Infosys 220
When to use in-house development?
Pre-existing development team/experience, unique business requirements, does not mind adding additional work force, integration with existing systems, develop internal resources, security requirements, minimize changes to existing business processes
What are the pros/cons of in house development?
Satisfies unique business requirements, control of process, visibility, meet existing constraints, meet security concerns. Have to be able to manage in house devs, expensive
What is a scenario?
Sequence of actions happening under specific circumstances and having a specific result. Instance of a use case. Displayed by activity diagram, use case documentation.
What is a relationship in ERD?
Shows association between entities. Bi directional, has cardinality and optionality
What is Simplicity (M$ user design principals)?
Simple but not simplistic. Don't crowd the user with too many options, use progressive disclosure.
What is pilot change-over?
Small percentage of users get the new system then all of them do. Reasonable pricing and fairly safe. Good for pilot candidates, split testing
What is SaaS?
Soft as a Service. Google apps, Sales force CRM. Software to provide specific business capabilities
What is spiral?
Spiral is like waterfall but with more prototyping and many iterations of the waterfall with feedback
What to keep in my when creating activity diagram?
Start and end states are correct. Decisions had guard conditions, all options are covered. No infinite loops (user can always exit). Flows logically and matches the documentation.
What is SDLC?
Steps for planning and information system
What is SAD?
System analysis and design, step by step procedure for developing IS
What is adaptive maintenance?
System changes to fit new business requirements/gov policy/software EOL and upgrades
What are the Support and Security areas of concern?
System performance (ongoing), system security (ongoing), user support/troubleshoot and IT support (fixing bugs and adding enhancements)
What is black box testing?
System testing/User acceptance testing (UAT). Focused on testing the functionality of the system. Does it do what you know it's supposed to do? Is it reliable? Observing external behavior. Stress/performance testing. Performed by end users.
SDLC
Systems development life cycle
What is a generic UI/UX evaluation process?
Brief evaluators on goal of system. Evaluators evaulate design based on check for flow/logical layout, use evaluation criteria, use business/system constraints and priority to find problems. Redesign and fix. Repeat
What is perfective maintenance?
Change to increase performance/reliability/maintainability
What is preventive maintenance?
Change to prevent problems before they occur, often results in increased customer satisfaction, less downtime, and reduced total cost of operations
What is a public cloud?
Cloud service providers server. No visibility or control. Hardware is shared but data is not.
What is the role of models/documentation?
Communicate requirements by visualizing. Structure and organize the information. ERDs, UML etc
What is a systems requirement document?
Contains requirements of system. Contains alternatives evaluated. Recommendation for system. Presented in easy to read organized format
How to design for RWD?
Content is king. Design for mobile first eg core actions, low data usage, screen size. Flexible everything, imgs/buttons. Progressive enhancement for larger screens.
What are the different types of maintenance?
Corrective, adaptive, perfective, preventive
What are important UI/UX data entry guidelines?
Descriptive input labels. Example format given when required. Suitable default values.
What are the two development options?
Develop new software or buy existing software package
What are the different methods for change over?
Direct cut over, parallel, pilot, phased
What is corrective maintenance?
Discover bugs/system issues and fix. Don't break anything else aka regressions. Change is risky
What is the aim of cloud computing?
Distributed programming, provides wide range of users instant access to distributed/scalable/virtualized hardware and software infrastructure.
What is the golden rule in UI/UX?
Don't make me think
What are the main components of a system architecture?
End users, 3 logical tiers (presentation, business, data), connectivity between components, hardware
What are common terms when talking about IS data?
Entity (tables), Attributes (columns), Relationships (foreign keys and constraints)
What do exceptional flows represent?
Errors
What is Feedback (M$ user design principals)?
Feed back for user actions, should be fast and responsive. Always avoid an unresponsive application. Send long jobs into background thread not on main.
What are the benefits of adding UX to product?
Increased productivity. Increased sales and revenue. Higher customer satisfaction. Decreased training and support. Reduced maintenance.
Why is data important?
Influences business operations and decisions. "Blood" of IS
What is the CIA triangle?
Information encased in Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
What is IaaS?
Infrastructure as a service. AWS. Virtualized servers and compute units.
What is IPO?
Input-process-output
What does the system boundary represent?
It is the systems interface
What parties attend a JAD session?
JAD project leader, manager, user, system analyst and IT, recorder
What is JAD?
Joint application development
What are the pros/cons of modifying a bought software package?
Licensing issues. Vendor won't support. Issues with future upgrades. Tailored to your needs but more costly
What is a generalization of an actor?
Line down pointing up. "I can do everything you can do"
What is a generalization of a use case?
Line down pointing up. Specialized version of the use case eg process payment <- process monthly payment
When to out source development?
Lower cost, gain access to state of the art tech, don't mind losing control over process/implementation, development isn't core competency, limited resource constraints, want to focus on core business, lower investment risk, improved cash flow (per user subscription, ongoing license, one of payment options)
What are the artifacts of the design phase?
Mock ups of the design, data models, development and deployment strategy, system architecture
What is phased change-over?
Move parts of running system to new system. Reasonably pricey and fairly safe. Good for reducing/managing risk
What to think about when making use cases?
Necessary functions of systems. Common steps/functions (extends/includes). Necessary inputs/outputs. Can these be represented in an UI
What is direct cut over change-over?
No phasing between systems. High risk but cheap. Good for reliable commercial software packages (upgrades??)
What is Directness (M$ user design principals)?
Not ambiguous. Familiar and intuitive
What is the role of the manager in JAD?
Permission and feasibility from upper management
What are the phases of SDLC?
Planning, Analysis, Design, Construction/Implementation, Maintenance & Security
What is PaaS?
Platform as a service. Google App Engine, Azure. Support for application hosting/scaling.
What are the pros/cons of purchasing software?
Plug and play, ready quickly. Proven to work. Vendor will offer support and maintain/new versions. Requires less tech staff
What are the components of a use case model?
The system name, boundary box, the actors, the use cases, associations
What is accessibility?
Thinking about age and demographic eg larger text for older people. How often do they use your software? Hearing impairment, color blind, vision impaired. Main features should be obvious. Interactive elements should be sufficiently large to use
What is Consistency (M$ user design principals)?
Transfer existing knowledge within the app/system and OS. Common key bindings, icons, layout
What is the goal of the analysis phase?
Understand business and system requirements. Use cases
What does the planning phase cover?
Understand the problem. Define scope and constraints. Research existing systems/business requirements. Evaluate feasibility. Create recommendation
What are M$ user-centered design principals?
User in control, directness, consistency, forgiveness, feed back, aesthetics and simplicity.
What does the design phase cover?
User interface design, data design, logic design, system architecture. Constant user feedback through this time. Development and deployment strategy
What is User in Control (M$ user design principals)?
User should always feel like they are in control rather than the software. User initiates. Personalisation. Interactivity and responsiveness. No modals
What is Forgiveness (M$ user design principals)?
Users make mistakes. Don't punish trial and error. Allow the user to undo or recover from mistakes.
What is water fall?
Water fall goes through each step one at a step with little over lap. Hard to fix mistakes later on
What different SDLC are there?
Water fall, agile, spiral
What questions do you ask in the planning phase?
What does the system need to do? What is the system worth over time? Is the system actually needed?
What is a project?
Work done towards a goal within time and other constraints eg money and requirements
What is the role of the system analyst and IT in JAD?
technical assistance and hardware/software advice
What are the system architecture construction steps?
1. Identify the hardware components (what are all the clients, what are all the physical things that the user sees, what are all the servers and physical machines needed to do the work. 2. Allocate each to a tier 3. Draw lines to show which components communicate which other components
What is a use case?
A goal/function of the system. Should be described with a verb and object eg Authenticate admin. Must be re presentable in UI
What is an include relationship?
A horizontal line pointing to the included use case and<<include>>. Represents a small part of another use case. For example "manage user accounts" includes "authorize admin"
What is an extend relationship?
A line directed down with arrow pointing up, <<extend>> and a label explaining when. It represents another task extending or following on from the first. For example print reciept extends withdraw cash "if user selects the option"
How are use cases and scenarios related?
A scenario is a use case instance. It has a goal (achieve or fail). It has triggering events.
What is BGP?
Bridge gateway protocol. Packets at each hop need to know where to go, this is kept in routing tables. Once correct sub network reached then use internal routing protocols.
What is a primary key?
A unique identity value for a entity. Can be multiple attributes. Must have a value. Does not change over time.
What do alternate flows represent?
Alternative options a user can take
What is an actor?
An external to system. Person/people. Time (temporal triggers)
What is the UCM checklist?
Are all actors, title, system boundary, all functions present? Can all use cases be executed? Are the relationships modeled properly? Arrow direction and extend notes!
What is the role of the recorder in JAD?
Assisted by system analyst, create documentation
What to keep in mind when designing for a native app?
Be consistent with the platform! Avoid non-standard appearances. Give plenty of space to help focus on content. Hide unnecessary options, expose through progressive disclosure
What is parallel change-over?
Both new and old systems running at the same time. Expensive but safest. Good for mission-critical applications, can shut down new system if issues
What is the role of the JAD project leader?
Guide the JAD session, create an agenda
What are the pros/cons of in sourcing?
Higher degree of visibility. Contractors/consultants. Keep design secrecy. Very high investment.
What are some common reasons for a new system?
Improved service, reduced cost, new products, more information, strong controls, better performance
What are the types of documentation?
Program documentation (API). System documentation (models). Operations documentation. User documentation for training and reference (normally made by system analyst)
What is Aesthetics (M$ user design principals)?
Provide cues to important information and interactions/behavior. Content is king && form vs function
What is the role of the users in JAD?
Provide input on requirements, do's and don'ts. User interface issues. What day to day tasks need to be supported
What are the artifacts of the planning phase?
Recommendation, project plan
What is private cloud?
Recycling old hardware by using virtualization. Custom made private data centers
What are cloud computing concerns?
Reliance on network. Concerns with lack of control/ownership. Concerns with privacy. Concern of legal/regulatory issues
What are the artifacts of the analysis phase?
Requirements documentation, UC models, Activity diagrams, UC documentation
What does the analysis phase cover?
Requirements gathering. UCModels, UCDiagram, Activity diagrams, JAD. Other documentation
What are non functional requirements?
Requirements that aren't functions, eg must run on Windows, must run in a browser
What is white box testing?
Requires understanding on the code. Unit/Functional tests. Performed by developers
What are functional requirements?
The functions of the system, eg Maintain user details
What is the total cost of ownership?
abbr TCO. 1. Development/implemenation cost 2. Operational costs, fixed and ongoing. Server hosting etc 3. Maintenance costs, variable and ongoing. Bug fixes etc
What does "maintain" mean in use case?
all CRUD operations
What is Agile?
focus on adaptability, speed of release with lots of small iterations, constant feed back. Scrum, lean, kanban, xp