testing: In the cloud, you can switch environments on and off. With just a few clicks, you could quickly set up a development environment to improve your time to market.

What is the hypervisor?

Compute virtualization is achieved by a hypervisor, which is virtualization software that is installed on a physical compute system.

What is Connectivity?

Connectivity provides communication paths between IT infrastructure components for information exchange and resource sharing.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). What is it? What are some examples?

Consumer Manages: Applications, Data, Runtime, Middleware, O/S. Provider Manages: Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking. Provide capability to the customer to obtain infrastructure components such as servers, storage, and network. Also, enables consumers to deploy and run software, including OS and applications. Examples of IaaS are: Amazon EC2, S3, Google Compute Engine.

Platform as a Service (PaaS). What is it? What are some examples?

Consumer Manages: Applications, Data. Provider Manages: Runtime, Middleware, O/S, Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking. Capability provided to the consumer to deploy consumer-created or acquired applications on the provider's infrastructure. Consumers have control over deployed applications and application hosting environment configurations. Examples of PaaS are: Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure SQL.

Software as a Service (SaaS). What is it? What are some examples?

Consumer manages: Nothing. Provider Manages: Runtime, Middleware, O/S, Virtualization, Servers, Storage, Networking. Capability provided to the consumer to use provider's applications running in a cloud infrastructure. Complete stack including application is provided as a service. Application is accessible from various client devices. For example, through a thin-client interface such as web browser. Examples of SaaS are: Salesforce.com, Google Apps, and Microsoft 365.

Containers vs VMs

Containers: - Shared OS Small image footprint(MB) -Quick start times - Stateless -Easily transportable VMs: - Separate OS -Large image footprint(GB) -Full boots -Stateful -Not easily potable(Exports/conversions) *VMs split OS and containers don't

It enables tiering between ____ cache and ______ (secondary cache).

DRAM ;SSD/SCM •Most reads are served directly from high-performance tiered cache. •Cache tiering enhances performance during peak workloads.

Where are storage systems and other IT infrastructure housed?

Data center

Unstructured data

Does not have a data model and is not organized in any particular format. Some examples of unstructured data include text documents, PDF files, email messages, presentations, images, and videos. Example: Annual sales data processed into a sales report

What is the role of the Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)?

Each VM is assigned a virtual machine manager (VMM). VMM abstracts the physical hardware and presents it to the VM

Is it each virtual machine isolated from the other VMs?

Each Virtual Machine (VM) is isolated from the other VMs on the same physical compute system. Therefore, the application running on one VM does not interfere with those running on other VMs.

What is an interconnected system of geographically distributed compute and data capabilities working together as a common platform?

Edge

Backup Categories

Full Incremental Cumulative

Edge Computing Use Cases

Healthcare: Providing a better patient experience at a lower cost, with connected healthcare systems that deliver real-time access to patient insights and support advanced data analytics. •Enabling fusion of diverse data feeds from multiple departments and sites. •Improving organizational agility, clinical outcomes, and professional staff effectiveness .•Improving outcomes through the use of telemedicine •Providing data-driven preventative and predictive medicine. Energy: Edge plays an important role in turning enormous volumes of high-velocity data into actionable intelligence by performing advanced analytics at the source or point of collection. Retail: improved decision making by collecting, aggregating, and analyzing data. Manufacturing: helps to transform manufacturers' operations, by consolidating and simplifying diverse infrastructure, adding intrinsic security, and generating insights at the point of data generation.

4 Big Data Use Cases

Healthcare: Provides consolidated diagnostic information and enable healthcare providers to: -Analyze patient data - Improve patient care and outcomes. - Minimize errors. - Increase patient engagement. -Improve operations and services also enable healthcare providers to monitor patients and analyze their experiences in real time. Finance: used to detect fraudulent credit card transaction in near-real time. Retail and E-Commerce: Provides valuable insights for competitive pricing, anticipating future demand, effective marketing campaigns, optimized inventory assortment, and improved distribution. Social Network Analysis: Enables the discovery and analysis of communities, personalization for solitary activities (for example, search) and social activities (for example, discovery of potential friends)

4 Internet of Things Use Cases

Home Automation: Smart home technology. Air conditioner, lights, refrigerators, security cameras, kitchen stoves can be connected to the Internet with the help of sensors. Smart Cities: Enables optimization of power usage, efficient water supply, manage waste collections, reliable public transportation using IoT sensors. Wearables: smart watches on people, IoT sensors can collect data about the users regarding their health, heartbeat, and exercise patterns. Manufacturing: enables efficient material flow, inventory control, and process monitoring to reduce costs and improve quality.

Compute systems in modern data center

In a modern data center, applications are typically deployed on compute clusters(two or more compute systems that function together) for high availability and for balancing computing workloads. Compute cluster :a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Performs same tasks

Ways a data center can be constructed

In house or outsourced

What is big data?

Information assets whose high volume, high velocity, and high variety require the use of new technical architectures and analytical methods to gain insights and deriving business value.

Cloud Service Models

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Software as a Service(SaaS)

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) Overview and How does it work

Intelligent machines are being built to automatically learn from data and to make decisions. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are two intertwined concepts that help to build this human-like ability into systems. How does it work: Instead of writing a program, a machine is provided with data. With the help of algorithms, machines learn from the data and complete a specific task. -When the machine is provided with a new dataset, it adapts to it by learning from previous experiences to produce reliable outputs AI is the umbrella term and machine learning techniques make it possible

6 Types of storage

Magnetic tape drive Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Solid State Drive (SDD) Non-Volatile Memory express (NVMe) Storage Class Memory (SCM) NVRAM

Which IoT architecture component enables connectivity for huge numbers of diverse things through connectivity layer for sensors?

Middleware

Identify the service of cloud computing in which the resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Measured Service

Cloud-Native Applications

Modern applications consist of a set of business-related functional parts, called microservices, that are assembled with specific rules and best practices. Cloud-native applications: •Requires a dynamic modern infrastructure platform with the attributes such as on-demand self-service, resource pooling, virtualization, accessibility, and scalability. •Enables services to be delivered in hours and not weeks or months that are common in the new world of a digital business. •Supports predictive, and reactive, scaling algorithms using live performance measures to dynamically scale out.

What storage device uses high-performance software interface for PCI express solid-state drives (SSDs).

NVMe

Each VM runs an ______ and _________

OS, applications Each VM runs an OS and applications, and is isolated from the other VMs on the same compute system.

Which compute system contains multiple servers stacked vertically in an enclosure?

Rack-mounted

Which learning algorithm is enabled to interact with its environment and produce results that are based on a trial and error method?

Reinforcement Learning

4 Main components IoT Architecture S.G.M.A

Smart Things: Devices that collect, analyze, and transmit data. Gateways: devices that manage data traffic between networks. In IoT, these gateway devices can also be designed to analyze and secure the data before transmitting for further processing. Middleware: Enables connectivity for huge numbers of diverse Things by providing a connectivity layer for sensors and also for the application layers that provide services that ensure effective communications among software. Applications: To monitor and control the smart things, applications enable the connection of end users or devices to an IoT device.

Compute to Storage Connectivity

Storage may be connected directly to a compute system or over a SAN. •Connectivity and communication between compute and storage are enabled through physical components and interface protocols. •The physical components that connect compute to storage are: Host bus adapter, port, switches, and cable. ***HBA: a host interface device that connects a compute system to storage or to a SAN. It is an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) board. It performs I/O interface functions between a compute system and storage, relieving the processor from more I/O processing workload. A compute system typically contains multiple HBAs. ***Port: A port is a specialized outlet that enables connectivity between the compute system and storage. An HBA may contain one or more ports to connect the compute system to the storage.

Edge computing Overview

The Edge exists wherever the digital and physical worlds intersect and data is securely generated, collected, processed and used to create new value. The modern Edge is an interconnected system of geographically distributed compute and data capabilities working together as a common platform. −The edge platform places these capabilities in proximity to the control and ingest points The modern edge addresses immense data growth, mission critical applications, low-latency responses, and varied communications access, such as 5G.

5G Features

The features and its reliability bring tremendous growth in connectivity, mobile traffic capacity, and new capabilities that enhance performance by providing greater throughput, lower latency, ultra-high reliability, higher connectivity density and an expanded range of mobility. 1.Automation 2.Unite Network Services: Unite wireless, wireline, and satellite services in the same house. 3.Platform enable services 4.Lower service cost 5.Deploy virtual 5G networks 6. Broadband adaptivity: Extreme broadband adaptivity with peaks of 20 Gbps.

Benefits if the modular design of blade servers

The modular design of the blade servers -makes them smaller' - which minimizes the floor space requirements -increases the compute system density and scalability -provides better energy efficiency as compared to the tower and the rack servers

Why are businesses undergoing digital transformation?

To innovate more quickly

3 Types of Compute Systems T.R.B

Tower Compute System: within an upright, standalone structure. Typically have individual monitors, keyboards, and mice. These towers occupy significant floor space and require complex cabling when deployed in a data center. Rack Mounted Compute System: consist of multiple servers placed into an enclosure called a rack. The rack contains multiple servers stacked vertically, thereby simplifying network cabling, consolidating network equipment, and reducing the floor space use. -Blade Compute System: consists of several blade servers installed into one or more chassis. Also known as modular servers.

Compute-to-Compute Connectivity

Uses protocols based on the Internet Protocol (IP). Each physical compute system is connected to a network through one or more host interface devices, called a network interface card (NIC). Physical switches and routers are the commonly used interconnecting devices. ***The image shows a network (LAN or WAN) that provides interconnections among the physical compute systems. It is necessary to ensure that appropriate switches and routers, with adequate bandwidth and ports, are available to provide the required network performance. A router is an OSI Layer-3 device that enables different networks to communicate with each other.

Which characteristic of Big Data refers to the diversity in the formats and types of data?

Variety

Compute virtualization enables the creation of virtual compute systems called __________________

Virtual machines

How are storage devices assembled?

Within a storage system or "array". −Storage systems provide high capacity, scalability, performance, availability, reliability, and security.

What is the "cloud" in cloud computing?

a collection of IT resources, including hardware and software resources. You can deploy these resources either in a single data center, or across multiple geographically dispersed data centers that are connected over a network.

What is a compute system? Name Examples

a computing device (combination of hardware, firmware, and system software) that runs business applications Examples: physical servers, desktops, laptops, and mobile devices

Compute Virtualization

a technique of abstracting the physical compute hardware from the operating system and applications enabling multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single or clustered physical compute system(s).

Application virtualization

a technique of decoupling an application from the underlying computing platform (operating system and hardware) to enable the application to be used on a compute system without installation. An application is either delivered from a remote compute system, or encapsulated in a virtualized container.

What are the benefits of application virtualization? Choose all that apply. a.Flexibility of application access b.Eliminate OS modifications c.Simplified OS image management d.Improved data protection and compliance

a,b,c

The compute system on which a hypervisor is running is called a _____________________ and each VM is called ____________

host machine, guest machine

What are the logical components of a compute system?

operating system (OS), file system, logical volume manager, and device drivers

Storage Class Memory (SCM)

•High-performance non-volatile storage that addresses the performance needs to support digital transformation. •A new tier to the storage hierarchy, one that features memory-like performance at storage-like cost. •Slower than DRAM but read and write speeds are over 10 times faster than flash and can support higher IOPS while offering comparable throughput.

Non-Volatile Memory express (NVMe)

•High-performance software interface for PCI express solid-state drives (SSDs) that use non-volatile memory (NVM). •Takes advantage of the microsecond latency provided by all-flash arrays and eliminates theSCSI bottleneck. •Offers greater storage throughput and lower latency.

Features of Traditional Applications

•Separate interfaces based on the device are often required. •Scalability is achieved through a stateful design approach, using a monolithic architecture that can be vertically scaled. −For resilience, also known as availability, traditional applications most typically rely on highly available infrastructure with redundant components and automated recovery to failure. •Most of the applications are monolithic where the applications are developed as tightly coupled code, installable as a single package. •In this environment, acquisition and provisioning of new resources commonly follow a rigid process (Ticket-based). −The process includes approvals from the concerned authorities and most of these IT operations involved manual intervention.

Application virtualization benefits are: S.E.R.S.F

•Simplified application deployment and management21 •Eliminate OS modifications •Resolve application conflicts and compatibility issues •Simplified OS image management •Flexibility of application access

Server-centric Storage Architecture (Internal DAS)

•Storage devices are connected directly to the servers and are typically internal to the server. •Number of storage devices that can be connected to one server is limited, and it is not possible to scale the storage capacity. •With HCI implementation, these internal storages devices can be shared among compute systems.

Information-centric Storage Architecture (SAN)

•Storage devices exist independently of servers, and are managed centrally and shared between multiple compute systems. •Storage capacity can be increased dynamically and without impacting information availability by adding storage devices to the pool. •Improves the overall storage capacity utilization, while making management of information and storage more flexible and cost-effective.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

•Stores data on a circular disk with a ferromagnetic coating. •Provides random read/write access. •Most popular storage device with large storage capacity.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

•Stores data on a semiconductor-based memory. •Very low latency per I/O, low power requirements, and very high throughput. •Architecture is much sturdier, so the data is not so vulnerable to loss or damage.

Magnetic tape drive

•Stores data on a thin plastic film with a magnetic coating. •Provides only sequential data access. •Low-cost solution for long term data storage.

NVRAM

•Subset of the larger category of non-volatile memory (NVM), which includes storage-class memory based on NAND flash. •Used to store information about state of the components and devices in the computer for fast booting.

Between Data Centers

•The organizations may use IT resources at one or more data centers to provide IT services. •Also, a data center may be inter-connected with multiple clouds to enable workload migration or distribution of workload across clouds.−Organizations can use Wide Area Network (WAN) to enable these services.

6 Key Technologies that enable digital transformation

−Cloud Computing −Big Data −Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning −Internet of Things (IoT) −Edge Computing −5G

A data center consists of:

−Facility:The building and floor space where the data center is constructed. −IT equipment: Compute system, storage, and network components. −Support infrastructure: Power supply, fire detection, HVAC, and security systems