Inquiry Science 2

which of the following is a clue of a chemical change? iron changes color when heated, gas bubbles form in boiling water, balls of wax form when melted wax is poured into ice water, a gas forms when vinegar and baking soda are mixed

a gas forms when vinegar and baking soda are mixed

Law of Definite Composition

a given compound always contains the same fixed ratio of elements

When Europeans first began to explore Africa, what did they find?

a great diversity of cultures

Which is required for convection to occur?

a heat source

suspension

a homogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time

which of the following is a heterogenous mixture? water in a swimming pool, sugar water, a jar of mixed nuts, stainless steel

a jar of mixed nuts

A family has a furnace that uses natural gas to heat their home. They are moving to an area that offers the option of using energy from a solar power plant to heat their home. Which disadvantage will the family most likely face by making this switch?

a less reliable production of heat

conductivity

a material's ability to allow heat or electric charges to flow

flammability

a material's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen

inertia

a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its motion

A scientist is studying a shock wave from an earthquake. What kind of wave is being studying?

a mechanical wave

A material that is malleable and conducts electricity is most likely

a metal

a substance has a melting point of 0 degrees celsius and a boiling point of 100 degrees celsius. the substance is most likely

a metal

metallic bonds are bonds in which

a metal gives electrons to a nonmetal

Biomass conversion

a method for changing both plant and animal remains into high-quality fuels such as ethanol

colloid

a mixture that contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and the larger particles in suspension

solution

a mixture that forms when substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture

What is a product made from nonrenewable resources?

a nail made from the metal iron

what is a molecule

a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds

Which substance has the most thermal energy and will have the most heat flow from it? a stovetop burner on medium (200°C) a nuclear reactor core (1000°C) the human body (36°C) air at room temperature (32°C)

a nuclear reactor core (1000°C)

What is a peer review? a process in which only close friends of a scientist review the scientist's work a process in which scientists examine other scientists' work a process in which scientists copy other scientists' work a process in which scientists keep their work a secret

a process in which scientists examine other scientists' work

filtration

a process that separates materials based on the size of their particles

distillation

a process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

What is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. a scientific law a fact a scientific theory a hypothesis

a scientific law

ductility

a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire

typically, atoms gain or loose electrons to achieve what?

a stable electron configuration

typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve

a stable electron configuration

atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve

a stable electron configuration.

mixture

a substance made by mixing other substances together that retain the properties of the individual substances; variable combination

element

a substance made of only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

compound

a substance that is made of one or two more similar substances and can be broken down into these substances

solute

a substance whose particles are dissolved in a solution

Write a statement that accurately represents John Dalton's model of the atom.

a tiny, solid sphere with a predictable mass for a given element

heterogeneous mixture

a type of mixture in which the parts of the mixture are noticeably different form one another

homogeneous mixture

a type of mixture in which the substances are so evenly distributed that it is difficult to distinguish once substance in the mixture from another

particle

a unit of matter (could be an atom, molecule, or compound)

Thermal energy always flows from ______

a warmer substance to a cooler substance

Which of the following formulas represents a compound whose molecules contain a triple bond? a. N=N b. O=O=O c. 03 d.SO3

a. N=N

Which phrase best describes a metallic bond? a. a bond that is formed by a metal b. the attraction between a metal anion and a shared pool of electrons c. a bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal d. the attraction between a metal cation and a shared "sea of electrons"

a. a bond that is formed by a metal

how does increasing the amount of carbon in steel affects its properties? a. carbon makes the lattice harder and stronger b. carbon forms an oxide that protects the steel from rusting c. carbon makes the steel light enough to use for airplane parts d. carbon makes the steel softer and easier to cut

a. carbon makes the lattice harder and stronger

if v is constant, what are acc and force

a=0 F=0

chemical property examples

ability to react with air; ability to react with water/ acids; flammability; toxicity

A(n) ________ is a material that takes in a wave when it hits it.

absorber

a ball rolls up a ramp, then back down. what happens to the acc

acc is constant bc gravity but is negative because the positive direction is up, and the ball is slowing down

if force is constant to the left (neg direction), what are acc and velocity

acc= constant left v= decreasing to the right (force is opposite to direction of motion)

if force is constant to the right(pos direction), what are acc and velocity

acc= constant to the right v= increasing to the right

Seema knows the mass of a basketball. What other information is needed to find the ball's potential energy?

acceleration due to gravity and the height the ball reaches

Seema knows the mass of a basketball. What other information is needed to find the ball's potential energy? the volume and height the ball reaches the volume and shape of the ball acceleration due to gravity and the height the ball reaches acceleration due to gravity and the shape of the ball

acceleration due to gravity and the height the ball reaches

kinetic friction

acts as an object slides across a surface. opposes motion

homogeneous mixture examples

air; jello; drinking water; gator aid; tinted glass; rubbing alcohol; alloys- brass, bronze, carbon steel

the metallic bonds in a transition metal, such as tungsten, are stronger then the metallic bonds in a ?? metal, such as sodium

alkali

How to scientists communicate the results of investigations? by publishing articles in scientific journals by giving talks at scientific conferences by exchanging e-mails all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following factors affects the pressure of an enclosed container?

all of the above

Which of the following factors affects the pressure of an enclosed gas?

all of the above

which of the following factors affects the pressure of an enclosed gas

all the above

element examples

aluminum; copper; oxygen; silver; sulfur; hydrogen

Heat transfer between two substances is affected by specific heat and the

amount of time and area of physical contact between the substances.

The unit for atomic mass is

amu

the unit for atomic mass is

amu

hydrocarbon

an energy-rich chemical compound that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms

anion

an ion with a negative charge

cation

an ion with a positive charge

raising the temperature of a gas will increase its pressure of an enclosed gas

an the number of particles are constant

A sound wave traveling downward with a speed of about 4,000 m/s suddenly slows to 1,500 m/s not far below the Earth's surface. What has the sound wave most likely encountered?

an underground lake

in an ionic compound, the attraction between cations and ?????? hold the compound together.

anions

Which diagram best illustrates what happens when electromagnetic waves strike a rough, dark material?

answer is A

intensive

are not dependent on the quantity of matter; ex- boiling point, density

ionic electrons..

are transfered

which of the following gases emit colors when an electric current is applied

argon and krypton

Water boils when its vapor pressure becomes equal to ________ pressure.

atmospheric

what do the numbers in the boxes in figure 5-3 represent? What is the importance of these numbers?

atomic #'s; importance = to classify the different elements

One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom is used to define a

atomic mass unit

one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom is used to define a

atomic mass unit

Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table according to increasing

atomic number

Moving left to right across a row of the periodic table, what increases exactly one from element to element?

atomic number

moving from left to right across a row of the periodic table, which of the following values increases by exactly one from element to element

atomic number

To find the number of neutrons in an atom, you would subtract

atomic number from mass number

Inferring: find the block labeled '?' in figure 5-2. Predict the properties of this element. What's the atomic number? How many v. electrons? Which element in the figure does it most resemble? (look at figure)

atomic number is 12, v. electron # is 2, and it represents beryllium

The element hydrogen has the chemical formula H2. The subscript 2 indicates that there are two _____ in a molecule of hydrogen.

atoms

non polar covalent bonds

atoms in the molecule pull equally on the electrons

The _________ between the shared electrons and protons in each nucleus hold the atoms together in a covalent bond.

attractions

The US consumes almost _______ of timber annually.

b. 20 billion cubic feet

It is expected that US forests will _______.

b. be able to meet long term timber needs

Which of the following statements describes the substance with the formula KI? a. Molecules of potassium iodide contain one atom of potassium and one atom of iodine b. There is a one-to-one ratio of potassium ions to iodide ions c. potassium iodide is a molecular compound d. potassium iodide is a polyatomic ion

b. There is a one-to-one ratio of potassium ions to iodide ions

You see a structural formula in which the symbols for elements are connected by a long dash. You can assume that the chemical bonds in the compound are? a. ionic b. covalent c. metallic d. unstable

b. covalent

The name iron(II) indicates that a compound contains? a. iron ions with an 11 + charge b. iron ions with a 2+ charge c. iron ions with a negative charge d. two types of iron ions

b. iron ions with a 2+ charge

Fluorine, F, forms a binary ionic compound with lithium, Li. What is the name of this compound? a. fluorine lithide b. lithium fluoride c. lithium fluorine d. fluorine lithium

b. lithium fluoride

In the name Carbon Dioxide, the prefix of the second word indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contain? a. two carbon atoms b. two oxygen atoms c. a polyatomic ion d. an ionic bond

b. two oxygen atoms

Explain why boiling water in a large pot on a stove has a temperature of 100 C even if it has been boiling for an hour.

because boiling point depends on atmosphere pressure and the air pressure around it did not change; because it is phase change from water to water vapor, temperature does not change during a phase change

The owner of a window-treatment company wants to design shades that will cover the windows of a house. The shades should also warm the house by maximizing the absorption of solar energy coming through the windows. Which kind of material would best accomplish this task?

black and textured

Which is the correct order of materials in terms of reflectivity, from least to greatest? brown soil, beige sand, white paper, black asphalt white paper, beige sand, brown soil, black asphalt black asphalt, brown soil, beige sand, white paper beige sand, white paper, black asphalt, brown soil

black asphalt, brown soil, beige sand, white paper

Evaporation is the process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance's ______ point.

boiling

Which contains the particles that are vibrating fastest?

boiling water

What two phase changes occur between vapor water and liquid water, and at what temperature does each phase change take place?

boiling- take place at boiling point (100 C or 373 K) evaporation- takes place at temperatures below the boiling point

At sea level, water ____ at 100 C

boils

What type of change occurs when water changes from a solid to a liquid

both a and b

if a solid piece of naphthalene is heated and remains at 80;C until it is completely melted, you know that 80'C is the

both a and b

what type of change occurs when water changes from a solid to a liquid

both a and b

If a solid piece of naphthalene is heated and remains at 80°C until it is completely melted, you know that 80°C is

both the freezing and melting points of naphthalene

Which material most likely gets the warmest when placed in the Sun?

brown mulch

How are mixtures classified?

by how uniform it is; homogeneous and heterogeneous

Water would be considered a _______.

c actual renewable resource

Which state of matter is rarely found on earth? a gas b liquid c plasma d solid?

c plasma

Beryllium, Be, and chlorine, Cl, form a binary ionic compound with a one-to-two ratio of beryllium ions to chloride ions? a. Be2CI b. 2BeCI c. BeCI2 d. Be2CI2

c. BeCI2

The seven diatomic elements are: a. H2, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr b. Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co c. H2, N2, O2, F2, CI2, Br2, I2 d. F2, CI2, Br2, I2, At2, S2, Se2,

c. H2, N2, O2, F2, CI2, Br2, I2

When two atoms of the same nonmetal react, they often form a (an)? a. ionic bond b. polyatomic ion c. diatomic molecule d. polar molecule

c. diatomic molecule

Which statement about metals is true? a. A metal lattice is extremely rigid b. The bonds within a metal lattice are weak c. electrons in a metal lattice are free to move d. generally, metals have a low melting point

c. electrons in a metal lattice are free to move

Ionization energies tend to? a. decrease from left to right across a period b. increase from top of a group to the bottom c. increase from left to right across a period d. decrease from the bottom of a group to the top

c. increase from left to right across a period

The water molecule H2O is polar because it contains two polar single bonds and? a. its molecule has a linear shape b. molecules that contain polar bonds are always polar c. its molecule has bent shape d. the attractions between water molecules

c. its molecule has bent shape

Which of the following is a typical property of an ionic compound? a. low melting point b. poor conductor of electric current when melted c. tendency to shatter when struck d. all of the above

c. tendency to shatter when struck

Many metals can be drawn into thin wires without breaking because? a. cations are still surrounded by electrons when they shift their positions in the lattice b. metals generally have low melting points c. when metal is struck with a hammer, the positions of the anions do not change d. electrons have fixed positions in a metallic lattice

c. when metal is struck with a hammer, the positions of the anions do not change

Period 5 of the periodic table begins with element 37 and ends with element 54. Consider the following elements from row 5: strontium, cadmium, iodine. Which of these elements is most likely to be a transition metal?

cadmium

Coal

can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal - costs are high - burning them adds more CO2 into the atmosphere than burning coal - reduces net energy

Nonrenewable energy sources _____.

can eventually be used up

miscible

capable of being mixed; (of liquids) forming a homogeneous mixture when added together

the atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a ______-12 atom

carbon

which element is found in most of the compounds in your body except for water

carbon

When burned, coal releases _____.

carbon dioxide sulfur nitrogen oxide

how does increasing the amount of carbon in steel affect its properties

carbon make the lattice harder and stronger

Important Power Values: caveman windmill total u.s. total world U.S. per capita nuclear power plant

caveman= 100W windmill=1MW total u.s.= 3TW total world=15TW U.S. per capita= 10 KW nuclear power plant1 GW

circular motion has what kind of acc

centripetal -points to center

three common clues that a chemical change has occurred

change in color; production of a gas; formation of a precipitate

which of the following is not a clue that a chemical change has occured? change in color, production of a gas, formation of a precipitate, change in shape

change in shape

physical change examples

change in size; shape; color; pencil shavings; torn paper; rushed ice; painting a wall; sugar dissolved in water

Which is an example of transforming potential energy to kinetic energy? Check all that apply. changing thermal energy to electrical energy changing chemical energy to thermal energy changing nuclear energy to radiant energy changing radiant energy to electrical energy changing mechanical energy to chemical energy

changing chemical energy to thermal energy changing nuclear energy to radiant energy

the law that states the volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles is constant is

charles law

Periodic Table of Elements

chart (table) of all of the known elements, arranged in order of atomic number

........ properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances

chemical

A ________ formula can be used to describe the molecules of an element as well as a compound.

chemical

A what change occurred when a metal changed color because it reacted with another substance?

chemical

is flammablity a physical or chemical property. expalin

chemical because flammability is a reaction

What kind of change is taking place if you see white mold growing on a strawberry?

chemical change

What energy transformation is taking place in the photo? radiant energy to thermal energy thermal energy to nuclear energy chemical energy to thermal energy

chemical energy to thermal energy

endothermic reaction

chemical reaction that absorbs energy form its surroundings; cold

exothermic reaction

chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings; hot

What is the overall energy transformation in a coal-fired power plant?

chemical to electrical

Types of energy that occur in coal-fired power plant from start to finish:

chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical

the chemical formula for calcium chloride, CaCl2, shows that the compound contains two ??? ions for every ??? ion

chloride ions for every calcium ion

The elements silicon and chlorine are both in Period 3. Which is the more reactive element?

chlorine

The type of graph used to show how a part of something relates to the whole is which of the following? circle graph bar graph line graph direct proportion

circle graph

Which best describes the shape of a convection current? linear spiral circular wave

circular

The single biggest source of the electricity in the United States comes from burning _____.

coal

Coal

coal reserves in the US, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years - the US has 27% of the worlds proven coals reserves, Russia (17%) and China (13%) - in 2005 China and US accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption - burned in2100 power plants, generates 40% of the world's electricity * India is not even in the picture yet

how do changes in temperature usually affect the viscosity of a liquid

cold- high viscosity hot-low viscosity

The motion of one particle of a gas is unaffected by the motion of other particles of the gas unless the particles ______.

colllide

Fresh milk is a suspension, but homogenized milk is a ____.

colloid

When Mendeleev organized elements in his periodic table in order of increasing mass, elements with similar properties were in the same_______

column

when a physical change in a sample occurs, which of the following does not change? shape,temp, volume, composition

composition

Shared electrons are attracted equally tot he nuclei of both atoms. In a molecule of a ______, electrons may not be shared equally.

compound

What is a material that contains three elements joined in a fixed proportion?

compound

if a material contains three elements joined in a fix proportion, it is a

compound

methane

compound of carbon and hydrogen (CH4)

which is a pure substance. solutions, compounds, homogenous mixtures, or colloids

compounds

A compound can be made form two or more elements or other ____ joined together in a fixed composition.

compounds; pure substances

Energy changes from highest to lowest temp change in H2O

cond. of water vapor to liq. water= 540 kcal cooling liq. water= 1.0 kcal cooling water vapor= 0.5 kcal {steps:The correct order of steps is: cooling of water vapor, condensation of water vapor, and then cooling of liquid water. }

The change of a liquid into a gas is known as___________

condensation

Reducing, reusing, and recycling are used to

conserve resources.

As a person pushes a box across a floor, the energy from the person's moving arm is transferred to the box, and the box and floor become warm. During this process, energy is__________.

conserved

uniform circular motion

constant speed around a circle

J. J. Thomson's experiments provided evidence that an atom

contains negatively charged particles.

Which type of experiment involves changing only one variable at a time? manipulated constant controlled master

controlled

Convection= conduction= Radiation=

convection= moving air conduction= touching radiation= solar/ electromagnetic waves

Which demonstrates conduction? a marshmallow held over a fire ice cream melting in the sun cool feet walking across a hot pavement a bulb releasing light energy

cool feet walking across a hot pavement

Which substance is most likely to heat up the fastest?

copper (specific heat of .39 /g • C°)

Which is most likely to get hot fastest when touching a warm surface?

copper wire

A _______ bond is a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valence electrons.

covalent

Which type of bond is formed by two atoms that equally share one pair of electrons?

covalent

You see a structural formula in which the symbols for elements are connected by a long dash. You can assume that the chemical bonds in the compound are

covalent

You see a structural formula in which the symbols for elements are connected by a long dash. You can assume that the chemical bonds in the compound are?

covalent

you see a structural formula in which the symbols for element are connected by a long dash. you can assume that the chemical bonds in the compound are

covalent

3 types of bonds

covalent, ionic, and metallic

knowing when to draw a covalent and ionic bonds

covalent- has 2 non metals ionic- metal and a non metal

Which statement best describes the properties of sodium chloride? a. sodium chloride is a malleable solid b. solid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electric current c. sodium chloride has a low melting point d. liquid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electric current

d. liquid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electric current

Study the electron dot diagram for lithium, carbon, fluorine, and neon above. Choose the statement that correctly identifies the most stable of the electrons. a. Lithium is the most stable element because it has to lose only one electro to achieve a stable configuration b. Carbon is the most stable element because it can form four bonds c. Fluorine is the most stable elements because it has to gain only one electron to achieve a stable configuration d. neon is the most stable element because its highest occupied energy level is filled

d. neon is the most stable element because its highest occupied energy level is filled

Water has a higher boiling point than expected because? a. there is so much water vapor in the atmosphere b. water molecules are not very massive c. hydrogen and oxygen form single covalent bonds d. of the strong attractions between polar water molecules

d. of the strong attractions between polar water molecules

In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an electron is sued to represent? a. the nucleus b. the nucleus and all electrons c. the nucleus and valence electrons d. the nucleus and all non-valence electrons

d. the nucleus and all non-valence electrons

In the compound MgCI2, the subscript 2 indicates that? a. there are two magnesium ions for each ion of chlorine b. the chloride ion is twice the size of the magnesium ion c. magnesium and chlorine form a double covalent bond d. there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion

d. there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion

Because water molecules are polar and carbon dioxide molecules are non polar? a. water has a lower boiling point than carbon dioxide does b. attractions between water molecules are weaker than attractions between carbon dioxide molecules c. carbon dioxide cannot exist as a solid d. water has higher boiling point than carbon dioxide does

d. water has higher boiling point than carbon dioxide does

Engineers are trying to improve a race car. Their goal is to increase the acceleration of the car using the same engine. Which change shows the best application of Newton's laws of motion to achieve this goal?

decreasing the mass of the car

Juan measured the temperature of salt water. He then added 273 to the measured value. Which conversion is Juan most likely doing?

degrees Celsius to kelvins

In a convection current, as the temperature of a fluid increases, its_______decreases/

density

Measuring ____ can be used to test the purity of some substances.

density

measuring ...... can be used to test the purity of some substances

density

extensive

dependent on the quantity of matter; ex- mass, weight, volume

the phase change in which a substance changes from a gas directly to a solid is

deposition

the phase change that is the reverse of sublimation is

deposition

which of the following phase changes is an endothermic change

deposition

The phase change that is the reverse of sublimation is

depostion

The phase hange in which a substance chnages from a gas directly to a solid is

depostion

Which of the following phase changes is an exothermic change?

depostion

sub-atomic

describes a particle found INSIDE of an atom (exs: protons, neutrons, electrons)

What is occurring when two waves traveling along the same medium meet and cancel each other out?

destructive interference

When two atoms of the same nonmetal react, they often form a(an)

diatomic molecule.

A wave hits an object as shown. Which kind of wave interaction is shown?

diffraction

Which best describes what is occurring when a door is almost closed and rays of light fan out from the small opening?

diffraction

What is the relationship in which the ratio of the manipulated variable and the responding variable is constant? inverse proportion direct proportion slope interdependent

direct proportion

What is a process that could be used to separate dissolved particles from the liquid in a solution?

distillation

what method can be used to seperate parts of a liquid mixture when the entire mixture can pass through a filter

distillation

during a phase change, the temperature of a substance

does not change

Bituminous (soft coal)

doesn't burn as clean high sulfur content

An ionic bond forms between sodium and chlorine when the sodium atoms ___________________ electrons.

donate

If there are two long dashes between two atoms in a structural formula, molecules of the compound contain a(an) ______. bond.

double

weight vector direction

down

Car manufacturers use radiation for which task? sealing windows drying paint cleaning tires lubricating engines

drying paint

what physical properties of nylon and leather make them good materials to use for shoelaces

durability and flexibility

a substance that has high reactivity

easily combines chemically with other substances

What are two forms of mechanical energy?

elastic and gravitational

What are two types of mechanical energy?

elastic and gravitational

What are two types of mechanical energy? electrical and kinetic nuclear and chemical radiant and thermal elastic and gravitational

elastic and gravitational

What kind of energy involves the flow of positive charges?

electrical

What kind of energy involves the flow of positive charges? thermal radiant electrical nuclear

electrical

Evan drew a diagram to illustrate radiation.

electromagnetic waves

Evan drew a diagram to illustrate radiation. What do the arrows represent? gases mixing with particles liquid moving through a vacuum moving particles electromagnetic waves

electromagnetic waves

Which of the 3 subatomic particles - proton, electron, or neutron - has the least mass?

electron

Which subatomic particle has a negative charge?

electron

In general, elements on the right of the periodic table have a greater attraction for ________ than elements on the left have (expect for noble gases.

electrons

a polar covalent bond forms when ??? are not shared equally between atoms

electrons

which statement about metals is true

electrons and metal lattice are free to move

In a polar covalent bond,

electrons are not shared equally between atoms

in a polar covalent bond

electrons are not shared equally between atoms

A polar covalent bond forms when

electrons are not shared equally between atoms.

In a polar covalent bond

electrons are not shared equally between atoms.

How does the state of atoms in a neon light change when light is emitted?

electrons change from excited state to ground state

what is a statement about metals

electrons in a metal lattice are free to move

a substance that is made up of only one kind of atom is an

element

Mendeleev's table was useful because it enabled scientists to predict properties of unknown________

elements

Law of Multiple Proportions

elements can combine in different rations to form different compounds

metal

elements that are generally are shiny and are good conductors of heat and electricity

non-metal

elements that are usually dull in appearance and most are poor conductors of heat and electricity

metalloid

elements with characteristics of metals and nonmetals

Pure substances are either _____ or ____.

elements; compounds

During a(an) ____ change, a system absorbs energy from its surroundings.

endothermic

What can scientists measure to provide evidence that electrons can move from one energy level to another?

energy is either gained or released

What is nuclear energy? energy from solar panels energy locked in the nucleus of an atom energy of moving electrons energy that travels in waves

energy locked in the nucleus of an atom

Post-Lab 2: why should you use the same melting point apparatus for all melting point measurements?

ensures consistency among the recorded temperature values; any error common among the measurements may be attributed to the apparatus

Hydrofracking is not an...

exact science, when gas companies fracture the shale, they do not have complete control over where fractures will develop - they can move in unexpected ways

During a(an) _____ change, a system releases energy to its surroundings.

exothermic

newtons third law of motion

explains where forces come from

if your measured melting point for a known substance does not agree with the literature value, you do not need to report your result in the lab notebook

false

the melting point of a substance depends on the amount of material used in the measurement

false

to obtain a more accurate reading, it is okay to remove your splash goggles when taking a melting point measurement with the Mel-Temp apparatus

false

A member of the boron family has three valence electrons, while a member of the nitrogen family has

five

Convection only occurs in________.

fluids

when cesium and fluorine react, they form an ionic compound called cesium

fluoride

Which halogen is most likely to react?(bromine,fluorine,iodine,chlorine)

fluorine

Using tables and graphs: which elements in figure 5-2 have the same number of valence electrons? How do you know? (look at the figure)

fluorine and Iodine because they're both in the same group/family

Which materials are typically used as thermal insulators? Check all that apply. copper foam ceramic wood plastic

foam wood plastic

contact forces

forces that act on an object by touching it at a point of contact

What element is the most reactive?(lithium,francium,helium,radon)

francium

During which phase change do the molecules become more orderly?

freezing

during which phase change does the arrangement of water molecules become more orderly

freezing

Freezing

freezing is the process that is the reverse of melting. The state at which matter changes from a liquid state to the solid state is its freezing point.

Name three exothermic phase changes.

freezing, condensation, deposition

The_______of a wave is the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point in a second.

frequency

colloid examples

fresh milk; whipped cream; blood; fog

Which best describes the direction of heat?

from a warmer substance to a cooler substance

What type of phase change is vaporization?

from liquid to gas

If a cup of coffee is at 90°C and a person with a body temperature of 36°C touches it, how will heat flow between them? from the hand to the cup from the cup to the hand from the cup to the surrounding air from the hand to surrounding air

from the cup to the hand

biofuel

fuel made from wood, plants and other things made from living things

Which type of electromagnetic waves are dangerous enough to be used to kill cancerous cells?

gamma rays

For the most part, you can ignore the forces of attraction among the particles in which of the following?

gas

If you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes, the substance is a

gas

This state of matter has no definite shape or definite volume.

gas

At room temperature, none of the metals are

gases

Johanna is studying what happens to the energy as a ball rolls down a ramp. What is she studying? Check all that apply. gravitational potential energy electrical energy kinetic energy mechanical energy elastic potential energy Which wave is carrying the most energy?

gravitational potential energy electrical energy kinetic energy

Johanna is studying what happens to the energy as a ball rolls down a ramp. What is she studying? Check all that apply. gravitational potential energy electrical energy kinetic energy mechanical energy elastic potential energy

gravitational potential energy kinetic energy mechanical energy

acceleration due to free fall =

gravity

When atoms form a polar covalent bond, the atom with the _______ attraction for electrons has a partial negative charge. The other atom has a partial negative charge.

greater

oxidation numbers

group 1= +1 group 2= +2 (transition metals) group 3= +3 group 4= +- 4 group 5= -3 group 6= -2 group 7= -1 group 8=0

alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and aluminum all form ions with positive charges equal to the

group number

motion on a ramp: since all motion is along the x axis, ax=

gsin(theta)

What are some of the harmful effects of producing and using fossil fuels?

habitat destruction air pollution add to greenhouse effect water pollution

nuclear fission

he splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei and neutrons

________is the thermal energy that flows from one substance to another when the substances differ in temperature.

heat

The energy a substance must absorb in order to change from a liquid to a gas is called ____

heat of vaporization

which of the following groups contain three elements with stable electron configurations

helium, xenon, neon

Which of the following groups contain three elements with stable electron configurations?

helium; xenon; neon

Which type of mixture will scatter light? Which type of mixture will not scatter light?

heterogeneous (colloid and suspension) will scatter light; homogeneous will not scatter light

The more energy a wave carries, the ________its amplitude.

higher

You are given the melting point of three unknown substances and are asked to predict which one is an ionic compound. You would select the compound with the ?? melting point

highest

You are given the melting points of three unknown substances and asked to predict which is an ionic compound. You would select the compound with the ____. melting point.

highest

a mixture that appears to contain only one substance is a

homogenous mixture

Heat flows from______substances.

hot to cold

6.9 times 10 to the power of -4

how is .00069 written in scientific notation?

boyles law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the

if the temperature and particles are constant

how is a chemical change different from a physical change

in a chemical change the composition changes and in a physical change the composition stays the same

Where could convection currents form? Check all that apply. in a sand dune in a freshwater lake in the atmosphere in outer space in Earth's mantle

in a freshwater lake in the atmosphere in Earth's mantle

For conduction to occur, particles must be_______.

in contact

in projectile motion, on way down, what happens to Vy

inc because of gravity

correlation between mass and inertia

inc mass, inc inertia

imiscible

incapable of being mixed or blended together; (of liquids) not forming a homogeneous mixture when added together

the temperature and volume in a closed container of gas remain constant. if the number of particles of a gas is increased, the gas pressure will

increase

Aansi wants energy on a sound wave to be carried more quickly through a metal medium. Which could she do? decrease the temperature increase the temperature use a gas medium instead use a liquid medium instead

increase the temperature

As you move from left to right across a period, the number of valence electrons

increases

Go to the roller coaster simulation and click on the "launch" button. Pay attention to the pie chart as the roller coaster moves and fill in the blank. Be sure to keep this website open because there will be several questions related to it. The kinetic energy ________as the roller coaster goes downhill. Click the "step" button on the simulation to observe the energy at different points on the roller coaster ride. Kinetic energy is greatest at_______? Potential energy is greatest at ______? Kinetic energy is decreasing while potential energy is increasing between points________? Which chart comes closest to the relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy at point 6?

increases Point 2 Point 1 3 and 4 the middle one

Among the alkali metals, the tendency to react with other substances

increases from top to bottom within the group

among the alkali metals, the tendency to react with other substances

increases from top to bottom within the group

Reducing the volume of a gas _____ its pressure if the _____ of the gas and the number of particles are constant.

increases; temperature

Which of these actions would increase heat transfer between two objects?

increasing the area of their contact

Which will reduce the possible environmental damage associated with mining uranium?

increasing the reprocessing of used fuel for reuse

the vertical motion of a projectile is ___ of its horz motion

independent

newtons first law of motion

inertia

what provides the range of motion for a projectile

initial horz velocity

projectile motion is determined by

initial velocity, gravity, and air resistance

Post-Lab 5: the Mel-Temp method is generally not useful for determining the melting points of inorganic compounds. explain why.

inorganic compounds have extremely high melting points because of their IMFs; these forces require more energy to break them and consequently melt the solid, than the Mel-Temp apparatus can supply

Post-Lab 4: why is the Mel-Temp capillary tube method generally not useful for determining the melting points of inorganic compounds?

inorganic compounds have higher melting points due to the strong intermolecular forces (ionic and covalent) between them; the Mel-Temp apparatus simply cannot supply the energy/heat needed to melt inorganic compounds

trajectory depends only on

inst velocity and acc due to gravity

The sum of potential and kinetic energies in the particles of a substance is called _______ energy.

internal

Ryan is examining the energy of the particles in a bar of gold. What is Ryan most likely studying?

internal energy

Ryan is examining the energy of the particles in a bar of gold. What is Ryan most likely studying? thermal energy electric energy potential energy internal energy

internal energy

Metals form _____ bonds with nonmetals, but nonmetals form _______ bonds with other nonmetals.

ionic covalent

Jin listed some common thermal insulators and conductors in a chart. Which belongs in the area marked with an X?

iron

among the elements potassium, lithium, and iron, the metallic bonds are likely to be strongest in ?

iron

the name iron (II) indicates that a compound contains?

iron ions with a 2+ charge

the name iron (II) indicates that a compound contains

iron ions with a two plus charge

covalent bond

is a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of valence electrons

alloy

is a mixture of two or more elements at least one of which is a metal. (give up an electron)

electron dot diagram

is a model of an atom in which each dot represents a valence electron.

chemical formula

is a notation that shows what elements a compound contains and the ratio of the atoms or ions of these elements in the compound

Tyndall effect

is light scattering by particles in a colloid or particles in a fine suspension; used to distinguish between colloids and suspensions from solutions

Oil _____.

is made from buried remains of plants and animals

metallic bond

is the attraction between a metal cation and the shared electrons that surround it

chemical bond

is the force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit

ionic bond

is the force that holds cations and anions together

Most calcium atoms have an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40, but some calcium atoms have a mass number of 48. What work could you use to describe these 2 kinds of calcium atoms?

isotopes

What are oxygen-17 and oxygen-18?

isotopes

briefly explain why you should heat your sample slowly when determining the melting point using the Mel-Temp apparatus

it allows for clear observation of the melting if the first and last crystals; the mel-temp apparatus can also become extremely hot quickly

Post-Lab 3: should you use the same melting point apparatus for all melting point measurements or is it okay to use a different one for each measurement?

it is not okay to use different melting point apparatuses for each measurement; there could be slight differences between the machines; calibration; one machine could read the melting point higher or lower than another machine for the exact same compound

if the total force acting on an object is 0, what happens to velocity

it maintains its velocity forever

Post-Lab 1: in the experiment you used only 2-3 mm of sample in the melting point tube. what disadvantage is associated with using too much material?

it would take longer for all of the sample to melt; a higher than accurate temperature would be read for the melting point; 2-3 mm ensures that there will be efficient heat transfer throughout the entire sample

Sulfur is often found in nature as an element, not combined with other elements in a compound. What does this fact tell you about the reactivity of sulfur?

it's not highly reactive under ordinary conditions

The lava lamp has a light bulb as a heat source at its base. The lamp contains a colored, waxy fluid that can be observed moving in clumps through a clear liquid. As the clump of colored fluid at the bottom of the lava lamp reaches the top, which has increased?

its density

the water molecule h2o is polar because it contains 2 polar singles bonds and

its molecule has a bent shape

The unit for energy is the [ ].

joule

The unit for energy is the _______.

joule

The unit for energy is the_________.

joule

static friction

keeps an object stuck on a surface and prevents its motion relative to surface. -points in the direction to prevent motion

The _____ theory of matter states that all particles of matter are in constant motion.

kinetic

What are the two main types of energy? potential and electrical radiant and kinetic electrical and thermal kinetic and potential

kinetic and potential

What are the two main types of energy? radiant and chemical thermal and radiant potential and chemical kinetic and potential

kinetic and potential

When water boils, some of its molecules have enough ________ to overcome the attraction of neighboring molecules

kinetic energy

Which shows the correct order of steps when using wind to generate electricity?

kinetic energy from wind turns blades on wind turbine → wind turbine blades turn generator → generator changes kinetic energy to electricity

Simone created a chart to summarize the energy transformations that take place when energy from the wind is used to generate electricity. Which best completes the chart? nuclear energy transformed to electrical energy chemical energy transformed to electrical energy radiant energy transformed to mechanical energy kinetic energy transformed to mechanical energy

kinetic energy transformed to mechanical energy

during which of the following chemical changes does a precipitate form? vinegar is added to baking powder, lemon juice is added to water, lemon jucie is added to milk, a banana ripens

lemon juice is added to milk

A __________ provides resistance in an electric circuit.

light bulb

newtons second law of motion

link between motion and forces

This state of matter has a definite volume but will take the shape of its container

liquid

matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is a

liquid

petroleum

liquid fossil fuel; oil

which statement best describes the properties of sodium chloride

liquid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electric current

formula name for the compound formed from lithium and sulfur

lithiumsulfide

Mendeleev predicted that the undiscovered elements he called eka-aluminum would have a ___ melting point

low

Which of the following will cause a decrease in gas pressure in a closed container?

lowering the temperature

which of the following will cause a decrease in gas pressure in a closed container

lowering the temperature

Natural resources

materials people take from the Earth

What is the energy of an object because of its potential and kinetic energies?

mechanical energy

What is the energy of an object because of its potential and kinetic energies? chemical energy electrical energy nuclear energy mechanical energy

mechanical energy

the heat of fusion for water is the amount of energy needed for water to

melt

The change form solid to a liquid is called____.

melting

The phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is

melting

the phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is

melting

What physical property makes wax good for making molds for making sculptures?

melting point

Name three endothermic phase changes.

melting, vaporization, evaporation, sublimation

physical changes water can undergo

melting; freezing; sublimation; evaporation; deposition; condensation

During which phase change do the molecules become less orderly?

meltinng

A material that is malleable and conducts electricity is most likely a ____.

metal

if a spoon gets hot quickly when it is used to stir a pot of soup, it is probably made of .......

metal

metallic bonds form between

metal and metal

Boron, silicon, germanium, and arsenic are elements that have properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals. What common label could you apply to these elements?

metalloids

elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, and _________

metalloids

Classify the elements in figure 5-3 as metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. Explain your answer. (look at figure)

metals

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is nearest to radio waves?

microwaves

which is not a pure substance? milk, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

milk

What is the measurement of 6 centimeters equal to?

milli=1000, centi=100. 1000/100=10. 6*10=60

When a doctor is measuring liquid medicine for a small child, which unit would the doctor likely use? liter milliliter grams milligrams

milliliter

A paper airplane used to study wing designs is an example of? theory hypothesis model scientific method

model

A ______ is a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds.

molecule

diatomic molecule

molecule consisting of 2 of the same atoms

Crude Oil: Heavy

more difficult to get out what you want, takes a lot of energy to distill oil to use it in cars

Compared with Group 2A elements, Group 6A elements have

more valence electrons

Anthracite (hard coal)

most desirable least available most heat and carbon content

which general statement does not apply to metals

most metals are brittle

Group 7A of the periodic table contains the

most reactive nonmetals

group 7a of the periodic table contains the

most reactive nonmetals

The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on its_______.

motion

After one photon "kicks" an electron into upper conduction band, electrons moves to _____ type side

n-type

Although they are called ____ lights, they can contain any noble gas

neon

evidence that a chemical change occured

new color appears; bubbles or fizzing; precipitate forms; difficult or impossible to reverse; heat is produced; light is produced; sound is given off

In Court...

no studies have demonstrated that gas extraction operations using Hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) do not cause water contamination - gas companies force people to prove they are guilty and the gas companies will make the people go bankrupt

can covalent bonds conduct

no.

Some atoms share the electrons equally (_______), while other atoms do not (_____).

non-polar polar

covalent bonds form between...

nonmetal and nonmetal

2 highly reactive elemetns in Period 2 are the metal litium and the

nonmetal fluorine

two highly reactive elements in period 2 are the metal lithium and the

nonmetal fluorine

Anya recorded the temperatures of four different smooth materials after they were placed under a heat lamp for thirty minutes. Which conclusion is best supported by the information in the chart?

not answer C ...

Democritus thought that matter was made of tiny particles that could

not be divided

Atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. When these protons and neutrons split, a lot of energy is released. What kind of energy is this?

nuclear

Atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. When these protons and neutrons split, a lot of energy is released. What kind of energy is this? nuclear radiant thermal chemical

nuclear

Atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. When these protons and neutrons split, a lot of energy is released. What kind of energy is this? nuclear radiant thermal chemical

nuclear

Energy can be transformed from one form to another. The diagram shows one such process. Which energy transformation is represented in the diagram?

nuclear to thermal and radiant

Energy can be transformed from one form to another. The diagram shows one such process. Which energy transformation is represented in the diagram? nuclear to thermal and radiant nuclear to electrical and chemical chemical to nuclear and radiant chemical to electrical and nuclear

nuclear to thermal and radiant

Energy can be transformed from one form to another. The diagram shows one such process. Which energy transformation is represented in the diagram? nuclear to thermal and radiant nuclear to electrical and chemical chemical to nuclear and radiant chemical to electrical and nuclear

nuclear to thermal and radiant

water has a higher boiling point than expected because

of the strong attractions between polar water molecules

Water has a higher boiling point than expected because

of the strong attractions between polar water molecules.

Natural Capital

oil - Mountain top removal to get oil inside natural gas coal geothermal

atoms of the most reactive elements tend to have

one 'or seven valence electrons

polar molecule

one end of the molecule is slightly negative , the other slightly positive.

Atoms of the most reactive elements tend to have

one or seven valence electrons

The symbols for elements have either ____ or ____ letters.

one; two

an object is slowing down, compare velocity and acc

opp sign

projectile motion. final Vy compared to initial Vy

opposite sign -if motion is symmetrical they will equal

flammability is a material's ability to burn in the presence of

oxygen

% of oxygen in goes______, then energy goes ________.

oxygen UP; energy DOWN

suspension examples

paint; nail polish; ink

motion on a ramp: the acc and velocity vectors are ____ to the ramp

parallel

the direction of acc is ___ to the net force

parallel -force and acc in same direction

friction force direction

parallel to surface, opp of motion

Suppose you are looking at elements in the periodic table in this order: element 23, element 24, element 25, element 26, and so on. Is this an example of a period or a group/family?

period; periods go across like rows

the pattern of repeating properties of elements revealed in the periodic table is known as the ________ ___

periodic law

The pattern of repeating properties of elements revealed in the periodic table is known as the what?

periodic law periodic trend periodic trends periodicity

a normal force is in what direction to the plane of contact

perpendicular

circular motion: acc is ____to velocity

perpindicular

Houston to Louisiana

petrochemical facilities are the size of cities

A (An) ____ change occurs when a material changes shape or size but the composition of the material does not change.

physical

When a metal changes color because it has been heated, a (an) ___ change occurred. When a metal changes color because it has reacted with another substance, a (an) ____ change occurred.

physical; chemical

99 percent of all the matter that can be observed in the universe exists as

plasmas

Ninety-nine percent of all the matter that can be observed in the universe exists as

plasmas.

What resources can be recycled?

plastic, metal, glass, paper Be sure to conserve these materials.

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally is called a _____ covalent bond.

polar

Suppose a covalent compound has a relatively high boiling point compared to molecules with a similar mass. Are the molecules in the compound likely to be polar or nonpolar?

polar

polar vs. non polar

polar- not shared equally non polar- shared equally

a ??? ion is a covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

polyatomic

anions formed in groups are called

polyatomics

in the binary ionic compound potassium bromide, KBr, the element that forms the cations is

potassium

A number of energy transformations occur when water that is stored behind a dam is changed into electrical energy. For each step listed, identify the energy transformation. Lake water flows downward through tunnels: Flowing water turns turbines: Turbines generate electricity:

potential to kinetic kinetic to mechanical mechanical to electrical

Nuclear FUSION

power of the future - still in lab, 34 billion dollars - US, China, Russia, Japan , South korea, and European Union will build a large-scale nuclear fusion reactor by 2040

Turbines

power society most fuels use this system

a solid that forms from a liquid mixture is a

precipitant

A force distributed over an area is ______.

presssure

The pascal is the SI unit for ____.

pressure

what is the result of a force distributed over an area

pressure

The combined gas law describes the relationship among the _______, _______, and _______ of a gas when the number of particles is constant.

pressure; volume; temperature

Shale Natural Gas Pricing

prices went down to make money doing it you have to frac more because the wells are worth less

A flashlight uses the chemical energy stored in a battery. This chemical energy is eventually converted into which two forms of energy?

radiant and thermal

What is one energy transformation that is taking place in the photo? radiant energy to thermal energy thermal energy to nuclear energy chemical energy to thermal energy radiant energy to chemical energy

radiant energy to chemical energy

Plants are responsible for a very important energy transformation, as shown. Which energy transformation does the picture best illustrate?

radiant to chemical

Plants are responsible for a very important energy transformation, as shown. Which energy transformation does the picture best illustrate? radiant to chemical nuclear to mechanical chemical to thermal mechanical to chemical

radiant to chemical

Solar-powered cars use energy from the Sun to work. A panel on the car absorbs light energy from the Sun, which then generates an electric current. This electric current, in turn, allows the car to move. Which shows the correct order of energy transformations that take place in a solar-powered car?

radiant, electrical, mechanical

Solar-powered cars use energy from the Sun to work. A panel on the car absorbs light energy from the Sun, which then generates an electric current. This electric current, in turn, allows the car to move. Which shows the correct order of energy transformations that take place in a solar-powered car? electrical, chemical, kinetic electrical, kinetic, radiant radiant, chemical, electrical radiant, electrical, mechanical

radiant, electrical, mechanical

Which types of electromagnetic waves have longer wavelengths than the waves that make up visible light? Check all that apply.

radio waves microwaves infrared light

Factors that affect gas pressure?

raising temperature- increases pressure reducing volume- increases pressure increasing the number of particles- increases pressure

specific gravity

ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance of a standard, like water

Fission

reaction, splitting of two atoms - dangerous by-products

chemical change examples

reactions with acids; oxidation; wood burning; metal rusting; food digesting; gasoline burning; cake baking

Rust forms because iron and oxygen are highly ____ elements.

reactive

A wave hits an object as shown. Which kind of wave interaction is shown?

refraction

The diagram shows a person holding a bow and arrow. Which will most likely increase the kinetic energy in this system? pulling farther back on the string releasing the string holding the arrow higher decreasing the mass of the arrow

releasing the string

projectile motion: initial horz velocity =

remains constant

Which is the best example of reusing?

repairing a stove instead of buying a new one

Two examples of energy transformations are shown. The energy transformations are similar because they both involve transformations that

result in radiant energy.

Two examples of energy transformations are shown. The energy transformations are similar because they both involve transformations that begin with chemical energy. begin with electrical energy. result in radiant energy. result in mechanical energy.

result in radiant energy.

Two examples of energy transformations are shown. The energy transformations are similar because they both involve transformations that

result in radiant energy.

circular motion: the velocity vector has what kind of magnitude and direction

retains same magnitude and changes direction

Yami pours powdered cocoa mix into milk and stirs it. Then she microwaves the mixture for three minutes. When she takes the cup out, the handle is very warm. Steam rises from the cup, so she blows it before taking a sip. In which part of this scenario can convection be best observed?

rising steam from the cup of cocoa

identify the most reactive element shown in figure 5-3. (see figure)

rubidium = alkali metal; most reactive

The Berlin Conference of 1885 is said to have set off a "scramble for Africa." That means that Europeans

rushed to set up colonies in Africa.

Make sure to follow all safety rules when doing experiments.

safety rules: wear safety goggles, never smell or taste anything, listen to instructions, no loose clothing, tie back hair.

which of the following is a mixture? carbon dioxide, silicon, silicon dioxide, sand

sand

which of the following is a physical change? sawing a piece of wood in half, burning a piece of wood, rust forming on an iron fence, a copper changing color from red to green

sawing a piece of wood in half

The diagram shows a thermometer used to measure temperature. The area on the thermometer marked with the letter A is called the

scale

What is a system of knowledge and the methods used to find that knowledge? science technology curiosity measurement

science

How does the electron cloud model of the atom represent the locations of electrons in atoms?

shows likely or possible locations of electrons

Which type of material would be good for making molds because it has a low melting point?

silicone; wax

explain why knowing the properties of K, Ca, Sc, and Ti would allow you to predict the properties of Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr. (see figure)

similar properties because they're in similar groups

When two atoms share one pair of electrons, the bond is called a _______ bond.

single

a mixture can be classified as a solution, suspension, or colloid based on the

size of its largest particles

A substance with high viscosity would be ____. A substance with low viscosity would be ___.

slow moving (honey); fast moving (vinegar)

Carlos listed some advantages and disadvantages of using nonrenewable resources. Which best describes Carlos's error?

smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still keep its same properties/characteristics

Which of the following is not a branch of natural science? life science earth and space science physical science social science

social science

highest to lowest ph lvl

soda coffee milk blood soap drain cleaner

Which image shows a nonrenewable resource?

soda can

What element is found in nature only in compounds only?

sodium

Sodium chloride is a compound of sodium and chlorine. Which of these elements is the alkali metal, and which is the halogen?

sodium is the alkali metal and chlorine is the halogen

A (an) ______ has a definite volume and a definite shape.

solid

A material with a shape that remains unchanged when it is moved from one container to another is a(an) ______.

solid

A material with a shape that remains unchanged when it is moved from one container to another is a(n) what?

solid

In which state of matter do the forces of attraction limit the motion of particles most?

solid

This state of matter has a definite shape and volume.

solid

Which state of matter has particles tightly packed but vibrating in a fixed position?

solid

Name one substance that undergoes sublimation?

solid carbon dioxide (dry ice)

Sound waves travel fastest through _______.

solids

Sound waves travel fastest through________.

solids

crystals

solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice structure

methods of physical seperation

sorting; filtration; distillation; centrifuge; chromatography; evaporation

Which best describes the way a sound wave is sent through the radio?

sound wave → electrical signal → radio wave → sound wave

What do ultrasounds use?

sound waves

Which equation should be used to calculate the speed of a wave?

speed = frequency x wavelength

Which equations could be used as is, or rearranged to calculate for frequency of a wave? Check all that apply.

speed = frequency x wavelength wavelength = speed / frequency frequency = speed / wavelength speed = wavelength x frequency

an alloy that contains mainly iron and carbon is

stainless steel

State Gay-Lussac's Law.

state that if the number of particles in a gas and the volume are constant, then the pressure and temperature are directly proportinal

State Charles's law and give one example

states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and number of particles of the gas are constant; plunger on a turkey syringe thermometer pops out when turkey is done, volume of air trapped under the plunger increases when the temperature inside the turkey climbs

State Boyle's law and give one example.

states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature and number of particles are constant; pushing in the plunger of a plugged-up syringe decreases the volume of air trapped under the plunger

SVO

straight vegetable oil used as fuel

Attractions between polar molecules are ________ than attractions between non-polar molecules.

stronger

Among the alkaline earth metals in Group 2A, which is more reactive - beryllium or strontium?

strontium

The change from a solid to a gas is _____.

sublimation

The phase that is the reverse of deposition is _____.

sublimation

the phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first is

sublimation

An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of ____.

substance

in which of the substances in figure 3-1 are the forces of attraction among the particles so weak that they can be ignored under ordinary conditions

substance c

pure substance

substance made up of only one type of particle (element or compound) examples: a bucket of pure water, a balloon of helium, a brick of pure gold

compound examples

sugar; carbon dioxide; sodium chloride; water; copper sulfate; calcium carbonate; cotton

solar energy

sunlight that is converted into usable energy

"shake well before serving" is a

suspension

You are building a shelf at home. As you sand the wood, dust floats into the air. The air and dust from sanding create which of the following?

suspension

Which type of mixture has the largest size particles?

suspension (heterogeneous)

if you looked at a glass containing a solution and a glass containing a suspension, how could you tell which glass contained the suspension

suspension nas 2 seperate layers and the larger particles sink to the bottom

Coal: SNG

synthetic natural gas - taking components of coal and turn it into gas - unenvironmental

Ice --> liq. =80 kg. Liq. --> vapor= 540 kg.

takes LESS ENERGY for ice--> liq.

circular motion: the velocity vector is___ to the circle

tangent

inst velocity vector is ____ to the x-y path

tangent

The measure of average kinetic energy of the particles in a material is ___________

temperature

What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?

temperature does not change

A student finds that after applying a certain lotion to a scar, the scar is gone in two days without any side effects. He asks several of his friends who also have scars to use the same lotion. Which step of the scientific method is he using? gathering data stating the problem testing a hypothesis drawing a conclusion

testing a hypothesis

The diagram shows currents that form as water is heated. Which would most likely contain this same type of current? the air above a wildfire a carton of milk in a refrigerator a snowdrift on a shady mountainside a boulder in a hot desert

the air above a wildfire

Which factors affect heat transfer between a warm and a cool substance? the time it took to heat the substance, the area of contact, and the specific heats of the substances the amount of time of contact, the area of contact, and the specific heats of the substances the time it took to heat the substance, the area of the substances, and the specific heats of the substances the amount of time of contact, the area of the substances, and the specific heats of the substances

the amount of time of contact, the area of contact, and the specific heats of the substances

what best describe a metallic bond

the attraction between a metal cation and shared pool of electrons

which phrase best describe the metallic bond

the attrition between a metal cation in a shared pool of electrons

In a power plant, coal enters which of these first?

the boiler

biochemistry

the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physicochemical processes that occur within living organisms

organic chemistry

the branch of science involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials; study of carbon compounds

What does not change when a physical change occurs?

the chemical composition; the identity of the substance

nuclear fusion

the combining of two atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus and much energy; the process by which hydrogen atoms join together in the sun's core to form helium

Recycling

the creation of new products by the reuse of materials that would otherwise be treated as wasted.

The usefulness of Mendeleev's periodic table was confirmed by

the discovery of elements with predicted properties

the usefulness of Mendeleev's periodic table was confirmed by

the discovery of elements with predicted properties

The usefulness of Mendeleev's periodic table was confirmed by

the discovery of elementswith predicted properties

What does the electron cloud model describe?

the most likely locations of electrons in atoms

in an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is used to represent

the nucleus and all non-valence electrons

In an electron dot diagram, the symbol for an element is used to represent

the nucleus and all non-valence electrons.

What is a unique fact that is true for any given element?

the number of protons

atomic number

the number of protons found inside of an atom; the number of protons determines the characteristics and properties of the atom/element and makes one type of atom/element different from another; an identifying characteristic of an atom/element

What determines an element's chemical properties?

the number of valence electrons

The tendency of an element to react is closely related to

the number of valence electrons in atoms of the element

the tendency of an element to react is closely related to

the number of valence electrons in atoms of the element

Cindy pours cool milk into a hot bowl of oatmeal and then stirs it with a room-temperature spoon. Which substance will have heat flow from it to the other substances? the milk the spoon the oatmeal the surrounding air

the oatmeal

Horizantally across the periodic table

the periods

sublimation

the phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first

the shape of the molecule effects....

the polarity

What happens to the pressure of a gas if the speed of the molecules increase?

the pressure is greater; speed of particles and their mass affect pressure

Raising the temperature of a gas will do what to the pressure?

the pressure will increase

reactivity

the property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances

According to John Dalton's observations, when elements combine in a compound,

the ratio of their masses is always the same.

Filtration can be used to separate mixtures based on

the size of their particles

filtration can be used to seperate mixtures based on

the size of their particles

atom

the smallest particle of an element

molecule

the smallest particle of many compounds

normal force is responsible for

the solidness of solids

Fission

the splitting of atoms into pieces

chemistry

the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter

What is the primary source of energy for food chains in an ecosystem?

the sun

A stovetop burner on medium reaches 200°C. Which other objects will heat from the burner flow to? Check all that apply. the surrounding air a cool pan a pan heated to 223°C cool water inside a pan someone who touches it

the surrounding air a cool pan cool water inside a pan someone who touches it

Ixchelt burns her tongue when she takes a sip of hot coffee from her mug. Which part of this example represents heat?

the thermal energy moving from the coffee to her tongue

the acc of an object is directly proportional to

the total force that acts on it

action reaction principle

the two forces are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

How do changes in temperature usually affect the viscosity of a liquid?

the viscosity decreases as it is heated

explain why boiling can be used to seperate water from the other compounds in seawater

the water will vaporate and what is left will stay behind

In the compound MgCl₂, the subscript 2 indicates that

there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion

in the compound MgCl2, the subscript 2 indicates that

there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion

in the compound of MgCl, the subscript 2 indicates that

there are two chloride ions for each magnesium ion

give a description of the substance with the formula KI

there is a one to one ratio of potassium ions to iodide ions

what is the best description of a water molecule

there is a partial positive charge at the two hydrogens, and a partial negative charge at the oxygen

metallic bonding is similar to Ionic bonding because

there is an attraction between positively charged and negatively charged particles

metallic bonding is similar to ionic bonding because?

there is an attraction between positively charged and negatively charged particles.

Heat is most closely related to________energy.

thermal

When Javier touches a hot mug of tea, energy is transferred from the surface of the mug to his hand. What kind of energy is this?

thermal

Which type of energy is transferred by convection currents? chemical thermal potential electrical

thermal

When a person strikes and lights a match, potential energy in the match is transformed into which types of energy? electrical and thermal thermal and radiant radiant and nuclear nuclear and kinetic

thermal and radiant

Conduction involves the transfer of electric charge or_______.

thermal energy

A burner on a stove produces temperature. thermal energy. hotness. fire energy.

thermal energy.

A diagram that shows thermal energy being released by objects is called a_________.

thermogram

Gold and platinum are often used to make jewelry. What can you infer about the reactivity of these elements?

they are nonreactive because if they were, they'd tarnish and not look as good as jewelry; they do not cause irritation or react with other substances

Crude Oil (petroleum)

thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt

Sustainability

this suggests that people should fulfill present needs without endangering the ability of future generations to fulfill their needs as well.

A wave is traveling at 36 m/s. If its wavelength is 12 m, how many times does a wavelength move across a set point every second?

three times

A wave is traveling at 36 m/s. If its wavelength is 12 m, how many times does a wavelength move across a set point every second? one time three times twelve times thirty-six times

three times

Which game most represents a wave?

tipping over dominoes

Pre-Lab 3: why is it necessary to allow the Mel-Temp to cool before performing a second melting point determination?

to avoid any incorrect readings as additional heat could result in a higher temperature from what is true

Pre-Lab 2: why should you always use a new capillary tube when performing a second melting point determination on your sample?

to avoid contamination of samples

three things we can use the properties of matter for

to identify a material, to choose a material for a specific purpose, or to separate the substances in a mixture

Pre-Lab 4: given a sample of a eutectic mixture containing 60.6 mol % naphthalene and 39.5 mol % 1-napthol, which melts sharply at 61C, how could you prove that it is not a pure substance? What would you do and what would you observe?

to prove that the eutectic mixture containing 60.6 mol % naphthalene and 39.5 mol % 1-napthol was not a pure substance, vary the ratios of the substances; two melting points, different from each other, would be observed

A positively charged object is placed to the left of a negatively charged object. Which best describes how the positively charged object will move?

to the right, in the direction of the electric field lines

Earl is using his hands to hold a metal pan 10 centimeters above a hot burner. How can this scenario be changed to demonstrate conduction between the pan and the burner?

touch the pan to the burner

heterogeneous mixture examples

trail mix; dirt; paint; salad; chocolate chip cookie dough; candy bar

Work can [ ] energy between objects and can cause a change in the form of energy.

transfer

Work can _______ energy between objects and can cause a change in the form of energy.

transfer

Work can ________ energy between objects and can cause a change in the form of energy.

transfer

Work can_________energy between objects and can cause a change in the form of energy.

transfer

Work can_______energy between objects and can cause a change in the form of energy.

transfer

The formation of an ionic bond involves the

transfer of electrons

the formation of an ionic bond involves the

transfer of electrons

the formation of an ionic bond involves the?

transfer of electrons

The formation of an ionic bond involves the

transfer of electrons.

the elements most likely to form more than one type of ion

transition metals

the elements most likely to form more then one type of ion are the

transition metals

When two atoms share three pairs of electrons, the bond is called a ______ bond. When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the bond is called a _______ bond.

triple double

experimental results for a melting analysis are always reported as a range and never as a definite number

true

Look at the circuit diagram. How many switches does the diagram show?

two

Many nonmetals exist as diatomic molecules. Diatomic means "___ _____".

two atoms

normal forces occur when

two objects become in contact

in the name carbon dioxide, the prefix of the second word indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contains

two oxygen atoms

nonrenewable

unable to be recycled or replenished in a short period of time

Fusion

union of chemical - high amount of energy produced if possible

A measurement must include both a number a a(n)

unit

Mendeleev gave the name eka-aluminum to a

unknown element he predicted would have properties similar to those of aluminum

Mendeleev gave the name eka-aluminum to an

unknown elements he predicted would have properties similar to those of aluminum

Hydrogen does not have the typical properties of a metal. However, hydrogen is located above group 1A because it has one _______ ________

valence electron

In an electron dot diagram, each dot represents a(an)

valence electron

in an electron dot diagram, each dot represents

valence electrons

Classifying: which element in figure 5-2 is a transition metal? Which is a noble gas? (look at figure 5-2 on paper)

vanadium is a transition metal; helium is a noble gas

the phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is

vaporation

The phase change that is the reverse of condensation is

vaporization

What is the phase change called when a liquid changes to a gas

vaporization

Which of the following phase changes absorbs heat energy?

vaporization

Which of the following phase changes is an endothermic change?

vaporization

te phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is

vaporization

the phase change that is the reverse of condensation is

vaporization

which of the following phase changes is an endothermic change

vaporization

which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture? has varying properties, fixed compostion, contains only pure substances, varying proportions and fixed composition

varying proportions

Which factors are used to calculate the kinetic energy of an object? Check all that apply. gravity velocity volume mass height

velocity mass

Which set of terms best defines what affects kinetic energy and potential energy, respectively? position, gravity gravity, position velocity, height height, velocity

velocity, height

a projectile moves in a vert/horz plane that contains what vector

vertical inst velocity vector

projectile motion acc=

vertical acc= -g at all times horz acc=0

what component determines landing time of projectile motion

vertical velocity

A graph of Charles's law would show what two variables?

volume and temperature; linear graph

A graph representing Charles's law shows that the volume of a gas increases at the same rate as the ____ of the gas.

volume; temperature

Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and _____ are definite or variable.

volumes

Which are examples of a medium?

water and air

which of the following is a chemical change? ice melting, ice being carved, water boiling, water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen

water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen

Because water molecules are polar, and carbon dioxide molecules are nonpolar,

water has a higher boiling point than carbon dioxide does

which of the following statements about ice melting is true

water molecules move from their fixed position

Name four examples of renewable resources

water, air, trees, sunlight All can be found in nature and are easily replaced.

A______is any disturbance that carries energy from one place to another through matter and space.

wave

The________is the the distance between two crests or two troughs on a transverse wave. It is also the distance between compressions or the distance between rarefactions on a longitudinal wave.

wavelength

Radiation transfers thermal energy through _______.

waves

which of the following materials is useful for making molds because it has a low melting point? wood, metal, clay, wax

wax

What physical properties of nylon and leather make them good material to use for shoelaces?

wear existence; flexible strength; stiffness, durability

a ball rolls down an incline and off a horz ramp. what force acts on the ball as it moves through the air

weight of the ball acting vertically down

To determine the atomic mass of an element, you would take a(n) what average of the isotopes that make up that element?

weighted atomic mass atomic weight

Fuel Cost in the Future:

will not increase that much over time - this may be because we are good at finding it and we subsidize big oil companies

Which is a renewable energy resource?

wind

Eugene works at a carpet factory. Which natural polymer does he most likely work with to make the carpets?

wool

Energy is the ability to do________?

work

If Jerome is swinging on a rope and transferring energy from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy, [ ] is being done.

work

If Jerome is swinging on a rope and transferring energy from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy, ________ is being done.

work

If Jerome is swinging on a rope and transferring energy from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy, ______is being done.

work

If Jerome is swinging on a rope and transferring energy from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy_________ is being done.

work

When a spring is compressed, the energy changes from kinetic to potential. Which best describes what is causing this change?

work

When a spring is compressed, the energy changes from kinetic to potential. Which best describes what is causing this change? work power gravitational energy chemical energy

work

When a spring is compressed, the energy changes from kinetic to potential. Which bestdescribes what is causing this change? work power gravitational energy chemical energy

work

When a spring is compressed, the energy changes from kinetic to potential. Which bestdescribes what is causing this change? work power gravitational energy chemical energy

work

what do you need to find trajectory

x and y components of motion

can metallic bonds conduct?

yes , only as a liquid or gas.

circular motion: if an object has a constant velocity is it accelerating

yes because the velocity is changing direction

can ionic bonds conduct

yes, when dissolved

List the basic ideas of the kinetic molecular theory.

~ all matter is made up of small particles ~ Particles do not lose energy when they collide ~ Particles are in constant random motion ~Particles collide with other particles, objects, and the walls of their container.

Which shows the formula for converting from degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit?

°F = (9/5 × °C) +32

20460000

(6.2 times 10 to the power 4) times (3.3 times 10 to the power of 2)

It is important for scientists to

*Observe *Collect Information *Test Ideas *Make Predictions *Share their findings with other scientists who can disagree with or confirm their findings

U.S. Oil Supplies:

- Western Hemisphere (49%) - Africa (21%) - Persian Gulf (16%) - Other (14%)

Shale Gas Plays

- area where oil and gas companies are targeting exploration activity - proven reserves - water is associated with these areas - every single reserve is being tapped into

China

- burns more coal than the US, Europe and Japan combined - coal-burning plants, inefficient or non-exixtent pollution controls - leading area for SO2 pollution - health hazard - acid rain due to coal burning - Hg showing up in salmon off the western coast of the US - Air quality of Korea and Japan impacted

Natural Gas Pipelines:

- not well kept up Gulf of Mexico - saves time for boats to drop oil into pipes and not have to come to land (these boats use 50-60 thousand gallons of gas per hour - worry about hurricane breaking up the web of pipes (pipes are underground)

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

- not wide spread - would increase coal cost by 300% - capturing CO2 and jamming it into the ground - trees are great for carbon sequestration - absorbs it into the cells of the plant

Nuclear Energy

- radioactive material - mutation - breaks bonds in DNA causing mutation - 25 to 30% useful electrical energy - slowest growing energy source b/c: economics, poor management, low net yield, safety concerns, need more government subsidies, transportation concerns

Effect of Rising Price of Oil:

- reduce energy waste - shift to non-carbon energy sources - higher prices for products made with petrochemicals - higher food prices (buy locally) - airfares higher - smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles - upgrade of public transportation

Natural Gas Projections

- shale gas - growing - onshore gas - much easier to extract than at sea

Oil Use:

- transportation: tanker ships, trains, cars - industry - Residential, commercial, agriculture

User Tax:

- when you use something you pay for it - when you use the resource you pay for it - might be a political scheme to get people to reduce use of oil

if the net force doesnt equal 0, there is an acc and it directly and inversely depends on

-directly upon the net force -inversely upon the objects mass

Which are requirements for forming petroleum? Check all that apply.

-heat -time -pressure

100 W = FRIDGE

...

109: Number of protons in Meitnerium (named after Lise Meitner). 83: Number of protons in the largest nucleus that is still stable (bismuth). 100: Number of protons in Fermium (named after Enrico Fermi).

...

A water molecule is polar with a negative oxygen end and a positive hydrogen end.

...

An H2O molec. is polar w/ a neg, O2 end and a positive Hydrogen end.

...

CO2 change in each glacial cycle= 100ppm

...

COAL IS NOT AS GOOD AS GASOLINE, BUT IS BETTER THAN ETHANOL

...

COPPER= OXIDIZING

...

Correct: After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the p-type side of the p-n junction.

...

Correct: Fuel Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal

...

Correct: Hydrogen has a higher energy density per unit mass compared to gasoline.

...

Correct: The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: coal, nuclear, solar.

...

Correct: The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is Vermont.

...

ETHANOL PRODUCES SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS OCTANE

...

Energy req. to evap. kg. of H2O EQUALS energy released when 1 kg of H2O vapor condenses into liquid.

...

Enzymes and/or heat are required to separate cellulose into sugar molecules.

...

For every kg of CO2 produced, octane produces about THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS ETHANOL

...

Free ELECTRONSmove AWAY from N-TYPE Free HOLES move AWAY from P-TYPE

...

Gasoline has a relatively low boiling point

...

HIGH VOLTAGE, LOW CURRENT

...

Hydrogen has a higher energy density per unit mass compared to gasoline.

...

If your monthly energy bill is for 400 kW-hrs, then how many kilojoules (kJ) is that? 3600 kJ*400= ANS

...

In a molecular compound, there are forces of attraction between molecules. These attractions are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds, but they are strong enough to hold molecules together in a liquid or a solid.

...

In a molecule of an atom, the atoms that form covalent bonds have the same ability to attract an electron.

...

In general, elements at the top of a group have a greater attraction for electrons than elements at the bottom of a group have.

...

Ions CANNOT have SAME AMOUNT of PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

...

Isotopes HAVE DIFFERENT # OF NEUTRONS

...

LITHIUM- REDUCING

...

OXYGEN= OXIDIZING

...

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for hydroelectric power generation. 2: Canada or Brazil 3: U.S. 4: India 1: China

...

Rank the following energy sources for U.S. ELECTRICITY generation from largest (#1) to smallest (#4). 1: Coal 2: Natural Gas 3: Nuclear 4: Hydroelectric

...

Rank the major sectors of energy CONSUMPTION in the U.S. from largest (#1) to smallest (#4). 3: Residential Buildings 1: Industry 2: Transportation 4: Commercial Buildings

...

The least reactive metal is Ag because it least easily gives up electrons and therefore is the weakest reducing agent of these three metals.

...

The lower boiling point components (lighter molecules) of oil rise to the top of a fractional distillation tower.

...

What is the greatest environmental cost of hydroelectric power?

...

ZINC= REDUCING

...

Zn GIVES Cu electron

...

he CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: coal, natural gas, wind.

...

p-type has missing electrons (holes) in lower energy band

...

true: A p-type semiconductor has missing electrons (or holes) in the lower energy valence band.

...

true: As the percentage of oxygen in coal increases, its energy content decreases.

...

true: Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

...

true: The largest stable nucleus is bismuth. true: The number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons in larger nuclei.

...

true: The number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons in larger nuclei.

...

true: Virginia has a higher percentage of coal power generation than California.

...

voltage goes up, current goes up resistance goes up, current goes down

...

winter= 61 deg

...

projectile motion, horz acc=

0

What are two standard temperatures?

0 C, 273 K

What is the melting and boiling point of water in Celsius? In Fahrenheit?

0 degrees Celsius, 100 degrees Celsius; 32 degrees Fahrenheit, 212 degrees Fahrenheit

What is the speed of a wave with a wavelength of 3 m and a frequency of .1 Hz?

0.3 m/s

A soccer ball is traveling at a velocity of 50 m/s. The kinetic energy of the ball is 500 J. What is the mass of the soccer ball?

0.4 kg

A soccer ball is traveling at a velocity of 50 m/s. The kinetic energy of the ball is 500 J. What is the mass of the soccer ball? 0.1 kg 0.2 kg 0.4 kg 0.5 kg

0.4 kg

A wave of infrared light has a speed of 6 m/s and a wavelength of 12 m. What is the frequency of this wave? 0.5 Hz 2.0 Hz 18 Hz 72 Hz

0.5 Hz

Atoms of the most reactive elemtns tend to have

1 or 7 valence electrons

Julia performs an experiment to measure the wavelength of four different waves and records her data in the table below. Which accurately ranks the waves from the lowest energy wave to the highest energy wave?

1 → 4 → 2 → 3

What is 1660 mega watts of electricity equal to?

1,660,000 kilowatts

Alaska's Artic National Wildlife Refuge would meet the world oil demand for...

1-5 months, US 7-25 months

Describe to ways that water is used to produce electricity.

1. A dam 2. Turbines

Steps for Investigation: Scientific Method for doing experiments

1. ASK A QUESTION- (about something you observe) 2. STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS- (a possible answer to the question)- "If..Then..Because" statement which is testable 3. IDENTIFY AND CONTROL VARIABLES- a variable is something that can change in a test: you control the independent variable. A dependent variable changes when an independent variable changes. For a fair test choose just one variable to change- keep all of the other variables the same. Be sure to have a control group (the standard against which change is measured)- the experimental group is the same except that one factor has been changed. 4. MAKE A PLAN- to test you hypothesis- gather materials, make a list, document the steps in your test 5. COLLECT, RECORD, AND INTERPRET OBSERVATIONS- make diagrams, charts or graphs- keep good records of what you do and what you find out. 6. STATE YOUR CONCLUSION- an inference you make based in your data- does your data support your hypothesis- communicate your findings 7. DO REPEATED TRIALS- repeat the experiment a few times exactly the same way- the results should be similar for the conclusion to be valid- others should be able to repeat the experiment and get similar results

Scientific investigations begin with

1. An observation 2. then scientists ask a question about the observation 3. next they collect data to answer their question (they collect data in an experiment)

What are are 5-6 examples of nonrenewable resources?

1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Petroleum 4. Nuclear 5. Natural gas 6. Other fossil fuels

Types of investigations that scientists use are

1. Controlled Experiments 2. Models 3. Surveys 4. Sampling *These help scientists test hypotheses

Coal forms from peat, which compresses to become ___, which becomes ____ coal. The hardest form of coal that burns the best is ____.

1. Light 2. Bituminous 3. Anthracite

Order the following cities in the northern hemisphere from lowest to highest latitude, i.e., the first city should be the most southern one. Rank the following cities from highest to lowest annual average solar intensity. 2: Denver, Colorado 1: Phoenix, Arizona 3: Richmond, Virginia 4: Detroit, Michigan

1. Phoenix, AZ 2. Denver, Colorado 3. Richmond VA 4. Detroit MI

Water is a ____ resource. Waters major use is to produce electricity. Using water to produce electricity is called ____ power.

1. Renewable 2. Hydro- electrical

How do scientist ensure that their work is valid?

1. They share their results with others. 2. Their experiment must be replicable (repeatable) 3. Their conclusions must be based on evidence (set of observations that make you believe something is true.

What are 7 examples of renewable resources?

1. Water 2. Air 3. Wind 4. Sun 5. Wood 6. Geothermal 7. Biomass

Options with lack of oil:

1. look for more oil (we already do) 2. use or waste less oil (probably won't happen) 3. use something else (renewables)

Nuclear Energy Fuel Cycle:

1. mine the uranium 2. process the uranium to make the fuel 3. use it in the reactor 4. safely store the radioactive waste 5. Decommission the reactor

Nuclear Reactors

1. safe-runaway reaction is imposed 2. fuel can not be used for nuclear weapons - easily disposed of fuel - nuclear fuel cycle must generate a higher net energy yield than other alternative fuels, without huge government subsidies - emit fewer greenhouse gases than other fuels

if the volume of a cylinder is reduced from 8.0 liters to 4.0 liters, the pressure of the gas in the cylinder will change from 70 kilopascals to

140 kilopascals

at a temperature of 280k, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 20.0 liters. if the volume of a gas is decreased to 10.0 liters, what must the temperature be for the gas pressure to remain constant

140k

An object has a velocity of 8 m/s and a kinetic energy of 480 J. What is the mass of the object? 7.5 kg 15 kg 60 kg 120 kg

15 kg

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear power in 2010.

1: France 2. Japan 3. U.S. 4. China

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for their total nuclear energy generation capacity in 2010.

1: United States 2: France 3: Japan 4: China

KBr is the formula for an ionic compound, the fact that neither symbol is followed by a subscript means that there is a ???? ratio for ions in the compound

1:1 ratio

Which diagram best illustrates what happens when electromagnetic waves strike a rough, dark material?

1st one

Which is an example of radiation?

1st one (Snowman melting because of the sun)

1

2

How many electrons are shared in a single covalent bond?

2

What is the max number of electrons that an atomic orbital can contain?

2

What is the total number of covalent bonds in a covalently bonded molecule containing one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms?

2

POWER CAPACITY FOR HOOVER DAM

2 GW

How many atoms of each element are in the chemical formula NH4NO3?

2 nitrogen, 4 hydrogen, and 3 oxygen

How many valid electron dot formulas- having the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion- can be written when a resonance structure occurs A. 0 B. 1 only C. 2 only D. 2 or more

2 or More

the name carbon dioxide the prefix of the second word indicates that a molecule of carbon dioxide contains

2 oxygen atoms

HYDROGEN GAS produced by elect. of water using better with __________volts.

2 volts

POWER CAPACITY FOR 3 GEORGES DAM

20 GW

Dimas reads that it takes 270 N to lift a firefighter's equipment. If a firefighter does 5400 J of work carrying the equipment up a staircase, how high does the firefighter climb? (Work: W = Fd)

20m

Kyle has a mass of 54 kg and is jogging at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is Kyle's kinetic energy?

243 J

Kyle has a mass of 54 kg and is jogging at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is Kyle's kinetic energy? 18 J 81 J 162 J 243 J

243 J

The kinetic energy of a ball with a mass of 0.5 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s is

25

The kinetic energy of a ball with a mass of 0.5 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s is

25 J

The kinetic energy of a ball with a mass of 0.5 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s is________?

25 J

Carlota does 2000 J of work on a machine. The machine does 500 J of work. What is the efficiency of the machine?

25%

The kinetic energy of a ball with a mass of 0.5 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s is

25J

Which best illustrates the way in which radiation transfers thermal energy?

2nd one

Which wave is carrying the most energy?

2nd one

How many covalent bonds are in a covalently bonded molecule containing 1 phosphorus atom and 3 chlorine atoms?

3

How many extra electrons are in the Lewis structure of the phosphate ion, PO₄³⁻?

3

How many unshared pairs of electrons are in a molecule of hydrogen iodide?

3

What is the fourth energy level?

32

If an atom of an element has a mass number of 32 and 20 neutrons in its nucleus, what is the atomic number of the element?

32 amu - 20 neutrons = 12 protons or atomic number of 12

If an atom has 34 protons and 40 neutrons, what is its mass number?

34 protons + 40 neutrons = 74 amu or mass number of 74

On the periodic table, there are 2 numbers in the block for the element krypton, Kr: 36 and 83.80. What are each of these numbers, and what do they represent?

36 is the atomic number or the number of protons in the atom of krypton; 83.80 is the atomic mass or the weighted average of the atomic masses of krypton

How many electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?

4

The image shows the electric field lines around two charged particles. At which position would the electric force be greatest?

4

double covalent bonds have...

4 electrons , 2 pairs on electrons

BIOMASS %

4%

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

4*3.14*.04*.04--->divide ans by 100

A 40 kg dog is sitting on top of a hillside and has a potential energy of 1,568 J. What is the height of the hillside? (Formula: PE = mgh)

4.0 m

A 40 kg dog is sitting on top of a hillside and has a potential energy of 1,568 J. What is the height of the hillside? (Formula: PE = mgh) 3.9 m 4.0 m 39.2 m 40.0 m

4.0 m

A car is moving at 12 m/s and has a mass of 600 kg. What is the kinetic energy of the car?

43,200 J

A car is moving at 12 m/s and has a mass of 600 kg. What is the kinetic energy of the car? 36,300 J 43,200 J 72,600 J 86,400 J

43,200 J

A car is moving at 12 m/s and has a mass of 600 kg. What is the kinetic energy of the car? 36,300 J 43,200 J 72,600 J 86,400 J

43,200 J

what angle gives the greatest range of motion for a projectile

45 -same range is obtained from two different launching angles when they add up to 90

A member of the boron family has 3 valence electrons, while a member of the nitrogen fmaily has

5

a member of the boron family has three valence electrons, while a member of the nitrogen family has

5

Based on the food chain below, if a bald eagle acquires 50 kg of energy, how much energy did the herbivorous duck get from the aquatic vegetation? aquatic vegetation mc024-1.jpg herbivorous duck mc024-2.jpg bivalves mc024-3.jpg sea ducks mc024-4.jpg bald eagle

50,000

Which time is more accurate: 55s 55.2s 55.25s 55.254s

55.254

What is the kinetic energy of a toy truck with a mass of 0.75 kg and a velocity of 4 m/s? 3 J 6 J 12 J 24 J

6 J

Alaska's North Slope could meet the world oil demand for...

6 months, US 3 years

How is 0.00069 written in scientific notation? 69 X 10^-5 6.9 X 10^4 0.69 X 10^-3 6.9 X 10^-4

6.9 X 10^-4

How is 0.00069 written is scientific notation?

6.9×10^-4

The potential energy of a 25 kg bicycle resting at the top of a 3 m high hill is_________?

735 J

A roller coaster with a potential energy of 235,200 J sits at the top of a 30 m high hill. What is the mass of the roller coaster? (Formula: PE = mgh)

800 kg

A roller coaster with a potential energy of 235,200 J sits at the top of a 30 m high hill. What is the mass of the roller coaster? (Formula: PE = mgh) 800 kg 7,840 kg 8,000 kg 78,400 kg

800 kg

# OF P IN LARGEST NUCLEUS THAT IS STILL STABLE

83

A 4400 W motor is used to do work. If the motor is used for 200 s, how much work could it do? (Power: P = W/t)

880,000 J

A sled is at rest at the top of a 2 m high slope. The sled has a mass of 45 kg. The sled's potential energy is (Formula: PE = mgh)

882

A circuit has a current of 2 A. If the resistance in the circuit decreases to one-fourth of its original amount while the voltage remains constant, what will be the resulting current?

8A

8

9

Aluminum can scraps use ________% less

95%

At which temperature does water have particles with a greater average kinetic energy than water with a temperature of 30°C?

95°F

BIOFUEL %

<1%

because water molecules are polar are carbon dioxide molecules are non polar

?

Wapi collected data about four machines and listed it in this table. Which machine has the greatest output force?

A

Line Graph

A "Blank" is a way of organizing data that is used to show changes that occur in related variables?

The diagrams show the movement of particles for two substances. Which best compares the temperatures of the substances?

A ) Substance X has the highest temperature because its particles have more kinetic energy.

What happens when heat is removed from water?

A ) The water particles move farther apart. B ) The water changes from a liquid to a gas. NOT ANSWER C) The temperature of the water increases. D) The kinetic energy of the water particles decreases.

Which substance has the most thermal energy and will have the most heat flow from it?

A ) a stovetop burner on medium (200°C) B )a nuclear reactor core (1000°C) NOT ANSWER C) the human body (36°C) D) air at room temperature (32°C)

Which of the following provides the best analogy for an electron in an atomic orbital

A bee trying to escape from a closed jar

Kinetic Energy

A box moving along a conveyer belt

inference

A conclusion based on observations. Observations are facts.

Gas

A gas is matter that has no definite shape or volume. The particles are far apart and move freely. There are slight or weak attractive forces between particles

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers overtime

Liquids

A liquid is matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their containers. Particles in liquids are free to move past other particles. The attractive forces in liquids are weaker than those in solids.

Unit

A measurement must include both a number and a?

Physical properties

A mixture can be classified as a solution, colloid, or suspension based on what?

What is your physical or mental representation of an object or an event?

A model

Scientific Method

A organized plan for gathering, organizing and communicating information is called?

Gravitational potential energy

A piece of fruit hanging from a tree.

What is a peer review?

A process in which scientists examine other scientists work

A polar molecule contains A. Ions B. A region of positive charge and a region of negative charge C. Only London forces D. No bonds

A region of positive charge and a region of negative charge

explain how temperature and particle motion are related.

A rise in temperature usually raises the speed of the particles.

Which is the best example of the law of conservation of energy?

A rolling skateboard slows down because some of its kinetic energy changes to heat.

What happens if the hypothesis does not support the concluded data of an experiment?

A scientist can revise or propose a new hypothesis, then a new experiment can be conducted.

evidence

A set of observations that make you believe that something is true.

Solid

A solid is matter that has definite shape and definite volume.

control group

A standard against which change is measured. In an experiment, the experimental group is the same as the control group EXCEPT that one factor has been changed. The control group is the group for which nothing has been changed

hypothesis

A statement of what you think will happen during an investigation; a prediction.

Scientific law

A statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature

if the relationship between the manipulated variable and the corresponding variable is a direct proportion, what will a line graph of this relationship look like

A straight line

274

A temp. of 34 degrees F is equal to "blank" Kelvins.

Which of the following most accurately represents John daltons model of an atom

A tiny, solid sphere with a predictable mass for a given element

Scientific theory 2

A well tested explanation for a set of observations or results

What is the temperature, in degrees Celsius, of a substance with a temperature of 49K?

A) -322°C B) -224°C NOT NASWER C) 224°C D) 322°C

the symbol for gold is ... A) Au B) Al C) Gl D) Go

A) Au

Which statement accurately describes the flow of heat in each example?

A) Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 2 and 4, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 1 and 3. B) Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 1 and 3, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 2 and 4. NOT ANSWER C)Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in Example 3, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 1, 2, and 4. D)Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 1, 2, and 4, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in Example 3.

which of the following has the highest viscosity? A) corn syrup B) milk C) water D) orange juice

A) corn syrup

Conduction can occur within a single substance, but parts of the substance must have which property?

A) different temperatures

a substance that has high reactivity... A) easily combines chemically with other substances B) burns in the persence of water C) displaces dissolved oxygen D) has a high boiling point

A) easily combines chemically with other substances

which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture? A) has varying properties B) has a fixed composition C) contains only pure substances D) both A and B

A) has varying properties

a mixture that appears to contain only one substance is a (an)... A) homogeneous mixture B) heterogeneous mixture C) compound D) element

A) homogeneous mixture

which of the following is NOT a pure substance? A) milk B) oxygen C) water D) carbon dioxide

A) milk

Barbara is converting 78°F to degrees Celsius. First, she subtracts 32 from 78. What is the next step?

A) multiply 46 by 5/9 NOT ANSWER B) multiply 46 by 9/5 C) add 273 to 46 D) subtract 273 from 46

which of the following is a physical change? A) sawing a piece of wood in half B) burning a piece of wood C) rust forming on an iron fence D) a copper roof changing color from red to green

A) sawing a piece of wood in half

A burner on a stove produces

A) temperature. B )thermal energy. C)hotness. NOT ANSWER D)fire energy.

a substance has a melting point of 0C and a boiling point of 100C. the substance is most likely... A) water B) hydrogen C) gold D) table salt

A) water

When an incandescent light bulb is turned on, what percent of the electricity is converted to light energy? A. 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. 70%

A. 10% When we talk about how energy efficient something is, we are asking how much of the energy put into it is actually used to do the intended job. The job of a light bulb is to produce light. However, only about 10% of the electrical energy consumed by an incandescent light bulb is converted to light energy. The other 90% is converted to heat energy and makes the light bulb hot.

What percent of the average home's electric bill is for lighting? A. About 10% B. About 20% C. About 30% D. About 40%

A. About 10% A little more than 11% of the average residential electric bill is for lighting. If the country converted to new technologies, like CFLs (compact fluorescent light bulbs) or LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes),we could reduce our electricity consumption for lighting by up to 70%.

Which of the following has nothing to do with hydropower? A. Burning B. Gravity C. Sun D. Water cycle

A. Burning The sun drives the water cycle. It causes water to evaporate and enter the air as water vapor. As this water vapor cools and condenses, it falls as rain, much of which lands in rivers or streams that flow into rivers. Gravity causes rivers to flow downhill. Larger rivers with lots of water flowing downhill quickly are used to turn large turbines to generate electricity at hydropower plants. In other types of power plants, water is heated to steam and the steam turns the turbines to generate electricity. Heating the water requires burning something like coal.

Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy (energy of motion)? A. Chemical energy B. Electrical energy C. Heat energy D. Sound energy

A. Chemical energy Kinetic energy is energy of motion, but not always of things we can see. Sound waves move through the air or water. Heat energy is the motion of atoms or molecules that make up a substance. Electricity is the movement of electrons, a tiny part of atoms. Chemical energy is stored energy in the bonds that hold atoms and molecules to each other. Oil and natural gas are examples of chemical energy that can be turned into kinetic energy when it is burned. The burning breaks the bonds between the atoms and molecules and releases the energy so that it can be used.

Which of the following energy sources is the best example of nonrenewable resource? A. Coal B. Wind C. Water D. Sunlight

A. Coal

Which of the following energy sources produces the most electricity in the United States? A. Coal B. Hydropower C. Natural gas D. Uranium (nuclear power)

A. Coal According the to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's 2009 numbers, the breakdown of electricity generation in the United States is as follows: Nonrenewable Sources Renewable Sources 45.9% Coal 7% Hydropower 22.0% Natural Gas 1.9% Wind 20.9% Uranium (nuclear) 0.7% Biomass 0.9% Petroleum (oil) 0.4% Geothermal 0.3% Other

Scientists estimate that Kentucky contains more than 850 million tons of coal. Coal is most commonly used to produce... A. electricity. B. medicine. C. metals. D. water.

A. electricity.

IONIZING

ALPHA BETA GAMMA XRAYS

Chemical property

Ability of a material to change itself or other materials into a new substance

Conductivity

Ability to allow heat to follow

Malleability

Ability to be been stretched without breaking

Flamability

Ability to burn in the presence of oxygen

Reactivity

Ability to combined with other substances to make new substances

How are science and technology related?

Advances in science may lead to advances in technology and vice versa

How are science and technology related? Technology is a branch of natural science. Science is a branch of technology Advances in science may lead to advances in technology and vise versa. Science and technology are not related.

Advances in science may lead to advances in technology and vise versa.

Conventional Natural Gas Trade-offs:

Advantage: - ample supplies - high net energy yield - *low cost* - *less air pollution than other fossil fuels* - lower CO2 emissions than other fossil fuels - easily transported by pipeline - *low land use* - good fuel for fuel cells, gas turbines, and motor vehicles Disadvantage: - nonrenewable resource - *releases CO2 when burned* - *government subsidies* - environmental costs not included in market price - *methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines* - difficult to transfer from one country to another - can be shipped across ocean only as highly explosive LNG

Conventional Nuclear Fuel Cycle Trade-offs:

Advantages: - *large fuel supply* - *low environmental impact (w/o accidents)* - *moderate land use* - emits 1/6th as much CO2 and coal - moderate land disruption, and water pollution - low risks of accidnets because of multiple safety systems (except for Chernobyl-type rectors) Disadvantages:: - cannot compete economically without huge government subsidies - *low net energy yield* - high environmental impact (w/ accidents) - environmental costs not included in market price - risk of catastrophic accidents - no widely acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes - *subject to terrorist attacks* - spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons

Conventional Oil Trade-Offs

Advantages: - Apple supply for 42-93 years - *low cost* - high net energy yield - easily transported within and between countries - *low land use* - technology is well developed - *efficient distribution system* Disadvantages: - need to find substitutes within 50 years - large government subsidies - environmental costs not included in market price - artificially low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives - *pollutes air when produced and burned* - *releases CO2 when burned* - *can cause water pollution*

Coal: Trade-offs

Advantages: - ample supplies (225-900 years) - high net energy yield - *low cost* - well-developed technology - air pollution can be reduced with improved technology Disadvantages: - severe land disturbance, air pollution, and water pollution - severe threat to human health when burned - environmental costs no included in market price - large government subsidies - high CO2 emissions when produced and burned - radioactive particle and toxic mercury emissions

Heavy Oil from Oil Shale and Oil Sand Trade-offs:

Advantages: - moderate costs (oil sand) - large potential supplies, especially oil sands in Canada - easily transported within and between countries - *efficient distribution system in place* - technology well-developed (oil sand) Disadvantages: - high cost (oil shale) - low net energy yield - environmental costs not included in market price - large amounts of water needed for processing - *severe land disruption* - *severe water pollution* - *air pollution and CO2 emissions when produced and burned*

Conventional Natural Gas Trade-offs:

Advantages: - more plentiful than oil - high net energy yield - low cost - lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels - versatile - clean-burning Disadvantages: - releases CO2 when burned - releases methane from leaks

Draw and Defend Conclusions

After analyzing the information that has been collected- scientists draw conclusions about what they have discovered- they defend their conclusions by using the observations they made during their investigation

A student places a large pot of cold water on a stove and heats it for one minute. Then she takes the pot of water off the burner and places it on the counter. Which best describes the convection currents? Convection currents move thermal energy from the stove to the pot, and then from the pot to the water. After the stove is turned off, convection currents continue to transfer energy through the water for a period of time. Convection currents in the water cause warmer, denser water to rise and transfer energy upward. When the stove is turned on, convection currents cause an increase in the chemical energy of water molecules.

After the stove is turned off, convection currents continue to transfer energy through the water for a period of time.

What are the parts of John Dalton's atomic theory?

All elements are composed of atoms. All atoms of the same element have the same mass, and atoms of different elements have different masses. Compounds contain atoms of more than one element. Elements in a compound always combine in the same way.

How are the three states of matter different from each other? How are they the same?

All have particles in motion. Solid - slow movement Liquid - takes the shape of the container Gas - very fast

Types of solids

All solid are not the same. For example a diamond and a piece of charcoal both contain particles that strongly attract to each other and vibrate in place. What makes them different is the arrangement of their particles. The arrangement of a diamond is a crystalline solid. It has particles arranged in a specific repeating order. Charcoal is an amorphous solid. It has particles arranged randomly. Different particle arrangements give these materials different properties.

Identify characteristics of energy from the Sun. Check all that apply. Almost all of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. Energy from the Sun is known as mechanical energy. The energy in fossil fuels originally came from the Sun. Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy.

Almost all of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. The energy in fossil fuels originally came from the Sun. Plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy.

In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, some of the ______ aimed at gold atoms bounced back, suggesting that a solid mass was at the center of the atom.

Alpha particles

What is the most important safety rule?

Always follow your teachers instructions and textbook directions exactly

Amplitude

Amplitude, in physics, the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position. It is equal to one-half the length of the vibration path.

Which statement about subatomic particles is true

An electron has far less mass than either a proton or neutron

Which statement about electrons and atomic orbitals is NOT true

An electron has the same amount of energy in all orbitals

Controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable manipulated variable is changed at a time

Controlled experiment

An experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is changed at a time is called?

The table shows the relationship between the masses of two objects, the distance between the two objects, and the gravitational force between the objects. Which conclusion is supported by the data in the table?

An increase in the distance between the objects causes a greater change in the gravitational force than the same increase in mass.

What is an ion with a negative charge?

An ion with a negative charge is an anion

How are anions named?

Anions are named by using part of the element name plus the suffix -ide.

What has an ion with a negative charge gained?

Anions have gained electrons.

Which of the following types of coal probably formed from the greatest pressure?

Anthracite (the hardest coal)

Renewable Resources

Any resource that is capable of being replaced by natural ecological cycles or sound management practices";A resource that we will not run out of or that can be replaced in our lifetime

ANWR

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - oil is found in this area, but how do you get oil out of a wildlife refuge

The major disadvantage of using solar panels to generate electricity is that solar panels-

Are affected by cloud coverage and day length

What gases emit colors when an electric current is applied?

Argon and krypton

According to _____, all matter was made up of four elements? (earth, air, fire, water)

Aristotle

What is the relationship between thermal energy and temperaure? Between thermal energy and heat?

As temperature increases, thermal energy increases. As heat increases, thermal energy increases

The diagram shows how air circulation forms a sea breeze on a warm day. Which best describes what is happening in the diagram? At point 1, the air in the convection current is warmer and denser than at point 3 because its molecules contain more kinetic energy. At point 2, the air absorbs thermal energy from the surrounding air, which causes it to become heavier and sink. At point 3, the air in the convection current is cooler and lighter than the air in other parts of the current, so it is preparing to rise. At point 4, thermal energy from warm air over the land is transferred upward toward cooler areas of the atmosphere.

At point 4, thermal energy from warm air over the land is transferred upward toward cooler areas of the atmosphere.

Adding thermal energy

At the melting point of water, water particles vibrate so rapidly that they start to move out of place. At this point, added thermal energy only increases the distance between particles and decreases the attractive forces-melting occurs

Greek philosopher Democritus coined what word for a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided?

Atom

The Greek philosopher Democritus coined what word for a tiny piece of matter that cannot be divided?

Atom

One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom is used to define a(an)

Atomic mass unit

Moving from left to right across a row of the periodic table, which value increases by exactly one from element to element?

Atomic number

The number of protons in one atom of an element is that element's

Atomic number

The number of protons in one atom of an element is that elements

Atomic number

In the nucleus of an atom, there are 18 protons and 20 neutrons. What are the atomic number and mass number of this isotope?

Atomic number = 18, the number of protons Mass number = 38, 18 + 20 = 38 the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

To find the number of neutrons in an atom, you would subtract

Atomic number from mass number

Unlike Democritus, Aritstole did not believe that matter was composed of tiny, indivisible _____?

Atoms

Which of the following is NOT part of John daltons atomic theory

Atoms contain subatomic particles

Hydrogen Bonds

Attractive forces to a hydrogen atom already bonded to a strong electronegative atom

Tami is doing experiments on three different unknown solids. She understands that treating them in different manners might result in changes to their bonding, and these changes may help her identify unknowns. She treats samples of each solid four different ways: heating them, letting them cool, shining bright light on them, and hitting them once with a hammer. The chart shows what happened to each sample. Based on how they each acted in the trials, which substance(s) would most likely be metallic?

B

Nuclear reactions in a reactor produce a lot of thermal energy. That energy then flows and warms up water, which boils and produces steam. The steam then turns turbines that generate electricity. Which statement below can be made about the production of electricity in a nuclear reactor?

B ) Heat flows from the reactor to the water.

Which best explains why metal cooking utensils often have plastic coating on their handles?

B ) Plastic reduces the transfer of thermal energy to hands holding the utensils.

If a cup of coffee is at 90°C and a person with a body temperature of 36°C touches it, how will heat flow between them?

B ) from the cup to the hand

what is the symbol for aluminum? A) AL B) Al C) Au D) A

B) Al

How do the metal aluminum coils in an air conditioner help keep a house cool?

B) They conduct thermal energy from inside the house and release it outside the house.

which is a pure substance? A) solutions B) compounds C) homogeneous mixtures D) colloids

B) compounds

what method can be used to serparate parts of a liquidmixture when the entire mixture can pass through a filter? A) filtration B) distillation C) straining D) screening

B) distillation

what physical properties of nylon and leather make them good materials for shoelaces? A) high density and low conductivity B) durability and flexability C) hardness and durability D) low viscosity and flexability

B) durability and flexability

during which of the following chemical changes does a precipitate form? A) vinegar is added to baking powder B) lemon juice added to milk C) lemon juice is added to water D) a banana ripens

B) lemon juice is added to milk

Which of the following names the form of energy that can be successfully used in buildings; is relatively cheap to construct; and simply uses the sun to heat a surface, which warms the inside of the building? A) photovoltaic cell B) passive solar C) active solar D) geothermal E) none of the above

B) passive solar

a mixture can be classified as a solution, suspension, or colloid based on the... A) number of particles it contains B) the size of its largest particles C) color of its particles D) size of its smallest particles

B) the size of its largest particles

Some electricity is made by damming rivers and using the water to push a turbine. What is a potential negative effect of this form of energy? A. It can cause the river to be heavily polluted. B. It can destroy the habitat of wildlife that live in the river. C. It can produce toxic waste that must be disposed of. D. It can consume too much water.

B. It can destroy the habitat of wildlife that live in the river.

Of the following choices, which best describes or defines ELECTRICITY? A. Chemical energy B. Moving electrons C. Potential energy D. Power

B. Moving electrons Atoms are tiny particles that make up everything in the universe, and they're made up of even tinier parts. The center, or nucleus, of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons. Buzzing around the nucleus are even tinier electrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge and electrons have a negative charge. The negative electrons are attracted to the positive protons in the nucleus. The electrons farthest away from the protons have the weakest attraction, though, and applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. This movement of electrons across atoms is electricity.

Stanley helped his mother install a solar generator on the roof of their home. Which statement best explains the advantage of using a solar generator? A. Solar power is easy to store. B. Solar power is readily available. C. Solar generators can produce energy at all times. D. Solar generators can produce very large amounts of energy.

B. Solar power is readily available.

Electricity to play your radio can be made using renewable or nonrenewable resources. Which of the following resources are renewable? A. wind and oil B. wind and sunlight C. natural gas and oil D. natural gas and coal

B. wind and sunlight

Safety Rules

Because lab activities can involve hazardous materials, it is always important to read and inderstand and "Blank" that must be followed

Why is it important that Scientists communicate and share their results with others?

Because one way for Scientists to ensure that their work is valid is to share their results with others.

Why is communication important in Science?

Because one way for Scientists to ensure that their work is valid is to share their results with others. Scientists must describe their procedures and honestly report their findings-(conclusions/inferences based on evidence). Each of their investigations must be repeatable by other scientists, so they must describe exactly what they did in an experiment and how they did it.

Why do scientist make hypothesis before beginning scientific investigations?

Because, if a hypothesis is proven to be correct, then it is generally accepted by Science. Scientists must form their hypothesis from research and experience so they can closely predict what they think the outcome of their experiment will be. This helps them to solve the problem that they defined at the beginning of their experiment.

Using tables and graphs: which of the elements shown in figure 5-2 are in the same period? (look at the figure)

Beryllium, Carbon, Nitrogen, Fluorine

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that can be made from animal fat. During production, animal fats are chemically reacted with alcohol to produce fuel. Biodiesel may be used as an energy source in vehicles. Which conclusion is best supported by the information?

Biodiesel is considered a renewable energy source because it is made with animal fat.

To draw a Lewis Structure, it is not necessary to know A. Bond Energies B. The types of atoms in the molecule C. The number of valence electrons for each atom D. The number of atoms in the molecule

Bond Energies

Molecular orbital that can be occupied by 2 electrons of a covalent bond.

Bonding Orbital

This state of matter has the lowest energy.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

Name the 5 states of matter in order from cold to hot.

Bose-Einstein Condensate; solid; liquid; gas; plasma

Eddie and Val observed the picture of an athlete running in a race. Eddie stated the picture shows potential energy being transformed to kinetic energy. Val stated that it shows chemical energy being transformed to mechanical energy. Which best explains who is correct?

Both Eddie and Val are correct because chemical energy is a type of potential energy and mechanical energy includes kinetic energy.

Eddie and Val observed the picture of an athlete running in a race. Eddie stated the picture shows potential energy being transformed to kinetic energy. Val stated that it shows chemical energy being transformed to mechanical energy. Which best explains who is correct?

Both Eddie and Val are correct because chemical energy is a type of potential energy and mechanical energy includes kinetic energy.

Eddie and Val observed the picture of an athlete running in a race. Eddie stated the picture shows potential energy being transformed to kinetic energy. Val stated that it shows chemical energy being transformed to mechanical energy. Which best explains who is correct? Only Eddie is correct because the picture does not show a transformation that starts with chemical energy. Only Eddie is correct because the picture does not show a transformation that ends with mechanical energy. Both Eddie and Val are correct because chemical energy is a type of potential energy and mechanical energy includes kinetic energy. Both Eddie and Val are correct because chemical energy is a type of kinetic energy and mechanical energy includes potential energy.

Both Eddie and Val are correct because chemical energy is a type of potential energy and mechanical energy includes kinetic energy.

Comparing and Contrasting: based on what you know about elements and the periodic table, compare and contrast the elements beryllium, iodine, which are shown in figure 5-2. (look at figure)

Both are metals; different numbers of valence electrons, beryllium is an earth metal

How are coal and oil similar?

Both coal and oil must be mined from underground.

How was Bohr's atomic model similar to Rutherford's model?

Both describe a nucleus surrounded by a large volume of space.

What is common between transverse waves and longitudinal waves? Both include an amplitude, crest, and rarefactions Both move faster at higher temperatures Both move slower through densely packed molecules Both include a wavelength from compression to compression

Both move faster at higher temperatures

What happens when the thermal energy of a substance increases?

Both the motion of the particles in the substance and the temperature of the substance increase.

Which best compares radiation and conduction? Check all that apply.

Both transfer thermal energy from warm objects to cooler objects. Both can transfer energy through matter.

Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant.

A graph that shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume would be which law?

Boyle's law

How do scientists communicate the results of investigations?

By publishing articles in scientific journals, giving talks at scientific conferences, and exchanging emails

What do elements achieve by reacting?

By reacting, elements achieve electron configurations similar to those of Noble Gasses.

Which best describes thermal energy?

C ) It is the portion of internal energy that can be transferred from one substance to another.

Which best explains why water boils in a pot sitting over fire?

C ) Thermal energy from the fire moves to the water in the form of heat.

which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture? A) water in a swimmimg pool B) sugar water C) a jar of mixed nuts D) stainless steel

C) a jar of mixed nuts

a material that is malleableand conducts electricty is most likely... A) wood B) ice C) a metal D) motor oil

C) a metal

Which of the following is the most abundant fossil fuel? A) oil B) natural gas C) coal D) gasoline E) none of the above

C) coal

a substance that is made up of only one kind of atom is a(an)... A) compound B) homogeneous mixture C) element D) solution

C) element

flammability is a material's ability to burn in the presence of... A) hydrogen B) nitrogen C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide

C) oxygen

In 2015, Kentucky power plants produced 56% of the electricity used in the state by burning coal and 5% of the electricity by using hydropower. Which of the following statements best describes coal and water as resources. A. Both are renewable B. Both are nonrenewable C. Coal is nonrenewable; water is renewable D. Coal is renewable; water is nonrenewable

C. Coal is nonrenewable; water is renewable

_____ of stratosphere provides protection to our life. A. Nitrogen B. Hydrogen C. Ozone D. Argon

C. Ozone

Of the following choices, which best describes or defines FISSION? A. Breaking rocks B. Combining atoms C. Splitting atoms D. Splitting cells

C. Splitting atoms Atoms are tiny particles that make up everything in the universe. They are themselves made up of even tinier parts that are held together by bonds that contain very large amounts of energy. There are two ways to release energy from atoms. One way is FUSION, or combining atoms into larger atoms. This is how the sun produces so much energy. Nuclear power plants use FISSION, where atoms are split into smaller atoms, releasing large quantities of energy. This energy is used to heat water into steam, to turn turbines that spin generators, to make electricity. Nuclear power plants use Uranium atoms. The only nuclear power plant in Maine, Maine Yankee, closed in 1997 after 25 years in service. It was dismantled over 2 years, starting in 2004.

How does the use of the renewable energy affect nonrenewable energy resources? A. Using renewable energy sources causes nonrenewable energy to cost more. B. Using renewable energy sources increases the need for coal mining. C. Using renewable energy reduces the demand for nonrenewable energy resources. D. Using renewable energy increases the number of jobs needed needed to mine for nonrenewable resources.

C. Using renewable energy reduces the demand for nonrenewable energy resources.

Which is NOT a fossil fuel? A. Coal B. Oil C. Wood D. Natural gas

C. Wood

Which of the following devices uses a renewable resource to produce heat? A. a fuel oil heater B. a propane gas burner C. a wood-burning stove D. a coal-burning furnace

C. a wood-burning stove

What molec. is produced by manure of decomposed waste in landfills

CH4

Which of the following is Not an example of a molecular formula A. H₂O B. CaCO₃ C NH₃ D. O₂

CaCO₃

What element has the same number of valence electrons as silicon?

Carbon

What element is found in most of the compounds in your body except for water?

Carbon

The standard on which the atomic mass unit is based is the mass of

Carbon 12 atom

What is Energy

Change

Understanding gas behavior

Changes in temperature, pressure, and volume affect the behavior of gasses more than they affect solids and liquids.

The law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles is constant is

Charle's law

Charles's Law

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant.

_____ properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances.

Chemical

What type of energy do you experience when you eat a sandwich?

Chemical Kinetic

An interaction that holds 2 atoms together is called a(n) ____________

Chemical Bond

A shorthand representation of the composition of a substance using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts is called A. Lewis structure B. Chemical Formula C. Polyatomic Ion D. Multiple Bond

Chemical Formula

When Anna eats an apple, the sugars in that apple are broken down into the substance called glucose. Glucose is then burned in her body for energy. One of the body parts that needs this energy is the heart, which beats due to electrical impulses. A byproduct of this glucose breakdown is the heat that warms her body and is later released. Which identifies the energy transformations that take place in Anna's body as this process takes place?

Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy and electrical energy.

When Anna eats an apple, the sugars in that apple are broken down into the substance called glucose. Glucose is then burned in her body for energy. One of the body parts that needs this energy is the heart, which beats due to electrical impulses. A byproduct of this glucose breakdown is the heat that warms her body and is later released. Which identifies the energy transformations that take place in Anna's body as this process takes place? Mechanical energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is then converted to potential energy. Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy and electrical energy. Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy and thermal energy. Mechanical energy is converted to potential energy which is then converted to kinetic energy.

Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy and electrical energy.

When Anna eats an apple, the sugars in that apple are broken down into the substance called glucose. Glucose is then burned in her body for energy. One of the body parts that needs this energy is the heart, which beats due to electrical impulses. A byproduct of this glucose breakdown is the heat that warms her body and is later released. Which identifies the energy transformations that take place in Anna's body as this process takes place? Mechanical energy is converted to kinetic energy, which is then converted to potential energy. Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy and electrical energy. Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy and thermal energy. Mechanical energy is converted to potential energy which is then converted to kinetic energy.

Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy and electrical energy.

Mixture

Classifies by the size of the largest particle

What clock offers the most precision?

Clock with hour, minute, and second hands

Accuracy

Closeness of a measurement to the actual value being mearsured?

The moving blades of an airplane propeller provide an analogy for the electron ____ model.

Cloud

The fossil fuel found in greatest abundance in VA is-

Coal

Which of the following natural resources make the largest contribution to VA's economy?

Coal

Coal vs. Nuclear Energy

Coal: - ample suppley- high net energy yield - very high air pollution - high CO2 pollution - high land disruption from surface mining - low cost (w/ huge subsidies) Nuclear: - ample supply - now net energy yield - low air pollution - low CO2 emissions - much lower land disruption from surface mining - moderate land use - high cost (even w/ huge subsidies)

What is cohesion?

Cohesion is the attraction between similar molecules.

_____ between the particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause pressure in a closed container of gas.

Collisions

The table represents the speed of a car in a northern direction over several seconds.

Column 1 should be titled "Time," and Column 2 should be titled "Velocity."

Element

Composed of atoms and cannot be separated into simpler substances

John Dalton observed that elements always combine in the same ratio to form a particular ____.

Compound

Technology

Computers are an example of a "Blank" that helps people solve problems

In an atomic model that includes a nucleus , positive charge is

Concentrated in the center of the atom

Conclusions

Conclusions-(inferences) that scientists draw about their experiment. Conclusions must be based on evidence-(observations and data that make you believe something is true). Scientist use their observations to draw a conclusion. They summarize what they have learned by analyzing their observations.

The state of matter that exists only at extremely low temperatures is called a Bose-Einstein _____.

Condensate

Identify each example of heat transfer as conduction, convection, or radiation.

Conduction - hot pan Convection - oven Radiation - fire

Would a copper pipe work better as a conductor or an insulator? Why do you think so?

Conductor because it is metal

As a person pushes a box across a floor, the energy from the person's moving arm is transferred to the box, and the box and floor become warm. During this process, energy is:

Conserved

Photosynthesis: Consumes and Produces

Consumes: CO2, H2O, Energy Produces: Oxygen, Sugar

Respiration: Consumes and Produces

Consumes: Oxygen, Sugar Produces: CO2, H2O, Energy

Colloid

Contain some particles that are intermediate in size, between the small particles in a solution and the largest particles in a suspension

J.J Thomson's experiments provided evidence that an atom

Contains negatively charged particles

Which explains why conduction is unlikely when ice is placed on a freezer shelf?

D) The ice and shelf are the same temperature.

water is a compound because it... A) can be broken down into simpler substances B) alwasy has two hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom. C)is made of water atoms joined togather D) both A and B

D) both A and B

if an unknown substance CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances it is. . . A) compound B) an element C) made of one kind of atom D) both B and C

D) both B and C

which of the following is NOT a clue that a chemical change has occured? A) change in color B) production of gas C) formation of a precipitate D) change in shape

D) change in shape

when a physical change in a sample occurs, which of the following does NOT change? A) shape B) temperature C) volume D) composition

D) composition

If a material contains three elements joined in a fixed proportionit is a (an)... A) mixture B) solution C) atom D) compound

D) compound

which of the following is malleable? A) glass B) pottery C) ice D) gold

D) gold

Known deposits of a material that can be extracted profitably are called A) resources. B) undiscovered reserves. C) identified deposits. D) reserves. E) none of the above.

D) reserves

which of the following is a mixture? A) carbon dioxide B) silicon C) silicon dioxide D sand

D) sand

you are about to open a container of soy milk but notice that there are instructions to "shake well before serving" the soy milk is most likely a.... A) solution B) pure substance C) colloid D) suspension

D) suspension

filtration can be used to separatemixtures based on... A) their boiling points B) their densities C) thier melting points D) the size of thier particles

D) the size of their particles

which of the following materials is useful for making molds because it has a low melting point? A) wood B) metal C) clay D) wax

D) wax

How long ago did humans first use natural gas as a fuel? A. 100 years ago B. 250 years ago C. 1000 years ago D. 2500 years ago

D. 2500 years ago In the United States natural gas was first used to fuel street lamps in 1816. However, the Chinese beat us by a couple thousand years. They piped natural gas from shallow wells and burned it to evaporate seawater to make salt. Today about 50% of U.S. homes use natural gas for heating.

Of the following choices, which best describes or defines KILOWATT-HOUR? A. Equal to 1,000 watt-hours B. Measure of amount of electrical energy used in one hour C. Unit the utility companies use to bill customers D. All of the above

D. All of the above The amount of electrical energy something uses to do a job depends on how long it's used and is measured in watt-hours (W-h). It is calculated by multiplying the electrical power (Watts) the device requires by the amount of time it was used. A watt-hour is a very small amount of electrical energy, so most of the time kilowatt-hours (kWh) are used (1 kWh = 1,000 W-h). Most utility companies bill their customers based on the number of kWh of electrical energy consumed. At 350 degrees, the average electric oven requires 2000 watts (2kW) of energy. Baking brownies for 30 minutes (½ hour) uses 2 kW x ½ h = 1 kWh of energy. At an average cost of 12¢ per kWh, baking this batch of brownies cost you 12¢ (12¢ x 1 kWh). Eat up!

Which of the following examples describes a nonrenewable energy system? A. Solar panels use energy from the sun to heat a home. B. Geothermal energy is used to heat water for a building C. Wind force turns windmill blades connected to a generator to produce electricity. D. Coal is used to convert water into steam that turns turbine blades to produce electricity.

D. Coal is used to convert water into steam that turns turbine blades to produce electricity.

If you are using biomass as a source of energy you might be: A. Heating with coal. B. Heating with natural gas. C. Heating with petroleum. D. Heating with a wood stove.

D. Heating with a wood stove. Biomass is an energy source that comes from organic matter (anything once living) like wood, crops and animal waste. People have been burning wood to heat their homes and cook their food for thousands of years. This makes biomass the energy source that has been used the longest. Biomass is a renewable energy source because plants can be re-grown, and animals always produce waste. Although fossil fuels (like coal, petroleum and natural gas) also formed from animal and plant remains, it took millions of years for these fuels to form, and many chemical reactions to change them, and they cannot be replaced; this makes them nonrenewable, unlike biomass.

Which best explains why a black T-shirt gets warmer in the Sun than a white T-shirt? Darker colors reflect more energy from colliding particles than lighter colors do. Darker colors absorb more energy from colliding particles than lighter colors do. Darker colors reflect more energy from electromagnetic waves than lighter colors do. Darker colors absorb more energy from electromagnetic waves than lighter colors do.

Darker colors absorb more energy from electromagnetic waves than lighter colors do.

Deposition

Deposition is the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid. For deposition to occur, thermal energy has to be removed from a gas.

What is a diatomic molecule? Give an example.

Diatomic molecules are molecules made of two atoms of the same element; one example is oxygen.

Atoms in a molecular compound share the electrons to achieve stability. Atoms in an ionic compound gain or lose electrons to form ions

Differences between ionic and molecular compounds

The human body stores chemical energy from digested food. Some of the chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy when the body moves. Which statement is best supported by this information?

Digested food is a source of potential energy.

The human body stores chemical energy from digested food. Some of the chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy when the body moves. Which statement is best supported by this information? The body does not convert chemical energy to thermal energy. The body does not convert chemical energy to kinetic energy. Digested food is a source of potential energy. Digested food is a form of radiant energy.

Digested food is a source of potential energy.

The human body stores chemical energy from digested food. Some of the chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy when the body moves. Which statement is bestsupported by this information? The body does not convert chemical energy to thermal energy. The body does not convert chemical energy to kinetic energy. Digested food is a source of potential energy. Digested food is a form of radiant energy.

Digested food is a source of potential energy.

What is the relationship in which the ratio of the manipulated variable and the responding variable is constant?

Direct proportion

If there are 2 long dashes between 2 atoms in a structural formula, molecules of the compound contain a(n) ____________ Bond.

Double

A covalent bond in which 2 pairs of electrons are shared.

Double Covalent Bond

Scientists use their observations to

Draw conclusions. When scientists draw a conclusion, they summarize what they have learned by analyzing their observations

Droughts occur when little or no rain falls for a long period of time. A drought would most directly affect which type of power plant?

Droughts occur when little or no rain falls for a long period of time. A drought would most directly affect which type of power plant?

Which of the following is considered a use of biomass conversion to produce energy? A) burning fuelwood in Zimbabwe B) methane digestors in China C) alcohol creation from sugar cane residues in Brazil D) burning animal dung for cooking fires in the desert E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following geological processes is not needed to make anthracite coal? A) slow or no decay of organic matter underwater B) pressure C) heat D) time E) all of the above are needed.

E) all of the above are needed.

Coal mining and coal burning can produce A) acid rain. B) increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. C) environmental degradation. D) more than 1/4 of the energy the world uses. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

# OF NEUT AND PROS ARE _________ IN SMALLER NUCLEI

EQUAL

Which is an example of radiation? Check all that apply. Troy's hand is burned when he touches hot wax. Earth is heated by energy from the Sun. A hot dog is held over a fire and gets warm. Soup is heated in a microwave. Water is boiled in a pot on a stove burner.

Earth is heated by energy from the Sun. Soup is heated in a microwave.

How does earth science overlap with life science?

Earth science involves the study of systems that may include living organisms

is a method used by different animal species for navigation, communication, and finding food.

Echolocation

How many electrons are in the highest energy level?

Eight electrons are in the highest energy level, depending on the element.

What would most likely happen as a result of the generator in a wind turbine breaking?

Electricity would not be generated.

Andre listed some properties of electromagnetic waves. 1) transfer thermal energy by radiation 2) can transfer energy over great distances 3) need matter to transfer energy through 4) are disturbances that carry energy Which best describes Andre's error? Electromagnetic waves transfer thermal energy by conduction. Electromagnetic waves can only transfer energy over short distances. Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through empty space. Electromagnetic waves are not considered disturbances.

Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through empty space.

Why is thermal energy from the Sun transferred to Earth through electromagnetic waves instead of any other type of thermal energy transfer?

Electromagnetic waves can travel through empty space.

Which subatomic particle has a negative charge

Electron

In a polar covalent bond a. Electrons are shared equally between atoms. b. A cation is bonded to an anion. c. Electrons are transferred between atoms. d. Electrons are not shared equally between atoms.

Electrons are not shared equally between atoms

Tisa makes a diagram to organize her notes about charging objects. Which statement should she place in the region marked X?

Electrons move between objects.

Which statement accurately represents the arrangement of electrons in bohrs atomic model

Electrons travel around the nucleus in fixed energy levels with energies that vary from level to level

John Dalton concluded that all the atoms of a single _____ have the same mass.

Element

What elements tend to react?

Elements that do not have complete sets of valence electrons tend to react.

During nuclear fission and fusion, matter that seems to disappear is actually converted into:

Energy

Which is occurring when work is being done?

Energy is being transferred.

Which occurs when a warm fluid cools down? Energy is released to the environment. Energy is absorbed from the environment. The density of the fluid decreases. The mass of the fluid decreases.

Energy is released to the environment.

Doug is doing work. Without knowing exactly what he is doing, which can be said about the work he is doing?

Energy is transferred.

Doug is doing work. Without knowing exactly what he is doing, which can be said about the work he is doing? Energy is transferred. Energy is increased. Energy is decreased. Energy is unchanged.

Energy is transferred.

Which statement best describes how waves carry energy?

Energy moves from one place to another through the wave.

If the kinetic and potential energy in a system are equal, then the potential energy increases. What happens as a result? Total energy increases. Stored energy decreases. Energy of motion decreases. Total energy decreases.

Energy of motion decreases.

If the kinetic and potential energy in a system are equal, then the potential energy increases. What happens as a result? Total energy decreases.

Energy of motion decreases.

Wind power is not typically used to generate all of the electricity needed for large cities because the-

Energy source is inconsistent

Who provided evidence for the existence of a nucleus in an atom

Ernest Rutherford

What are two types of vaporization?

Evaporation and boiling

Evaporation

Evaporation is vaporization that occurs only at the surface of a liquid.

Barrel of Oil

Every barrel of oil is divided up for parts of society - Gasoline (51%) - Distillate Fuel Oil - Jet Fuel (12%) - Still Gas - Marketable Coke - Residual Fuel Oil

Milk(homogenized), smoke, paint,

Examples of colliods

Chicken pot pie, dust- filled air, muddy pond water, orange juice with pulp

Examples of heterogeneous mixtures

Chicken broth, air, seawater, Snapple

Examples of homogeneous mixtures

Color, hardness, density

Examples of physical properties

Sugar water, apple juice

Examples of solutions

Oil and vinegar, sand and water

Examples of suspensions

An atom in which an electron has moved to a higher energy level is in a ______ state.

Excited

review a question

Explain how peer reviews are important in either supporting a hypothesis or revising a hypothesis?

Scientific theory

Explains a pattern found in Nature

Scientific theory

Explains a pattern found in nature

Wild animals are not considered a natural resource.

F

which halogen is the most likely to react

F (fluorine)

which of the following group 7A elements is the most reactive

F (fluorine)

their fuel costs. 3: Coal 2: Nuclear 4: Gas 1: Wind

FUEL WNCG

What are repeatable observations know as?

Facts.

Which of the following is the renewable source of energy?

Falling water

Hedea made a study chart about nuclear energy.

Fission and fusion convert nuclear energy to both radiant and thermal energy.

Hedea made a study chart about nuclear energy. Which best describes the error in Hedea's chart?

Fission and fusion convert nuclear energy to both radiant and thermal energy.

Hedea made a study chart about nuclear energy. Which best describes the error in Hedea's chart?

Fission and fusion convert nuclear energy to both radiant and thermal energy.

Hedea made a study chart about nuclear energy. Which best describes the error in Hedea's chart? The nuclei of atoms are split apart in both fission and fusion. The nuclei of atoms are joined together in both fission and fusion. Fission converts nuclear energy to electrical energy, not thermal energy. Fission and fusion convert nuclear energy to both radiant and thermal energy.

Fission and fusion convert nuclear energy to both radiant and thermal energy.

What is heat?

Flow of thermal energy from one object to another

What are line graphs useful for?

For showing changes that occur in related variables. The manipulated variable is plotted on the x-axis and the responding variable is plotted on the y-axis.

Atomic mass

For the element Nitrogen, the number 14.007 is defined as the **** of that element?

Name six examples of nonrenewable resources

Fossil Fuels: coal, oil, natural gas and soil, rocks, minerals. Once they have been removed from a mine or washed away it takes a VERY long time for them to form.

Coal, oil and natural gas are all _____ because they formed from the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago.

Fossil fuels

The chart above shows different sources of energy. Which conclusion can be made based on this cart?

Fossil fuels make up over three quarters of our energy consumption

The two European countries with the most colonies in Africa were

France and Great Britain.

Which best describes the relationship between the terms "frequency," "wavelength," and "hertz"? Wavelength is the number of frequencies, which is measured in hertz. Frequency is the number of wavelengths, which is measured in hertz. Wavelength is measured from frequency to hertz. Frequency is measured from wavelength to hertz.

Frequency is the number of wavelengths, which is measured in hertz.

Mateo's parents are thinking about investing money to help develop a new fusion power plant. Which issue is most important to consider before making the investment?

Fusion requires high temperatures and pressures, so how have they reduced the energy cost for it?

CELLULOSE COMPOSED OF _______ MOLECULES

GLUCOSE (SUGAR)

Draw a diagram of a child swinging on a playground swing. Label the location where the child has the greatest kinetic energy and greatest potential energy

GPE and GKE

LARGEST HYDROELEC PLANT in U.S. " " in WORLD

GRAND COULEE 3 GEORGES

Wind Energy

Generates electricity by using the wind. safe for the enviroment and no pollution,free

Geothermal

Generates electricity from steam produced by water heated within the earth. safe for the enviroment and no pollution,free

What is the foundation of Earth Science?

Geology.

When all the electrons in an atom are in orbitals with the lowest possible energy, the atom is in its _____ state.

Ground

describe ways in which the elements in group 1A are similar. then describe how 2A elements are similar. then describe the differences

Group 1A has similar properties and same number of valence electrons. same with Group 2A.

SUGAR CANE HAS _______ENERGY GAIN CORN ETHANOL HAS __________ ENERGY GAIN.

HIGHEST; LOWEST

Heat flows from -------------substances

HOT TO COLD

Which of the following shows both the correct formula and correct name of an acid? A. HClO, Chloric Acid B HNO, Hydronitrous Acid C. HPO₄, Phosphoric Acid D. HI. Iodic Acid

HPO₄, Phosphoric Acid

Nuclear reactions in a reactor produce a lot of thermal energy. That energy then flows and warms up water, which boils and produces steam. The steam then turns turbines that generate electricity. Which statement below can be made about the production of electricity in a nuclear reactor? Heat flows in the form of electricity. Heat flows from the reactor to the water. The water produces heat. The steam produces heat.

Heat flows from the reactor to the water.

This chart lists four examples of two objects that are in contact. Which statement accurately describes the flow of heat in each example? Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 2 and 4, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 1 and 3. Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 1 and 3, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 2 and 4. Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in Example 3, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in examples 1, 2, and 4. Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 1, 2, and 4, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in Example 3.

Heat will flow from Object 1 to Object 2 in examples 1, 2, and 4, and heat will flow from Object 2 to Object 1 in Example 3.

Henri draws a wave that has a 4 cm distance between the midpoint and the trough. Geri draws a wave that has an 8 cm vertical distance from the bottom of the trough to the top of the crest. Which statement best describes the energy in Henri and Geri's waves?

Henri's wave and Geri's wave have the same amplitude and the same energy.

Shelly tells a friend that her computer needs to be fixed because it has been producing a lot of heat and is smoking. Where is the error in her statement?

Her computer is producing thermal energy, not heat.

properties of ionic

High melting points Dissolve in water Crystals form in patterns (lattices) Good conductors of electricity

Advances in science may lead to advances in technology and vice cersa

How are science and technology related?

They are interdependant in advance in one lead to advances in another

How are technology and Science related?

All of the above

How do scientists communicate the results of investigations?

They all use SI.

How do scientists whospweak different languages make their data understandable to one another?

Earth Science involves the study of systems that may include living organisms.

How does Earth science overlap with life Science?

Three

How many significant figures will the answer to the calculation 65.25 times 37.4 have?

The mixing of 2 or more atomic orbitals of similar but different energies on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies is called.

Hybridization

A type of bond that is very important in determining the properties of water and of important biological molecules such as proteins and DNA.

Hydrogen Bond

The intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom and the unshared pair of electrons on another strongly electronegative atom is called ______________.

Hydrogen Bonding

Which elements can form diatomic molecules joined by a single covalent bond?

Hydrogen and the Halogens only

Shondra takes notes in class. I. Electromagnetic Waves II. The ability to work - Has many forms - Mechanical III. Potential energy - Chemical - Elastic - Gravitational Kinetic energy - Energy of movement - Electrical IV. Nuclear - Radiant - Thermal One line of Shondra's notes is irrelevant to the rest of her notes. Which line is about a different topic than the rest of Shondra's notes?

I

Shondra takes notes in class. I. Electromagnetic Waves II. The ability to work - Has many forms - Mechanical III. Potential energy - Chemical - Elastic - Gravitational Kinetic energy - Energy of movement - Electrical IV. Nuclear - Radiant - Thermal One line of Shondra's notes is irrelevant to the rest of her notes. Which line is about a different topic than the rest of Shondra's notes? I II III IV

I

Shondra takes notes in class. I. Electromagnetic Waves II. The ability to work - Has many forms - Mechanical III. Potential energy - Chemical - Elastic - Gravitational Kinetic energy - Energy of movement - Electrical IV. Nuclear - Radiant - Thermal One line of Shondra's notes is irrelevant to the rest of her notes. Which line is about a different topic than the rest of Shondra's notes? I II III IV

I

Shondra takes notes in class. I. Electromagnetic Waves II. The ability to work - Has many forms - Mechanical III. Potential energy - Chemical - Elastic - Gravitational Kinetic energy - Energy of movement - Electrical IV. Nuclear - Radiant - Thermal One line of Shondra's notes is irrelevant to the rest of her notes. Which line is about a different topic than the rest of Shondra's notes? I II III IV

I

Hypethesize how you could change the viscosity of a cold liquid and explain why your idea would work.

I would add thermal energy to the liquid and it would give the liquid less viscosity. It would work because adding heat to most liquids will decrease the viscosity. For example if I took some cold maple syrup and heated it up then, it would become less viscose because heat allows the particles to move farther apart and more freely. Thus allowing the syrup to flow more quickly.

MOST STABLE NUCLEUS IS __________.

IRON

Ella has a mass of 56 kg, and Tyrone has a mass of 68 kg. Ella is standing at the top of a skateboard ramp that is 1.5 meters tall. Which conclusion is best supported by the given information?

If Tyrone stands at the top of a 2 m high ramp, his potential energy will be greater than Ella's.

74

If an atom has 34 protons and 40 neutrons, what is its mass number?

12

If an atom of an element has a mass of 32 and 20 neutrons in its neucleus, what is the atomic number of the element?

68

If an atom of tin has a mass number of 118 and an atomic number of 50, how many neutrons are in its nucleus?

number...

If element Q has 11 protons, its atomic *** is 11.

What happens if evidence shows results that are unexpected?

If the evidence does not support a scientist hypothesis, then this does not mean that the experiment was not useful, it means that unexpected findings can lead to a new understanding of a scientific concept. This causes scientists to experiment further.

Forces between particles

If the motion of particles slows the particles move closer together. This is because the attraction between them pulls them toward each other. Strong attractive forces hold particles close together. As the motion of particles increases, particles move further apart. The attractive forces between particles get weaker. The spaces between them increase and the particles can slip past one another. As the motion of particles continues to increase, they move even farther apart. Eventually the distance between particles is so great that there are little or no attractive forces between the particles. The particles move randomly ans spread out.

A jagged line

If the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable is a direct proportion, what will a ling graph of this relationship look like?

Example Of Hypothesis

If..Then..Because A STATEMENT If air pollution increases, then the tree population will decrease, because polluted air kills the trees.

Electrons

In Bohr's model of the atom, ******** move in fixed orbits around the nuclues.

Particles in a gas

In a gas, particles move much faster and the attractive forces are weaker than the attractive forces in a liquid and a solid. When the distance between particles change then the attractive forces also change.

Inverse proportions

In an experiment, if doubling the manipulated variable results in a doubling of the responding variable, the relationship between the variables is?

Are covalent bonds more likely to be found in compounds containing both metals and nonmetals or compounds containing only nonmetals?

In compounds containing only nonmetals only nonmetals

How are covalent bonds different than ionic bonds?

In ionic bonds, the electrons are transferred from the metal to the nonmetal. In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between the atoms.

Which best contrasts hydroelectric power and geothermal energy?

In the US, hydroelectric power is a more widely used energy source than geothermal energy.

Median

In the middle= half of the data are lower than the median and half are higher

data

Information from which a conclusion can be drawn or a prediction can be made. Data are facts.

How can electromagnetic waves be used to fight a forest fire?

Infrared images can show hot spots as red areas.

Ingrid says that a red ball of clay appears red because the clay reflects red wavelengths. Simon says that the clay appears red because it allows red wavelengths to pass through it.

Ingrid is correct. The clay appears red because it is opaque

Attraction between molecules

Intermolecular attractions are weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds

What happens to ocean water as it moves from Antarctica to the equator? It transfers thermal energy to deeper layers of the ocean. It becomes less dense and rises to the surface. It transfers thermal energy to the area, warming the equatorial waters. It becomes more dense and sinks to the ocean bottom.

It becomes less dense and rises to the surface.

A student heats a liquid on a burner. What happens to the portion of liquid that first begins to warm? Check all that apply.

It becomes less dense. It absorbs energy from the environment. It rises upward.

The total energy in a system is 675 J. The kinetic energy changes from 296 J to 432 J. Which statement best describes the potential energy of this system?

It changes from 379 J to 243 J.

How was bohrs atomic model similar to Rutherfords model

It describes a nucleus surrounded by a large volume of space

How does the kinetic molecular theory describe the behavior of a gas?

It describes the behavior of a gas by stating how particles in matter behave. ~Small particles make up matter ~these particles are in constant, random, motion. ~They collide with other particles, other objects, and the walls of their containers. ~when particles collide no energy is lost

Which of the following is a characteristic of a mixture?

It has varying properties

How does radiation help treat cancer?

It heats up the cancer cells and weakens them.

Why is sunlight is considered a renewable resource

It is abundant.

Abin is doing work by lifting a bowling ball. Which statement could be made about the energy in this situation?

It is being transferred from his arm muscles to the ball.

Abin is doing work by lifting a bowling ball. Which statement could be made about the energy in this situation? It is being transferred from the ball to his arm muscles. It is being transferred from his arm muscles to the ball. It would be recorded in units of hertz and power. It would be cause a change in energy from potential to chemical.

It is being transferred from his arm muscles to the ball.

Even though natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels, which of the following are problems with natural gas? Select all that apply.

It is dangerous if directly inhaled Still adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Can have gas leaks which are a safety hazard because it is colorless and odorless

Which best describes convection? It relies on the collision of particles within or between substances. It occurs in solids, liquids, or gases that are heated. It results when portions of a liquid cool and rise. It is driven by temperature differences within a fluid.

It is driven by temperature differences within a fluid.

Which statement best describes Rutherfords model of the atom

It is like a huge stadium with a positively charged marble at the center

What does the chemical formula C3H6O2 tell about a molecule of the compound it represents?

It is made up of 11 total atoms of 3 different elements.

Which best explains how thermal energy is transferred when someone holds a hand above a fire?

It is not transferred by radiation because the hand is in the path of rising air.

Which statement can be made about the amplitude of any transverse wave?

It is the length from the midpoint to the crest.

Which best describes thermal energy?

It is the portion of internal energy that can be transferred from one substance to another.

A farmer places unhatched chicken eggs under a heat lamp. How does the radiation help the eggs? It keeps the area around the eggs cool until the eggs hatch. It makes the eggs weaker so they are easier to break open. It makes the eggs stronger so they do not break. It keeps the eggs warm until they hatch.

It keeps the eggs warm until they hatch.

Which best explains how radiation is helpful in the plastics industry?

It makes plastics easier to shape.

Which best explains how radiation is helpful in the plastics industry? It makes plastics easier to shape. It adds a protective layer to plastic. It decreases the melting point of plastic. It improves the strength and durability of plastic.

It makes plastics easier to shape.

A scientist designed a foam container to help keep frozen foods from melting. Which best explains how the foam works?

It reduces the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from outside to inside the container.

How does a foam-filled winter coat help keep a person warm? It slows down the transfer of thermal energy from outside to inside the coat. It slows down the transfer of thermal energy from inside to outside the coat. It speeds up the transfer of thermal energy from outside to inside the coat. It speeds up the transfer of thermal energy from inside to outside the coat.

It slows down the transfer of thermal energy from inside to outside the coat.

What will most likely happen if a light wave moves through a solid?

It will decrease in speed.

A small, positively charged ball is moved close to a large, positively charged ball. Which describes how the small ball likely responds when it is released?

It will move away from the large ball because like charges repel.

Inferring: why do you think the proton was discovered before the neutron?

It's be easier to discover something with a positive charge than with no charge.

The lava lamp has a light bulb as a heat source at its base. The lamp contains a colored, waxy fluid that can be observed moving in clumps through a clear liquid. Which indicates that the clump of waxy fluid at the center of the lamp is moving downward rather than upward?

Its temperature increases before it decreases again.

Four students are carrying out different laboratory procedures. Piroja is mixing baking soda and vinegar to see if it reacts. Jason is heating salt water over a burner until the water evaporates. Kali is putting crushed ice and ice cubes on a table to see which melts first. Francisco is separating iron filings from sand using a magnet. Which experiment relies on convection? Piroja's experiment Jason's experiment Kali's experiment Francisco's experiment

Jason's experiment

Energy VS. Power KJ, Joule, KILIOWATT X HOUR (KWH) (COSTS $.10), KWH, KWH/YR., GW

KJ.= ENERGY JOULE=ENERGY KILIOWATT X HOUR (KWH) (COSTS $.10)= ENERGY KWH= POWER KWH/YR.= POWER GW= POWER

If you are using Charles's law to find the volume of a gas at a certain temperature, the temperature must be expressed in ______.

Kelvins

[ ] energy is the energy an object has because of its motion.

Kinetic

_______ energy is the energy of an object has because of its motion?

Kinetic

_________ energy is the energy an object has because of its motion.

Kinetic

________energy is the energy an object has because of its motion.

Kinetic

_______energy is the energy an object has because of its motion.

Kinetic

Jaden listed the similarities of using coal, natural gas, and petroleum to generate electricity. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum: - use turbines - require heat - convert electrical energy to kinetic energy - produce pollution in the form of smoke Which best describes Jaden's mistake?

Kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy.

Alana summarized what happens when a ball sitting on top of a grassy hill rolls down the hill. The motionless ball has potential energy. Once the ball starts to roll down the hill, new kinetic energy is made. As the ball rolls across the grass, it slows down. The kinetic energy of the ball is converted to other forms of energy. Which best describes Alana's error?

Kinetic energy is not made; it is a result of energy transformation.

Alana summarized what happens when a ball sitting on top of a grassy hill rolls down the hill. The motionless ball has potential energy. Once the ball starts to roll down the hill, new kinetic energy is made. As the ball rolls across the grass, it slows down. The kinetic energy of the ball is converted to other forms of energy. Which best describes Alana's error? The motionless ball does not have energy because it is still. Kinetic energy is not made; it is a result of energy transformation. The ball cannot slow down unless someone touches it. The energy is not converted; it disappears.

Kinetic energy is not made; it is a result of energy transformation.

Alana summarized what happens when a ball sitting on top of a grassy hill rolls down the hill. The motionless ball has potential energy. Once the ball starts to roll down the hill, new kinetic energy is made. As the ball rolls across the grass, it slows down. The kinetic energy of the ball is converted to other forms of energy. Which best describes Alana's error? The motionless ball does not have energy because it is still. Kinetic energy is not made; it is a result of energy transformation. The ball cannot slow down unless someone touches it. The energy is not converted; it disappears.

Kinetic energy is not made; it is a result of energy transformation.

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. The faster particles move, the more kinetic energy they have. Solid objects have the least kinetic energy because their particles vibrate in place. Gases have the most kinetic energy because their particles move very quickly.

H2O phase with SMALLEST temp. increase when add 10 kcal heat is _________.

LIQUID H2O

Oil req. a _______boiling point

LOW

Aurum

Latin name for gold

formula for lithium and sulfur

Li 2 S

The diagram shows two objects made of the same kind of glass. Which statement best compares light passing through the two blocks?

Light is refracted less when it passes through Object Y.

Electrical energy

Lightning produced during a storm.

In Niels bohrs model of the atom, electrons move

Like planets orbiting the sun

This table shows four examples of experiments. Which describes who will record their measurements in joules?

Lily, Astrid, Henry, and Bob

This table shows four examples of experiments. Which describes who will record their measurements in joules? Lily and Henry Astrid and Bob Lily, Astrid, Henry, and Bob Astrid, Henry, and Bob

Lily, Astrid, Henry, and Bob

Olivia is comparing two products: limestone and coffee. Limestone is made from minerals, and coffee is made from plant seeds. Which statement best compares these two products?

Limestone is a nonrenewable resource, and coffee is a renewable resource.

Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of beryllium dihydride molecule, BeH₂ A. Tetrahedral B. Linear C. Bent D. Trigonal Planar

Linear

Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the hydrogen chloride molecule, HCl A. Tetrahedral B. Linear C. Bent D. Trigonal Planar

Linear

Which statement best describes the properties of sodium chloride

Liquid sodium chloride is a good conductor of electric current.

properties of covalent

Low melting points 2. Brittle 3. Do not conduct electricity in solution

Most thermal conductors are

METAL

energy usage for home heating and cooling is _________than for lighting and appliances

MORE

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has as a result of its

MOTION

The universe is large and old; as small amount is matter can never be destroyed.

Main ideas of physical science

Model

Makes it easier to understand things that are too small, too large, or too hard to observe directly

In which step of the scientific method is information obtained through the senses

Making observations

What do experiments begin with>

Making observations.

The _____ of an isotope is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Mass number

If an atom of tin has a mass number of 118 and an atomic number of 50, how many neutrons are in its nucleus?

Mass number - atomic number = # of neutrons 118 - 50 = 68 neutrons

What factors affect an object's kinetic energy

Mass/Speed

Match each fossil fuel with its common use. 1. gasoline 2. electricity 3. heating homes

Match each fossil fuel with its common use. 2. coal 3. natural gas 1. oil

Anya recorded the temperatures of four different smooth materials after they were placed under a heat lamp for thirty minutes. Which conclusion is best supported by the information in the chart? Material W is less absorbent than material Z. Material Y is the least reflective. Material X is more reflective than material W. Material Z is the least absorbent.

Material W is less absorbent than material Z.

Matter

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

Pure substance

Matter that always has exactly the same composition

This diagram shows a baseball's motion. Which statement is best supported by the diagram?

Maximum potential energy is at point R.

This diagram shows a baseball's motion. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? Kinetic energy becomes potential energy between points R and S. Maximum potential energy is at point P. Maximum potential energy is at point R. Potential energy becomes kinetic energy between points P and Q.

Maximum potential energy is at point R.

melting

Melting is the temperature at which the solid state changes to the liquid state. At first the thermal energy and the temperature increase. The temperature stops increasing once it reaches the melting point.

Why kind of substance conducts thermal energy well?

Metal

The table shows information about four students who are running around a track. Which statement is supported by the information in the chart?

Mohammed has less kinetic energy than Autumn.

Neutral atoms covalently bonded together to form a(n) ___________________.

Molecule

The smallest unit of a substance that still keeps the properties of the substance?

Molecule

Compound

Molecules that are composed of two or more atoms

Atoms are __________ when they're combined A. More Stable B. Less Stable C. Not bound together D. At a high potential energy

More Stable

Which Group 7A elements are the most reactive?

More reactive elements are towards the top of the column

isotopes

Most calcium atoms have an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40, but some calcium atoms have a mass number of 48. What word could you use to describe these two kinds of calcium atoms?

What general statement does NOT apply to metals?

Most metals are brittle

Which of the following statements is true?

Most of the world's oil is found in the United States.

The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on its

Motion

The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on its:

Motion

The glowing is a neon light is caused by electrons emitting energy as they

Move from higher to lower energy levels

What molec, is 300x more effective than CO2

N2O

which o the following formulas represents a compound who's molecules contain a triple bond

N=N

Marco is conducting an experiment. He knows the wave that he is working with has a wavelength of 32.4 cm. If he measures the frequency as 3 hertz, which statement about the wave is accurate?

NOT A C

What must be true about two objects for conduction to take place?

NOT ANSWER ( D )

Keesha conducts an experiment by pouring equal amounts of boiling water into four containers. The containers are the same size and shape, but they are made of different materials. The chart lists the containers according to their materials. Using protective gloves, Keesha carefully touches each container immediately after pouring the water. Which container was likely

NOT ANSWER ( Y )

Hot coffee in a mug cools over time and the mug warms up. Which describes the energy in this system?

NOT ANSWER A ) The average kinetic energy of the particles in the mug decreases. B ) The average kinetic energy of the particles in the coffee increases. C) Thermal energy from the mug is transferred to the coffee. D) Thermal energy from the coffee is transferred to the mug.

Which of these indicates that a liquid has transferred thermal energy to the air?

NOT ANSWER A) The liquid increases in temperature, and its particles lose kinetic energy. NOT ANSWER B) The liquid decreases in temperature, and its particles gain kinetic energy. C) The liquid increases in temperature, and its particles gain kinetic energy. D) The liquid decreases in temperature, and its particles lose kinetic energy.

Juan measured the temperature of salt water. He then added 273 to the measured value. Which conversion is Juan most likely doing?

NOT ANSWER A) degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit B ) degrees Celsius to kelvins NOT ANSWEWR C ) kelvins to degrees Celsius D ) degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius

Andre listed some properties of electromagnetic waves. 1) transfer thermal energy by radiation 2) can transfer energy over great distances 3) need matter to transfer energy through 4) are disturbances that carry energy

NOT ANSWER A... correct answer is C

Aansi wants energy on a sound wave to be carried more quickly through a metal medium. Which could she do?

NOT D-A

The pair of elements that forms a bond that is ionic is A. Na and Cl B. H and Cl C. O and Cl D. Br and Cl

Na and Cl

Walt listed the steps that occur during the formation of natural gas. Plants and animals that live in a lake die. The dead plants and animals sink to the bottom of the lake. Sand, dirt, and rocks bury the plants and animals. The dead plants and animals are exposed to extreme heat and pressure. Within about twenty years, natural gas forms. Which best describes Walt's mistake?

Natural gas takes millions of years to form.

Physical Science

Natural science is divided into life science, Earth and space science and?

Two balls are placed near one another and hang down, as shown below. Which conclusion is supported by this evidence?

Neither ball has a charge.

The difference between a sample of heavy water and regular water is that a hydrogen atom in heavy water has an extra ______.

Neutron

Protons

Neutrons and ********** have almost the same mass.

Does curiosity achieve answers?

No. Curiosity provides questions, not answers.

The elements of the _________ group satisfy the octet rule without forming compounds

Noble Gas

What type of pollution does wind power pollution?

Noise pollution

A bond between two atoms of the same element is A. Polar Covalent B. Ionic C. Nonpolar Covalent D. Metallic

Nonpolar Covalent

A ____ resources exists in a fixed amount or is used up faster than it can be replaced by nature.

Nonrenewable

A major problem with depending on fossil fuels as primary energy sources is that they are

Nonrenewable

Fossil fuels are ____ resources

Nonrenewable

What happens when the thermal energy of a substance increases?

Not: The motion of the particles in the substance decreases, and the temperature of the substance increases. Maybe: Both the motion of the particles in the substance and the temperature of the substance increase.

Electricity in US

Nuclear - increase - waste! - there is no where to put it, leaks

What caused some of the alpha particles to bounce straight back from the gold foil

Nuclei in the gold atoms

In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, alpha particles that bounce straight back from the foil have struck ____ in the gold atoms.

Nucleus

The results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrated that the ____ occupies a very small amount of the total space inside an atom.

Nucleus

Which of the following atoms acquires the most negative charge in a covalent bond with hydrogen? A. C B Na C. O D. S

O

Energy changes

Once a solid reaches its melting point, the temperature stays the same but the thermal energy continues to increase. The thermal energy increases because the potential energy is continuing to increase.

Which of the following is not one of the main ideas of physical science? The universe is very old and very large. Forces cause changes in motion. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can never be destroyed. One of the main branches is technology.

One of be main branches is technology.

What is NOT one of the main ideas of physical science?

One ofthe main branches of natural science is biology

Two benefits of using the international system of units

One scientist to share and compare observations and results and two all units are based on the number 10

Solution

One substance is dissolved and form a homogeneous mixture

Which statement best compares potential and kinetic energy?

Only kinetic energy increases when the velocity of an object increases.

Which best describes a difference between energy transformations in power plants and dams?

Only power plants use fossil fuels to transform energy.

The strength of London dispersion forces between molecules depends on a. Only the number of electrons in the molecule. b. Only the number of protons in the molecule. c. Both the number of electrons in the molecule and the mass of the molecule. d. Both the number of electrons and the number of neutrons in the molecule.

Only the number of electrons in the molecule.

The region in which an electron is most likely to be found is called an______

Orbital

OPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - controls the price of oil

Different conclusions can be drawn from the same set of data

Other scientists may question the methods another scientist used and different conclusions can be drawn. So, evidence from the investigation must be must be researched and reviewed.

Multiple covalent bonds may occur in atoms that contain carbon, nitrogen, or A. Chlorine B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Helium

Oxygen

What two main factors determine the state of matter?

Particle motion and particle forces

compare particle movement in solids, liquids and gasses.

Particle movement in solids is slower than movement in a liquid and gas, particles stay close together and vibrate in place. Particle movement in liquids is faster than movement in a solid but slower than movement in a gas, particles move more freely. Particle movement in a gas is faster than particle movement in a liquid or solid. Particles move fast in random directions, on account of little or no attractive forces.

Potential energy

Particles also have potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy due to the interactions between particles or objects. Potential energy typically increases when objects get farther apart and decreases when objects get closer together. The chemical potential energy of particles increases and decreases as the distances between particles increases and decreases.

Particles in a liquid

Particles in a liquid move faster and more freely than particles in a solid. This is because of the weaker attractive forces in liquids. The farther apart the particles move the weaker the attractive forces. The weather forces also allow liquids to flow and take the shape of their containers.

What causes a solid to melt?

Particles move faster and faster

Particles in motion

Particles such as atoms, ions, or molecules, moving in different ways make up matter. The particles that make up some matter are close together and vibrate back and forth. In other types of matter, the particles are farther apart, move freely and can spread out. Regardless of how close particles are to each other, they all move in random motion-movement in all directions and at different speeds. However, particles will move in straight lines until they collide with something. Collisions usually change the speed and direction of the particles movements.

Alana organized some resources in a table. Which best describes Alana's error?

Petroleum is limited in supply.

What branches is natural science divided into?

Physical, Earth and space, life science.

Which of the following bond types is normally the weakest? A. Sigma bond formed by the overlap of 2 s orbitals B. Sigma bond ford by the overlap of 2 p orbitals C. Sigma bond formed by the overlap of one s and one p orbital D. Pi bond formed by the overlap of 2 orbitals

Pi bond formed by the overlap of 2 orbitals

Zoe read that drinking water from a faucet instead of from a plastic bottle helps overcome a disadvantage of using nonrenewable resources. Which conclusion is best supported by this information?

Plastic is made from petroleum oil.

A covalent bond between 2 atoms of significantly different electronegativities.

Polar Bond

Some fossil fuels produce a lot of ____ that can harm the environment.

Pollution

1. Make obervations 2. collect information 3.create hypothesis 4. Test or experiment 5. Draw conclusions

Possible order of steps of a scientific method used in an investigation?

Why should you poke holes in a potatoe before you bake it?

Potatoe may split or explode

______ is force applied per unit area

Pressure

Pressure

Pressure is the amount of force applied per unit of area.

Low melting points low boiling points brittle in solid state

Properties of substances that have covalent bonds.

Physical property

Property that is observed without changing the composition of material. Some reversible, some not.

Neutrons and ____ have almost the same mass.

Protons

Neutrons

Protons and ****** are found in the nucleus of an atom.

Which statement about subatomic particles is not true

Protons and neutrons have the same charge

According to VSEPR theory, the structure of the ammonia molecule, NH₃, is A. Linear B. Bent C. Pyramidal D. Tetrahedral

Pyramidal

Identify the form of energy that matches each example. Energy from electromagnetic waves: Energy caused by changes in the structure of a nucleus: Energy resulting from movement and vibration of molecules: Energy an object has because of its position:

Radiant Energy Nuclear Energy Thermal Energy Potential Energy

How can heat be transferred across open space?

Radiation

Which describes how radiation moves? Radiation moves from a cooler object to a warmer object Radiation moves from a warmer object to a cooler object Radiation moves from a warm object to an object of the same temperature Radiation moves from a cool object to an object of the same temperature

Radiation moves from a warmer object to a cooler object

Radiant Energy

Radio waves transmitted from a tower

Amara draws the ray diagram shown. Which describes Amara's mistake?

Ray 2 should cross through the focal point on the right side of the lens.

The sound waves a bat releases hit an object and are back to the bat

Reflected

Kendra wants to use similes to describe the reflection and absorption of waves. Which pair of similes best fit?

Reflection is like bouncing a tennis ball, and absorption is like water soaking into a paper towel.

The mineral resources of VA can be conserved by doing all of the following except-

Regenerating

A ____ resource is one that can be replaced in nature at a rate close to its rate of use

Renewable

Wind, water, sun and geothermal power are all examples of ____ resources.

Renewable

Savion listed the steps involved when nuclear power plants generate electricity. 1. Nuclear reaction occurs. 2. Nuclear energy is converted to radiant and thermal energy. 3. Heat is used to generate steam. 4. Light and heat are released. 5. Steam turns turbines. 6. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Which best explains how to correct Savion's error? In step 2, change "radiant and thermal " to "chemical and mechanical." Reorder the steps so that step 4 appears before step 3. Reorder the steps so that step 6 appears before step 5. In step 6, change "mechanical" to "thermal."

Reorder the steps so that step 4 appears before step 3.

Savion listed the steps involved when nuclear power plants generate electricity. 1. Nuclear reaction occurs. 2. Nuclear energy is converted to radiant and thermal energy. 3. Heat is used to generate steam. 4. Light and heat are released. 5. Steam turns turbines. 6. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. Which best explains how to correct Savion's error? In step 2, change "radiant and thermal " to "chemical and mechanical." Reorder the steps so that step 4 appears before step 3. Reorder the steps so that step 6 appears before step 5. In step 6, change "mechanical" to "thermal."

Reorder the steps so that step 4 appears before step 3.

Hardness

Resistance to being scratched or cut

Viscosity

Resistance to flow; the slower it is to flow, the more viscous

Explain why scientists use resonance structures to represent some molecules.

Resonance structures picture the bonding in molecules that cannot be correctly pictured with a single Lewis structure.

In a periodic table, a set of properties repeats from

Row to row

# IF NEU AND PRO is _________in nuclei

SAME

When atom loses neutron= _________element

SAME

CONTROL RODS

SLOW DOWN

What is a system of knowledge and the methods used to find that knowledge?

Science

What is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature?

Scientific law

Difference between scientific law and scientific theory

Scientific law is something that summarizes A pattern found in nature a scientific theory explains the pattern

What is true about scientific theories?

Scientific theories are never proven

Which of the following statements is true about scientific theories? Scientific theories become scientifc laws. Scientific theories are never proven. Scientific theories become hypotheses. Scientific theories summarize patterns found in nature.

Scientific theories are never proven.

Tools

Scientist use many different kinds of tools to collect data. They must use precision and accuracy when measuring, taking temperatures,.... Tools help you gather information and analyze data and tools can help you find information collected by others. Examples of tools are: microscopes, scales, thermometers, stops watch, calculator, graduated cylinder, spring scale, meterstick........

Sampling

Scientists also use sampling to collect data- where they examine just a few random individuals from a large population and then generalize their results to all the people of the large population.

Tables and Graphs

Scientists can organize data in a table, once the information has been organized into a table then it may be displayed in a graph, such as a bar graph. Graphs help scientists to see mathematical relationships in their data. The information in the table and the graph is the same, it is just displayed in different ways.

Why are peer reviews important?

Scientists receive questions and criticism from their peers, data is checked for accuracy, and scientists receive comments and suggestions from other scientists

Selenium has 6 valence electrons, while rubidium has 1 valence electron. Identify each element as a metal or a nonmetal.

Selenium is a nonmetal. Rubidium is a metal.

Distillation

Separates material and mixtures by boiling point (evaporation)

Filtration

Separates material in mixture by particle size

Two factors that determine whether a molecule is polar are the typer of atoms in the molecule and the _________ of the molecule

Shape

In a covalent bond, neither atom loses or gains an electron. Instead, one or more electrons are ___________ by the atoms.

Shared

What are circle graphs useful for?

Shows how a part or share of something relates to the whole.

Symmetrical bond along the axis between the 2 nuclei.

Sigma Bond

What statement is true about the metalloid silicon?

Silicon is a better conductor of electric current than sulfure is

What is not a branch of natural science?

Social science

Using the sun to produce energy is called ____ energy

Solar

Which of these energy sources produce the least harmful environmental effects? -Nuclear -Fossil fuels -Solar -Hydroelectric

Solar

Which type of renewable resource produces little if no pollution?

Solar power

Precipitate

Solid that forms and separates from a liquid mixture

Name three states of matter

Solid, liquid, or gas

What is one way in which elements can achieve stable electron configurations?

Some elements achieve stable electron configuration by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Why do the particles objects have both kinetic and potential energy?

Some is potential Particles always moving(kinetic)

Mammals are a large group of animals that includes humans, apes, dolphins, bears, bats, cats, and much more. Which statement can be made about this information?

Some mammals use echolocation to avoid obstacle

variable

Something that can change in a test.

observation

Something you find out about objects, events, or living things by using your senses.

What happens during transfer of electrons?

Sometimes atoms will completely give up electrons while other atoms completely gain these electrons.

alternative

Sources of energy other than fossil fuels are called ___ energy sources

_______heat is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C, and it is related to the chemical composition of the substance.

Specific

What is temperature?

Speed of particles (average KE)

What happens to the motion of an object's particles as their thermal engergy increases? What happens to the temperature of the object?

Speed up Increases

procedures

Step-by-step instructions for completing a task.

What is Potential Energy

Stored

sublimation

Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state.

Sublimation and deposition

Sublimation=solid to gas without going through the liquid state. Deposition=gas to solid without going through the liquid state.

The molecules in compound AB are strongly polar, while the molecules in compound XY are nonpolar. Which substance probably has the higher boiling point?

Substance AB

Sugar comes from a plant called sugarcane. During processing, live sugarcane is cut from fields, the sugar is taken from the plants, and then the sugar is heated. Which conclusion is best supported by the information?

Sugar is a not considered a nonrenewable resource because it comes from living plants.

Almost all energy on Earth comes from the:

Sun

Almost all energy on Earth comes from the______.

Sun

What is the original source of energy for gasoline? plants Sun petroleum fossil fuels

Sun

The number of protons in the nucleus does not equal the number of neutrons

Suppose an atom has a mass number of 23. Which statement is true beyond any doubt?

A measurement of how strongly particles attract to one another at the surface of a liquid is____________

Surface tension

Surveys

Surveys can be questionnaires that are given to a number of people who's answers are recorded and then analyzed.

Mohammed listed the steps that occur when a solar cell generates electricity. 1: Solar energy is absorbed by the cell. 2: Free electrons move to the front of the cell. 3: Electrons begin to move. 4: Electrons flow as electricity. Which best explains how to correct Mohammed's error?

Switch steps 2 and 3.

Alana drew diagrams to show how particles in a spoon move before and after the spoon is placed in hot liquid. Which best explains how to correct Alana's error? Make the particles in both diagrams larger. Show more movement in the "Before" diagram. Add more particles to the "After" diagram. Switch the labels on the diagrams.

Switch the labels on the diagrams.

Nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels, were produced through biological processes.

T

Define Recycle

Take from trash and use again

The La Brea Tar Pits are an example of a fossil fuel that

Takes centuries to create.

Which is held constant when a gas obeys Boyle's Law? a motion b pressure c temperature d volume

Temperature

How is temperature related to particle motion?

Temperature is related to particle motion because temperature increases the motion of particles when it is applied to an object.

Describe the relationship between temperature and thermal energy.

Temperature is the measure of kinetic energy in a material and thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energies in a material. If you add temperature to an object then it raises the speed of particles as does it with when you add thermal energy.

Temperature

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object. Within a given substance, a temperature increase means that the particles on average, are moving at greater speeds, or have greater kinetic energy. Therefore, the higher the temperature of a substance the more kinetic energy is produced.

Explain how temperature, pressure, and volume are related in Boyle's law.

Temperature must remain constant in Boyle's law and, the volume of a gas decreases as pressure increases. And volume of a gas increases as pressure decreases.

Boiling point

Temperature where material changes from liquid to gas and vice versa

Melting point

Temperature where material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa

Use VSEPR theory to predict the shape of the Carbon tetraiodide molecule, Cl₄ A. Tetrahedral B. Linear C. Bent D. Trigonal Planar

Tetrahedral

Responding Variable

The "Blank" is the variablethat changes in response to the manipulated variable?

mass number ...

The ****** of an isotope is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Forms of matter

The 3 most common forms of matter are, solids, liquids, and gases. The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is high energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles. Plasma is the most common state of matter found in space. It can also be found in lightning flashes, fluorescent lighting and stars such as the sun.

When Xavier places his hands near a light bulb, he notices that certain areas around the light bulb are warmer than others. Which best explains this? The areas to the sides of the light bulb are warmest because of conduction. The areas to the sides of the light bulb are warmest because of convection. The area directly above the light bulb is warmest because of conduction. The area directly above the light bulb is warmest because of convection.

The area directly above the light bulb is warmest because of convection.

What is the difference between an atom in the ground state and an atom in an excited state

The atom in an excited state has more energy and is less stable than the atom in the ground state

What keeps the atoms bonded in a covalent bond?

The attractions between the shared electrons and the protons in the nucleus keep the atoms together.

Forces between particles in a gas

The attractive forces between particles in a gas are weak or absent. This is why gases can spread out and fill their containers

What happens once melting is complete?

The average kinetic energy begins to increase as more thermal energy is added.

Mean

The average= add the data together then divide by the number of data

Generalize the changes in thermal energy when matter increases in temperature and then changes state.

The changes in thermal energy are that thermal energy begins to increase and when it changes state thermal energy will stay the same.

what is the charge on an ion represented by?

The charge on an ion is represented by a plus or minus sign.

What does the number of valence electrons determine?

The chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of valence electrons.

what do the chemical properties of an element depend on?

The chemical properties of an element depend on the number of valence electrons

A molecule of hydrogen chloride is polar because A. It is composed of ions B. It is magnetic C. It contains metallic bonds D. The chlorine attracts the shared electrons more strongly than does the hydrogen atom

The chlorine attracts the shared electrons more strongly than does the hydrogen atom

Accuracy

The closeness of the measurement to the actual value being measured

What are bar graphs useful for?

The compare a set of measurements, amounts, or changes.

At the coast on a summer day, the land is hotter than the ocean. Warm air over the land rises and is replaced by cooler air, causing a sea breeze. At night, the land cools quickly and the ocean is now warmer than the land. What will happen next? Winds will stop blowing as the convection current ceases to flow. The convection current will reverse direction, reversing the winds. Winds will increase as the two convection currents overlap. The convection current will move seaward, reversing the winds.

The convection current will reverse direction, reversing the winds.

neutron...

The difference between a sample of heavy water and regular water is that hydrogen atom in heavy water has an extra?

What is the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?

The difference between crystalline and amorphous solids is that the particles in crystalline solids are arranged in a specific pattern that repeats. The particles in Amorphous solids are arranged randomly. Different particle arrangements give these materials different properties. For example a diamond is a hard material and charcoal is a brittle material.

Range

The difference between the largest value and the smallest value in the data

How is Boyle's law different from Charles's Law?

The difference is that Boyle's Law is about the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas when temperature is constant. Charles's Law is about the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas when pressure remains constant.

Which subatomic particle was discovered by researchers working with a cathode ray tube

The electron

Which statement best describes the work and energy in these examples? Example 1: Running a car requires gas. Example 2: Humans require food to live. The gas and food are examples of energy. The gas and food are examples of work. The gas and humans are examples of work. The food and car are examples of energy.

The gas and food are examples of energy.

Which statement best describes the work and energy in these examples? Example 1: Running a car requires gas. Example 2: Humans require food to live. The gas and food are examples of energy. The gas and food are examples of work. The gas and humans are examples of work. The food and car are examples of energy.

The gas and food are examples of energy.

Vapor

The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature is called vapor. For example water is normally a liquid at room temperature. When it is in a gas state, such as in air, it is called water vapor.

A scientist on Earth drops a hammer and a feather at the same time an astronaut on the moon drops a hammer and a feather.

The hammer hits the ground before the feather on Earth, and the hammer and feather hit at the same time on the moon.

What happens when the data in an investigation do not support the original hypothesis?

The hypothesis is revised

Which is a typical characteristic of an ionic compound? A. Electron pairs are shared among atoms B. The ionic compound has a low solubility in water C. The ionic compound is described as a molecule D. The ionic compound has a high melting point.

The ionic compound has a high melting point.

A thermometer is placed in water in order to measure the water's temperature. What would cause the liquid in the thermometer to drop?

The kinetic energy of the water molecules decreases.

59

The measurement 0.059 seconds equals "Blank" Milliseconds.

The diagram shows a swinging pendulum. Which best explains what happens to the motion of the pendulum?

The mechanical energy transforms to thermal energy as the pendulum slows and eventually stops moving.

The diagram shows a swinging pendulum. Which best explains what happens to the motion of the pendulum?

The mechanical energy transforms to thermal energy as the pendulum slows and eventually stops moving.

The diagram shows a swinging pendulum. Which best explains what happens to the motion of the pendulum? The mechanical energy transforms to thermal energy as the pendulum slows and eventually stops moving. The mechanical energy disappears as the pendulum slows and eventually stops moving. The pendulum will continue moving at the same speed until someone stops it because energy cannot be destroyed. The pendulum will slow down but will never stop moving because energy cannot be destroyed.

The mechanical energy transforms to thermal energy as the pendulum slows and eventually stops moving.

A thermometer is placed in water in order to measure the water's temperature. What would cause the liquid in the thermometer to rise?

The molecules in the thermometer's liquid spread apart.

Pressure and volume

The more volume the less pressure there is. The less volume the more pressure there is because there is less space for the particles to move around in, so they collide more.

What does the electron cloud model describe

The most likely locations of electrons in atoms

describe the movement between particles in a liquid and the forces between them.

The movement in particles is faster than the particle movement in a solid and the attractive forces are much weaker.

What happens in terms of energy when a moving car hits a parked car, causing the parked car to move? The moving car transfers kinetic energy to the parked car. Kinetic energy in the moving car disappears. Kinetic energy in the parked car is created. The parked car transfers kinetic energy to the moving car.

The moving car transfers kinetic energy to the parked car.

Which group has stable electron configurations?

The noble gasses have stable configurations with eight valence electrons

Summarize the energy and state changes that occur when freezing rain falls and solidifies on a wire fence.

The rain will change from a liquid to a solid by removing thermal energy which will cause freezing.

According to John daltons observations, when elements combine in a compound,

The ratio of their masses is always the same

This diagram shows a skier moving down a hill Which statement best describes the skier?

The skier has potential and kinetic energy.

This diagram shows a skier moving down a hill. Which statement best describes the skier? The skier has potential and kinetic energy. The skier has only potential energy. The skier has only kinetic energy. The skier does not have potential or kinetic energy.

The skier has potential and kinetic energy.

Some towns in the US have had to limit the number of wood burning stoves for environmental reasons. What is the greatest problem caused by the use of wood-burning stoves?

The smoke from the stoves contributes to air pollution

Farah is doing an experiment that involves calculating the speed of a longitudinal wave. What will most likely happen if she increases the temperature in the room?

The speed of the wave will increase.

Particles in a solid

The strong attractive forces and slow motion of the particles keep them tightly held in their positions. The particles simply vibrate back and forth in place.

Taro stated that when someone hits a golf ball with a club, the amount of energy the ball has changes, the amount of energy that the club has changes, and the total energy of the system that includes the ball and the club increases. Which best explains Taro's error? The amount of energy that the ball has does not change. The amount of energy that the club has does not change. The total energy of the system remains the same. The total energy of the system decreases.

The total energy of the system remains the same.

Dependent variable

The variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable

The amount of power that can be generated by a hydroelectric dam would be most dependent on which two factors?

The volume of water going over the dam and the distance that the water falls

Which indicates that thermal energy is no longer being transferred from boiling water to a mug?

The water and the mug are the same temperature.

In an area of the deep ocean, hot magma emerges from a crack in Earth's crust. Which statement describes what will happen to the seawater above the crack as a result of convection? Water molecules will break apart and flow in a circular pattern. Water molecules will bond together and rise upward. The water will become more dense and sink downward. The water will become less dense and rise upward.

The water will become less dense and rise upward.

Marco is conducting an experiment. He knows the wave that he is working with has a wavelength of 32.4 cm. If he measures the frequency as 3 hertz, which statement about the wave is accurate? The wave has traveled 32.4 cm in 3 seconds. The wave has traveled 32.4 cm in 9 seconds. The wave has traveled 97.2 cm in 3 seconds. The wave has traveled 97.2 cm in 1 second.

The wave has traveled 97.2 cm in 1 second.

List the five forms of energy associated with the particles that make up objects

Thermal Radiant Electromagnetic Chemical

Describe the changes in thermal energy as water goes from a solid to a liquid.

Thermal energy changes the particle speed and weakens the attractive forces while it is increasing as water goes from a solid to a liquid.

Hot coffee in a mug cools over time and the mug warms up. Which describes the energy in this system?

Thermal energy from the coffee is transferred to the mug.

Which best explains why water boils in a pot sitting over fire? Heat energy is created from the thermal energy in the air. Heat energy is transferred from the water to the fire. Thermal energy from the fire moves to the water in the form of heat. Thermal energy from the surrounding air moves to the water.

Thermal energy from the fire moves to the water in the form of heat.

Isaac wants to make s'mores. He holds a marshmallow on a metal skewer over a fire. A few seconds later, the marshmallow is cooked and the skewer feels warm. What most likely happened? The fire heated the surrounding air, which cooked the marshmallow. The heat generated from the marshmallow flowed in the form of thermal energy to the skewer and fire. The heat from the skewer cooked the marshmallow. Thermal energy in the form of heat moved from the fire to the skewer and marshmallow.

Thermal energy in the form of heat moved from the fire to the skewer and marshmallow.

How do thermal energy and temperature differ?

Thermal energy is the measure of the total potential and kinetic energy in an object. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in an object.

Thermal energy

Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energies of an object. You can change an objects state of matter by adding or removing thermal energy. When you add thermal energy to an object, the particles either move faster (increased kinetic energy) or spread farther apart,(increased potential energy) or both. If enough thermal energy is added a change of state can occur.

Water is boiling in a clear pot, as shown in the picture. Which takes place as water cycles from the bottom of the pot toward the top?

Thermal energy is transferred.

What type of pollution does water power produce?

Thermal pollution/ destruction of ecosystems

Scientists look at values when they interpret data

These values help scientist determine the quality and usefulness of data so that they can decide if they have enough information to draw a conclusion or if they should collect more data. *Mean- the average= add the data together then divide by the number of data *Median- in the middle= half of the data are lower than the median and half are higher *Mode- the value in the data that occurs most often *Range- the difference between the largest value and the smallest value in the data Once the scientists analyze at all the values and interpret the data then they are ready to make an inference or conclusion based on their observations of the data values

How do scientists who speak different languages make their data understandable to one another?

They all use SI

The diagram shows the motion of a group of water molecules over a heat source. How do the molecules at point A compare to the molecules at point B? Check all that apply. They are closer together. They are farther apart. They are moving faster. They are moving slower. They have gained energy. They have lost energy.

They are farther apart. They are moving faster. They have gained energy.

Which statement is true about oxygen 17 and oxygen 18

They are isotopes of oxygen

This chart lists four kinds of polymers and their sources. What can be known about all four polymers, despite their differences?

They are made of repeating subunits.

Water is boiling in a clear pot, as shown in the picture. How do the water molecules closest to the burner compare to the water molecules closest to the surface of the liquid?

They are more spread out and moving faster than those at the surface.

What statement is NOT true about the elements fluorine, chlorine, and iodine?

They are similar to noble gases

The diagram shows the sun's interior. Convection currents are present in the convection zone. Which best describes how fluids change as they travel through different portions of the convection currents? They change to solids at the outer portion of the convection currents. They change to solids at the inner portion of the convection currents. They become more dense at the outer portion of the convection currents. They become more dense at the inner portion of the convection currents.

They become more dense at the outer portion of the convection currents.

Which describes how fast-moving particles assist in transferring thermal energy to a cup after hot tea is poured into it?

They collide with slow-moving particles.

How do the metal aluminum coils in an air conditioner help keep a house cool? They insulate the house from outside thermal energy. They conduct thermal energy from inside the house and release it outside the house. They insulate the surrounding air from indoor thermal energy. They conduct thermal energy from outside the house and release it inside the house.

They conduct thermal energy from inside the house and release it outside the house.

What is the main advantage of using dams to produce electrical energy?

They do not produce much pollution

Many people like the idea of using windmill farms, but they do not want the power plants near their homes. What is the most likely reason that people do not want to live near wind power plants?

They do not want to live near towers that transfer electricity.

How do scientist define a problem

They do research, then they can make a prediction; Hypothesis

Four people make observations recorded in the table. Person Observation Georgina A ball falls Amy Bonds between atoms change Wilhelm Breaking the nucleus of an atom causes and explosion Ron Heat moves from hot to cold areas Which best describes what all of the observations have in common? They involve nuclear energy. They involve radiant energy. The involve changes in waves. They involve changes in energy.

They involve changes in energy.

Four people make observations recorded in the table. Which best describes what all of the observations have in common?

They involve changes in energy.

Four people make observations recorded in the table. Which best describes what all of the observations have in common? They involve nuclear energy. They involve radiant energy. The involve changes in waves. They involve changes in energy.

They involve changes in energy.

The metal aluminum coils in an air conditioner conduct thermal energy from inside the house and release it outside the house. What can be said about the coils when they are accepting the heat inside the house?

They must be cooler than the air inside the house.

Which best describes the convection currents in Earth's mantle? They transfer potential energy away from Earth's core toward its crust. They transfer thermal energy away from Earth's core toward its crust. They transfer chemical and thermal energy in a circular pattern. They transfer chemical and potential energy in a circular pattern.

They transfer thermal energy away from Earth's core toward its crust.

What characteristic do all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum share?

They travel at the same speed through empty space.

Gabriel is performing an experiment in which he is measuring the energy and work being done by a ball rolling down a hill. Which statement best describes Gabriel's measurements?

They will both be recorded in joules.

Gabriel is performing an experiment in which he is measuring the energy and work being done by a ball rolling down a hill. Which statement best describes Gabriel's measurements? They will remain constant. They will both be recorded in joules. They will both be recorded in hertz. They will involve compressions.

They will both be recorded in joules.

Atomic number from mass number

To find the number of nuetrons in an atom, you would substract?

What is main goal of any scientific method?

To solve a problem or to better understand an observed event.

Atoms naturally move A. Toward high potential energy B. Toward low potential energy C. Toward less stability D. Away from each other

Toward low potential energy

What are conduction, convection, and radiation?

Transfer of thermal energy by particles collisions (conduction) Transfer of thermal energy in a fluid Transfer of energy by waves

A museum sets up a display of fluorescent minerals. Which best describes how electromagnetic waves can be used to enhance the display?

Ultraviolet light shining on the minerals will cause them to give off visible light.

Which of the following is the name given to the pairs of valence electrons that do not participate in bonding in diatomic oxygen molecules? A. Unvalenced Pair B. Outer Pair C. Inner Pair D. Unshared Pair

Unshared Pair

Bio Energy

Use biomass (plant materials, landfill or animl waste) to produce heat or electricity.safe for the enviroment and no pollution

Hydro Energy

Use flowing water to generates electricity.safe for the environment and no pollution,free- electricity produced using the energy of flowing water

Define Reduce

Use less

Boiling

Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is called boiling. The temperature in which boiling occurs in a liquid is called its boiling point. The kinetic energy of particles increases until it reaches its boiling point. At the boiling point the potential energy of particles begins increasing. The particles move farther apart until the liquid turns into a gas.

Homogeneous mixture

Very hard to notice variation from sample to sample

A measurement or a liquids resistance to flow is known as its__________

Viscosity

Viscosity

Viscosity is the measure of a liquids resistance to flow. Honey has a high viscosity while water has a low one. Viscosity is due to particle mass, particle shape, and the strength of the attraction between the particles of a liquid. In general, the stronger the attractive forces between particles, the higher the viscosity. For many liquids, viscosity decreases when heat is applied. The heat makes the attractive forces weaker and allows particles to move faster. Large particles or ones with complex shapes tend to move slowly and have difficulty slipping past each other.

In what direction will heat flow between two objects with different temperatures?

Warm to cool

What substance exists naturally as a solid, liquid, and a gas within Earth's temperature range?

Water

Which of the following happens when ice melts?

Water molecules move from their fixed position

Amir observes Wave 1 and Wave 2 crashing into each other at two different intervals. His experiments produce Wave 3 and Wave 4. Amir records his data in a table. What is the best statement about the data collected in Amir's table?

Wave 3 resulted from constructive interference, and Wave 4 resulted from destructive interference.

Which answer choice provides the best set of labels for Wave A and Wave B?

Wave A: Low Frequency Wave Wave B: High Frequency Wave

Which answer choice provides the best set of labels for Wave A and Wave B? Wave A: Longitudinal Wave, Wave B: Transverse Wave Wave A: High Frequency Wave , Wave B: Low Frequency Wave Wave A: Transverse Wave , Wave B: Longitudinal Wave Wave A: Low Frequency Wave , Wave B: High Frequency Wave

Wave A: Low Frequency Wave , Wave B: High Frequency Wave

Levi observed properties of four different waves and recorded observations about each one in his chart. Which statement is best supported by the table?

Wave W is a sound wave, Waves X and Y are light waves, and it is impossible to tell what kind of wave Wave Z is.

Hans observed properties of four different waves and recorded observations about each one in his chart. Which statement is best supported by the table?

Wave W is being diffracted, Wave X is being reflected, and waves Y and Z are being refracted.

This chart shows characteristics of three different waves, all with the same wavelength of 10 m but moving at different frequencies. Which statement is best supported by the information in the chart? Wave Y is moving the fastest. Wave X is moving the fastest. All of the waves are moving at the same speed. All of the waves have the same value of wavelengths per second.

Wave X is moving the fastest.

The forces of attraction between molecules in a molecular compound are A. stronger than the forces of ionic bonding B. weaker than the forces of ionic bonding C. approximately equal to the forces of ionic bonding D. zero

Weaker than the forces of ionic bonding.

Scientific law is a summary of a pattern found in nature; Scienitfic theory is a well tested explanation.

Wha tis the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory?

Inverse Proportion

Wha tis the relationship between two variables if the product of the variables is constant?

60 milimeters

What are 6 centimeters equals to?

Atoms

What are the building blocks of all matter?

Life, Earth and Space, Physical

What are the major branches of natural science?

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

What are the two types of mixtures?

Element and compound

What are the two types of pure substances?

The hypothesis is revised

What happens when the data in an investigation do not support the original hypothesis?

A proposed answer to a question

What is a hypothesis?

A process in which scientists examine other scientists work

What is a peer review?

A process in which scientists examine other scientists work?

What is a peer review?

Model

What is a physical or mental representation of an object or an event?

A well tested explanation to a set of observation or experimental results

What is a scientific theory?

Scientific law

What is a statement that summarizesa pattern found in nature?

The atom in an excited state has more energy and less stable than the atom in the ground state

What is the difference between an atom int he ground state and an atom in an excited stat?

8

What is the maximum number of electrons that the second energy level can hold?

Always follor your teachers instructions and textbook directions exactly.

What is the most important safety rule?

direct proportion

What is the relationship in which the ratio of the maipulated variable and the responding variable is constant?

Following directions

What is the single most important labortory safety rules?

0 degrees C, 32 degrees F, 273 degrees Kelvin

What is the temperature at which water freezes, expressed in F, C, and Kelvin?

physical change

What kind of changes occurring when water freezes, melts, or boils and evaporates?

solution

What kind of mixture does not scatter light, does not separate, and cannot be separated by filtration?

colloid

What kind of mixture scatters light, but does not separate into layers, and cannot be separated by filtration?

Suspension

What kind of mixture scatters light, separates into layers, and can be separated by filtration?

Precipitate change:small bits of white solid will separate from the liquid

What type of change is it one lemon juice or vinegar?

Bar Graph

What type of graph would be the best to use to compare the levels of lead contamination in six water wells?

Which statement is an example of the law of conservation of energy? A soccer ball eventually stops because its energy disappears. When a light bulb is turned on, electrical energy is converted to light and heat. An automobile engine burns gasoline to converts its chemical energy to electrical energy.

When a light bulb is turned on, electrical energy is converted to light and heat.

Larger

When a number in measurement is converted from kilometers to meters, does the number get larger or smaller?

What happens when an atom gains or loses an electron?

When an atom gains or loses an electron, the number of protons is no longer equal to the number of electrons; the charge on the atom is not balanced and the atom is not neutral.

electrons

When an atom gains or loses energy, some of its ***** may move between energy levels.

Summarize the relationship between the motion of particles and the attractive forces between particles.

When attractive forces are strong it causes the particles to stay closer together such as in solids and vibrate in place. When the attractive forces are weaker it causes the particles to move more freely and farther away from each other such as in liquids. When there are little or no attractive forces the particles move at high speeds in random directions such as in gasses.

Conservation of mass and energy

When matter changes state, matter and energy are always conserved. When water vaporizes it appears to disappear. If the invisible gas is captured and its mass added to the remaining mass of the liquid, you would see that matter is conserved. This is also true for energy.

What is pressure

When particles collide with their container, pressure results. For example, gas in a cylinder, might contain trillions of gas particles. These particles exert forces on the cylinder each time they strike it. When weight is added and the gas is compressed, the particles collide more frequently because there is less space to move around. This causes an increase in pressure.

Interpreting the Data

When scientist interpret data, they look at the information they have collected by using tools with precision and accuracy to safely observe, measure and estimate. Then they try to find patterns in the data to help them make predictions

Organize Data

When scientists use tools to make observation, they collect data. Data must be organized to be useful. Data can be organized in tables, graphs, charts and graphics. When data is organized scientists can see patterns and results more easily so that they can then draw their conclusions.

Physical change

When some of the properties of a material change, but the substance in the material remain the same

When is an atom unlikely to react?

When the highest occupied energy level of an atom is filled with electrons, the atom is stable and not likely to react.

Mintu wants to increase the heat transfer between a metal iron and another piece of metal he wants to shape. He decides to increase the time the two metals are in contact, use a larger metal iron, and use a new metal material with a higher specific heat. Where is Mintu's error? Mintu should have decreased the size of the metal iron. Mintu should have decreased the time he touches the two metals. Mintu should have chosen a material with a lower specific heat. Mintu should have chosen a material the same temperature as the iron.

Where is Mintu's error?

One of the main branches of natural science is biology

Which of the following is NOT on of the main ideas of physical science?

Tying back long hair and loose clothing

Which of the following is an example of a safe laboratory procedure?

Scientific theories are never proven

Which of the following statements is true about scientific notation?

Electron

Which of the three subtomic particles-----protons, electrons, or nuetron---has the least mass?

Protons and neutons have the same charge

Which statement about subatomic particles is NOT true?

An electron has far less mass than either a proton or neutron.

Which statement about subtomic particles is true?

They are isotopes or oxygen

Which statement is true about oxygen-17 and oxygen-18?

Electrons

Which subtomic particle has a negative charge?

All of the above

Why are peer reviews important?

They help visualize things that are very complex, very large, or very small.

Why are scientific models important?

To communicate scientific results

Why do scientists speak at conferences and write articles in scientific journals?

Help visualize things that are complex, large and small

Why do scientists use models?

Because it is a suspension

Why is sand heterogeneous mixture?

Rosa listed some advantages and disadvantages of using renewable resources. Which best describes Rosa's error?

Wind does not easily generate a lot of electricity.

Rosa listed some advantages and disadvantages of using renewable resources. Which best describes Rosa's error?

Wind does not easily generate a lot of electricity.

Wind is used to produce energy by using ____

Windmills

Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?

Wood

Which statement best defines the relationship between work and energy?

Work can transfer energy between objects and cause a change in the form of energy.

Which statement best defines the relationship between work and energy? Work can transfer energy between objects and increase radiant energy. Work can transfer energy between objects and cause a change in the form of energy. Work can transfer energy between objects and decrease nuclear energy. Work can transfer energy between objects and cause a change in the amount of total energy.

Work can transfer energy between objects and cause a change in the form of energy.

Commercial Energy Use:

World: - Nonrenewable (82%): Oil (33%), Coal (22%), Natural Gas (21%), Nuclear Power (6%) - Renewable (18%): Biomass (11%), Hydropower (45%), Geothermal, solar, and wind (2.5%) United States: - Nonrenewable (93%): Oil (39%), Coal (23%), Natural Gas (23%), Nuclear Power (8%) - Renewable (7%): Biomass (3%), Hydropower (3%), Geothermal, solar and wind (1%)

Chernobyl

Worst Nuclear power plant accident in the world - April 26, 1986 - Ukraine - series of explosions caused the roof to blow off - partial meltdown and fire for days - huge radioactive meltdown cloud - 350,000 left their homes - effected humans, water and agriculture - was not announced, found out by workers in Sweden who tested positive for radiation - stream - made radiation worse but stopped reaction in the end - didn't tell people for 36 hours

Olivia is on a swing at the playground. At which point is her kinetic energy increasing and her potential energy decreasing?

X

Olivia is on a swing at the playground. At which point is her kinetic energy increasing and her potential energy decreasing? W X Y Z

X

The diagram shows movement of thermal energy. In which areas of the diagram does conduction occur? W and X X and Z Y and Z Z and W

X and Z

The diagram shows two energy resources. Which labels best categorize the resources shown in the diagrams?

X: Can be Replaced Y: Cannot be Replaced

Allison drew a diagram to illustrate radiation. X→Y

X: Hot Y: Cold

Allison drew a diagram to illustrate radiation. Which labels should replace the X and Y? X: Matter , Y: Empty space X: Large mass, Y: Small mass X: Hot, Y: Cold X: Earth , Y: Sun

X: Hot, Y: Cold

Ingrid listed some important resources in a chart. Which best completes the chart?

X: No Y: Sunlight

Ingrid listed some important resources in a chart. Which best completes the chart?

X: No Y: Sunlight

The image shows a dam. Which descriptions best fit the labels? X: kinetic energy Y: potential energy X: potential energy Y: kinetic energy X: mechanical energy Y: electrical energy X: electrical energy Y: mechanical energy

X: potential energy Y: kinetic energy

The image shows a dam. Which descriptions best fit the labels? X: kinetic energy, Y: potential energy X: potential energy , Y: kinetic energy X: mechanical energy , Y: electrical energy X: electrical energy , Y: mechanical energy

X: potential energy , Y: kinetic energy

The table shows the dimensions of four wedges. Which wedge requires the least amount of force to do a job?

Y

Describing matter

You can describe, the state, the color, the texture, and the odor of matter using your senses. You can also describe matter by using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter occupies. density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

When you design an experiment

You must thoroughly explain and document your procedures exactly so that others can repeat your experiment and get similar results.

compare the amount of thermal energy needed to melt a solid and the amount of thermal energy needed to freeze the same liquid.

You will need to add thermal energy to melt a solid, but you will need to take away thermal energy to freeze it back into a solid.

Keesha conducts an experiment by pouring equal amounts of boiling water into four containers. The containers are the same size and shape, but they are made of different materials. The chart lists the containers according to their materials. Using protective gloves, Keesha carefully touches each container immediately after pouring the water. Which container was likely the hottest? W X Y Z

Z

The table shows information about four objects resting at the top of a hill. Which object is on the tallest hill? W X Y Z

Z

Conservation, recycling, reuse

_________ , __________ , and ________ are all strategies for saving natural resources.

Which activity directly converts energy from the Sun into chemical energy?

a bean plant making its own food to grow

Which activity directly converts energy from the Sun into chemical energy? a snake lying on a sunny rock to keep warm a rabbit using energy from food it has eaten to run a bean plant making its own food to grow a person burning firewood to cook food

a bean plant making its own food to grow

How do chemical changes differ form physical changes?

a chemical change results in a new substance that is formed and energy is given off or absorbed, whereas a physical change doesn't change what the substance is

Which of the following clocks is most precise? a clock with only one hand to measure the hour. a clock with only one hand to measure the minutes. a clock with a hand to measure the hour and a hand to measure the minutes. a clock with a hand to measure the hour, a hand to measure the minutes, and a hand to measure the seconds.

a clock with a hand to measure the hour, a hand to measure the minutes, and a hand to measure the seconds.

polyatomic ion

a covalently bonded group of atoms that has appositive or negative charge and acts as a unit

Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for

a dense, positively charged mass in the center of an atom

a molecule that has 2 poles is...

a dipolar molecule or dipole

what is the definition of a eutectic mixture?

a eutectic mixture is a mixture that contains two substances and exhibits a sharp melting point range that is lower than either pure substance

refinery

a factory in which crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products

Natalia is studying a wave produced in her magnetics lab. This wave can move through the empty space in a vacuum and carries a lot of energy.

a gamma ray

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

a gas forming when vinegar and baking soda are mixed

diatomic

"two atoms" have to be paired to be stable (fluorine, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and oxygen)

Types of Crude Oil:

- Light, sweet Texas crude oil (30%) - Heavy oil (70%)

--

--

Which property of coal makes it ideal for use in a power plant? Check all that apply.

-It burns easily -It produces a lot of energy

Which statements best describe characteristics unique to renewable resources? Check all that apply.

-Renewable resources are abundant. -Renewable resources can be replaced when used.

Which is a nonrenewable resource that is used to generate electrical energy? Check all that apply.

-coal -natural gas -Petroleum

Correct: The most stable nucleus (iron) has 26 protons.

...

if velocity is constant, acc=

0

in ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of all cations and anions must be ??

0

List four standard units of pressure.

1 atm; 101.3 kPa, 760 mmHg, 760 torr

Radioactive Rods

3/4 years used and stored in water

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 300 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

300* 1/25=ans (12)

Hurricanes have _______ more power than worldwide power consumption.

40x

Which diagram best illustrates what happens when electromagnetic waves strike a reflective material?

4th one

scientific model

A flight similator that helps astronauts prepare for a shuttle launch is an example of?

Hypothesis

A guessed answer to a question

What is an ion?

An atom that has a net positive or negative electric charge is called an ion.

What is an electron dot diagram?

An electron dot diagram is a model of an atom in which each dot represents a valence electron.

289

Approximately how many kelvins are equalto 60 degrees F?

What are the building blocks of all matter?

Atoms

The process that is opposite of condensation is known as a deposition b freezing c melting d vaporization

B freezing

Atomic energy is obtained by using ores of_______. A. copper B. uranium C. neither (a) nor (b) D. both (a) and (b)

B. uranium

beryllium, Be, and chlorine, Cl, form a binary ionic compound with a one to two ratio do beryllium ions to chloride ions. the formula for the compound is

BeC12

How does hydroelectric energy work? A. It uses the power of the sun to turn a generator. B. The water heats up and it turns into water vapor to power a generator. C. Water turns a turbine to power a generator. D. Water freezes and then is thrown to power a generator.

C. Water turns a turbine to power a generator.

Largest source for Nitrogen Oxide

CARS

Concentration of 280 ppm prior to indust. rev. incr. 380 ppm is the _______ molecule

CO2

Order the following types of power plants from lowest to highest for their capital investment costs. 1: Gas 3: Nuclear 2: Coal 4: Wind

COST GCNW BACKWARDS^

Which of the following Group 1A elements is the most reactive?(Cesium,lithium,potassium, or bromine)

Cesium

What are the two main areas of physical science?

Chemistry and physics.

The type of graph used to show how a part of something relates to the hole is what?

Circle graph

All of the following sources of energy derived from the ocean except-

Coal

A bond that forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Covalent Bond

What would most likely happen if the power lines in a petroleum power plant were broken?

Customers would not receive electricity.

What occurs when someone places an ice pack on an injured ankle?

D )Heat from the ankle is transferred to the ice pack

which of the following is a chemical change? A) ice melting B) ice being carved C) water boiling D) water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen

D water breaking down into hydrogen and oxygen

Which of the following accounts for the largest use of petroleum (oil) in the United States? A. Electricity generation B. Home heating C. Industry D. Transportation

D. Transportation Here is the breakdown of petroleum use in the United States based on the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2009: Electricity generation 1%, Home heating 3.8%, Industry 22.5%, Transportation 71%. About 2/3 of the fuel used for transportation is used by individual car & truck owners; the rest is used by commercial trucks, planes, buses and trains.

Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel? A. Natural gas B. Petrol C. Coal D. Uranium

D. Uranium

Fossil fuel were formed from... A. uranium. B. sea water. C. sand and gravel. D. dead plants and animals.

D. dead plants and animals.

Geothermal energy is possible where there is... A. wind. B. oil. C. coal. D. magma.

D. magma.

When thickness doubles, resistance value _________.

DOUBLES

Ratio of mass to volume

Density

The universe is very old, 13.7 billion years old; 7.0 times 7 to the 26th in diameter

Describe the main idea of physical science that deals with space and time

What will occur when the trough of Wave A overlaps the crest of Wave B?

Destructive interference will occur, causing the new wave to have less energy than Wave A or Wave B.

Attraction between polar molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

2 MOST COMMON BIOFUELS

ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL

Geothermal energy uses heat from within the ____ to produce energy.

Earth

A model used to show the valence electrons of an atom

Electron-Dot Diagram

A polar covalent bond forms when __________ are not shared equally between atoms.

Electrons

In Bohr's model of the atom, _______ move in fixed orbits around the nucleus.

Electrons

When an atom gains or loses energy, some of it's ______ may move between energy levels.

Electrons

Highest to lowest spectrum

Gamma, XRAY, UV, Visible, Infrared, Radio

Which shows the correct order of steps when using natural gas to generate electricity?

Gas is burned → boiling water makes steam → steam turns turbines → energy is converted

This law states that the pressure of a gas will increase if the temperature increases

Gay-Lussac's Law

Texas has _______ wind capacity

HIGHEST

National Gas Tax:

High in PA, CA Low in lower US states: Texas, Louisiana

Concentrated in the center of an atom.

In an atomic model that includes a nucleus, positive charge is?

Making observations

In which step of the scientific method is information obtained through the senses?

What causes a change in state?

Increases/decreases in thermal energy.

What word could you use to describe these two kinds of calcium atoms?

Isotopes

How does temperature and volume affect gas behavior?

It affects gas behavior because the lower the temperature, the less volume and more pressure is in the cylinder. As the temperature of a gas increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, causing the particles to move faster and farther apart. This movement increases the pressure from gas particles which causes the plunger to move up causing an increase in volume in the container.

Define kinetic energy and thermal energy in your own words.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. Thermal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of an object.

STRENGTH=

LITHIUM, ZINC, COPPER, Au

Which factors are used to calculate the kinetic energy of an object? Check all that apply.

Mass velocity

Models

Models are objects or ideas that represent other things. Models are often used to study things that are very large, have many parts or are difficult to observe directly so models of them are made. Models show how something is constructed or how it works.

Neutral atoms are covalently bonded together to form a(n) ___________.

Molecule

Which Group 1A elements are the most reactive and how do you know?

More reactive elements are towards the bottom of the column

What is Kinetic Energy

Moving

The substance whose Lewis structure shows three covalent bonds is A H₂O B CH₂Cl₂ C. NH₃ D CCl₄

NH₃

Energy content from highest to lowest

NMGCE Nat. gas methane gasoline COAL ethanol

What is the formula for nitrogen monoxide?

NO

Which best describes the relationship between the terms "frequency," "wavelength," and "hertz"?

NOT A

Which demonstrates conduction?

NOT ANSWER ( B)

name a compound that does not contain molecules

NaCl

which of the following compounds do not contain molecules

NaCl

Why do natural polymers not pose as much of an issue in landfills as synthetic polymers?

Natural polymers are biodegradable, and synthetic polymers are not biodegradable.

The subatomic particle that JJ Thompson discovered has a ______ charge.

Negative

Protons and _____ are found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Which elements form covalent bonds?

Nonmetals form covalent bonds with other metals.

Observations and Data

Observations and Data are FACTS. Scientists use observations and data to draw a conclusion. Observations lead to the recording of data. Scientists ask questions about their observations and then collect data to answer their questions, then they have their evidence. Opinions are not facts, they are simply beliefs or value judgements.

What is an advantage of using wind for producing electricity instead of coal?

Obtaining wind does not harm the environment, but obtaining coal does.

Heterogeneous mixture

Obvious variation from sample to sample

100 degrees

On the Celsius scale, at what temperature does water boil?

Largest source for Sulfur Oxides

POWER PLANTS

What do scientists use to predict the locations of electrons in atoms

Probability

NON IONIZING

RADIO INFRARED VISIBLE MICROWAVES

Define "conservation"

Reducing the use of resources

Which of the following formulas represents a compound whose molecules contain a triple bond? A. N₂ B. O=O=O C. O₃ D. SO₃

SO₃

MODERATOR

SPEEDS UP

Thermal energy

Sand on the beach feels warm to the touch

What does science begin and end with?

Science begins with curiosity and ends with discovery.

Technology and science

Science is the system of knowledge technology is the practical application of that knowledge to the solving of problems

Why is it important for scientists to repeat the investigations of other scientists?

So that they can see if the results are the same, and so that they can ask questions about the experiment and point out problems. Although some variation in results is acceptable, the results from different scientists should be similar- if the results are not similar and consistent then the experiment must be done again.

What is the study of science divided into?

Social and natural science.

Scientific Law

Statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature.

The phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first is

Sublimation

What is the name of HSO₂?

Sulfurous Acid

Heat is most closely ---- related toenerg

THERMAL

109.5°

Tetrahedral Bond Angle

Democritus thought that matter was made of tiny particles

That cannot be divided

Kelvin

The SI base unit of temperature is the?

precision

The ability to consistently repeat a measurement.

accuracy

The ability to make a measurement that is as close to the actual value as possible.

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called condensation. For example, dry ice.

What can you assume has happened if an electron moved to a higher energy level

The electron has gained energy

What can you assume has happened if an electron moves to a higher energy level?

The electron has gained energy.

How are the electric field lines around a positive charge affected when a second positive charge is near it?

The field lines bend away from the second positive charge.

Which statement best describes the work and energy in these examples? Example 1: Running a car requires gas. Example 2: Humans require food to live.

The gas and food are examples of energy.

How does a glass of lemonade become cool when you put ice in it?

The heat of the lemonade/glass is absorbed by the ice.

The thermal energy in a hot iron flows into a shirt. What can possibly be said about this situation?

The iron is warmer than the shirt.

Which of these indicates that a liquid has transferred thermal energy to the air?

The liquid decreases in temperature, and its particles lose kinetic energy.

The diagram shows a person using a piece of gym equipment to lift weights. Which best describes the body in terms of simple machines?

The lower legs are levers, and the knees are fulcrums. The ankles hold the loads.

Scientists launch a rocket, and they monitor its acceleration and the force exerted by its engines. As the rocket gets higher, the monitors show that the acceleration of the rocket is increasing but the force exerted stays the same. How do Newton's laws explain why the scientists could expect this to happen?

The mass of the rocket decreases as fuel is burned, so the acceleration increases.

Pre-Lab 1: define the "melting point" of a substance.

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium at a specific pressure; the substance will undergo a physical change from solid to liquid.

neutrons...

The nuclei of isotopes contain differentt number of?

Which of the following is unique for any given element

The number of protons

Suppose an atom has a mass number of 23. Which statement is true beyond any doubt

The number of protons in the nucleus does not equal the number of neutrons

What must be true about two objects for conduction to take place? The objects must be different temperatures and they must be in contact. The objects must be the same temperature and they must be in contact. The objects must be different temperatures and they must be insulators. The objects must be the same temperature and they must be insulators.

The objects must be different temperatures and they must be in contact.

What must be true about two objects if heat is flowing between them? The objects must be different temperatures. The objects must be the same temperature. The objects must both be over room temperature. The objects must both be under room temperature.

The objects must be different temperatures.

Sayid recorded the temperatures of four substances in a chart.\ temperature OF FOUR substances Which conclusion is best supported by the data?

The particles in substance W have a lower average kinetic energy than the particles in substance X.

surface tension

The particles on top have no particles above so they are attracted to the ones below them and next to them which form a strong layer.

The diagram shows a ball resting at the top of a hill. Which statement best describes the energy in this system? The potential energy in the system is greatest at X. The kinetic energy in the system is greatest at X. Total energy in the system decreases as the ball moves from X to Y. Total energy in the system increases as the ball moves from X to Y.

The potential energy in the system is greatest at X.

Which compares the problems associated with radioactive waste created from generating electricity using fusion reactions to waste created from generating electricity using fission reactions?

The radioactive waste from fusion reactions becomes less hazardous much sooner than the waste from fission reactions.

orbital

The region in which an electron is most likely to be found is called a?

Earth and life science

The study of an organism that lived 10 million years ago would most liekly fall under which two branches of natural science?

What does the symbol in the center of the dot diagram represent?

The symbol in the center represents the nucleus and all the other electrons in the atom.

What happens if a scientific theory fails to explain new facts and discoveries?

The theory must be revised or replaced.

Significant figures

The three values 10.714 m, 12.821 m, and 13.646 m have the same number of?

A battery has chemical energy, which can be used to generate thermal and radiant energy in a lightbulb. Which best explains what happens to the amount of energy in this scenario?

The total energy in the system remains the same as the decrease in chemical energy equals the increase in thermal and radiant energy.

Chemistry

The two main areas of physical science are physics and "Blank"

Circle Graph

The type of graph used to show how a part of something relates to the whole is whuch of the following?

experiment

The use of scientific methods to test your hypothesis.

Scientists can help people answer questions, solve problems, and form new ideas through

The use of scientific processes

Mode

The value in the data that occurs most often

A thermogram of a house shows high amounts of thermal energy around the windows but not around the roof. Which conclusion is best supported by the thermogram?

The windows are not energy efficient, but the roof is.

1660000 kilowatts

There are 1660 megawatts of wind-generated electricity produced globally every year. This amount is equivalent to?

Rutherfords gold foil experiment provided evidence for

There is a dense, positively charged mass in the center of an atom

Which best explains why Greg's hands get warm as he holds a bowl of hot soup?

Thermal energy from the soup moves to Greg's hands.

How does an increase in thermal energy affect molecules? They stop moving. They begin to vibrate more. They decrease in temperature. They lose kinetic energy.

They begin to vibrate more.

Why are scientific models important?

They help visualize things at a very complex, very large, or very small

Which statement best describes heat and thermal energy?

They represent different concepts.

-change in color -production of a gas -formation of a precipitation

Three types of evidence for chemical change

55.254 s

Timers at a swim meet used four different clocks to time an event. Which recorded time is the most precise?

Augie created this chart about the two kinds of waves. Which best labels the chart?

Title 1 is "Transverse Waves," and Title 2 is "Longitudinal Waves."

Why do scientists use controlled experiments?

To example the relationship between a manipulated variable and a responding variable.

is the passing of a wave through an object.

Transmission

107°

Triangular Pyramidal Bond Angle

A covalent bond in which 3 pairs of electrons are shared

Triple Covalent Bond

What is an example of a safe laboratory procedure?

Tying back long hair and loose clothing

n-type semi conductor has free electrons in _____ energy bonds

UPPER

Models

Used to make it easier to understand things that might be too hard to observe directly

Equation of Charles's law

V1 =V2 v1 over t1 equals v2 over t2 T1 T2 v= volume t= temperature T kelvin= c° + 273

Formula for Boyle's Law?

V2 = __p1 v1______ p1 times v1 divided by p2 p2

Shapes adjust so valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible.

VSEPR Theory

Vaporization

Vaporization is the change in state of a liquid into a gas.

Which set of terms best defines what affects kinetic energy and potential energy, respectively?

Velocity, height

H2 and O2 bonds are _____than OH bonds in H2O

WEAKER

Science

What is a System of knowledge and the methods used to find that knowledge?

A clock with a hand to measure the hour, a hand to measure the minutes, and a hand to measure the seconds.

Which of the following clocks offers the most precision?

1000m/1km

Which of the following conversation factors would you use to change 18 kilometers to meters?

Social Science

Which of the following is NOT a branch of natural science?

The table shows information about four objects resting at the top of a hill. Four Objects at Rest on a Hill Object Mass (kg) Potential Energy (J) W 50 980 X 35 1,029 Y 62 1,519 Z 24 1,176 Which object is the tallest hill?

Z

molecular compounds

a compound composed of molecules

a material that is malleable and conducts electricity is most likely

a metal

solvent

a substance in which a solute dissolves

fuel

a substance that provides energy as the result of a chemical change

The atomic mass of an element is

a weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes

the atomic mass of an element is

a weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes

Which is an example of potential energy?

a yo-yo in someone's hand

The formation of an ionic bond involves the? a. transfer of electrons b. transfer of neutrons c. transfer of protons d. sharing of electrons

a. transfer of electrons

The elements most likely to form more than one type of ion are the? a. transition metals b. alkali metals c. halogens d. alkaline lithium

a. transition metals

if the net force acting on an object is not 0, what is there

accerlation

ion

an atom that has a net positive or negative electric charge

if an unknown substance CANNOT be broken down into simpler substances, it is

an element and made of one kind of atom

physical property

any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance in that material

chemical property

any property that produces a change in the composition of matter

Uncapped wells threaten..

aquifers and drinking wells

in a metallic bond electrons...

are free to roam

convalent electrons...

are shared

Visit this website and read about pendulums. Then complete the sentences based on the diagram of the pendulum. Be sure to keep this website open because there will be several questions related to it. The pendulum has the most potential energy: The pendulum has the least kinetic energy: The pendulum has the most kinetic energy: The pendulum has the least potential energy

at the top of the swing at the top of the swing at the bottom of the swing at the bottom of the swing

Which of the following compounds does NOT contain molecules? a. H2 b. NaCI c. CO2 d. H2O

b. NaCI

compound has 2 elements is it...

binary

the contents of brass, bronze and steel

brass- copper + zinc bronze- copper +tin steel- carbon +iron

Typically, atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve? a. an exchange of energy b. ionization c. a stable electron configuration d. vaporization

c. a stable electron configuration

how does increasing the amount of carbon in steel affect its properties

carbon makes the lattice harder and stronger

The standard on which the atomic mass unit is based is the mass of a

carbon-12 atom

the standard on which the atomic mass unit is based is the mass of a

carbon-12 atom

in a metal lattice, ??? are surrounded by a pool of shared electrons

cations

many metals can be drawn into thin wires without breaking because..

cations are still surrounded by electrons when they shift their positions in the lattice

many metals can be drawn into thin wires without braking because

cations are still surrounded by electrons when they shift there position in the lattice

physical property examples

conductivity; malleability; hardness; melting point; boiling point; density; solubility

which of the folowing has the highest viscosity? corn syrup, milk, water, orange juice

corn syrup

In a polar covalent bond? a. electrons are shared equally between atoms b. a cation is bonded to an anion c. electrons are transferred between atoms d. electrons are not shared equally between atoms

d. electrons are not shared equally between atoms

relationship between mass and acc

dec mass, inc acc

what happens to Vy on path up in projectile motion

decrease/ slowing down

What will cause a decrease in gas pressure in a closed container?

decreasing the temperature

hetero

different

Conduction can occur within a single substance, but parts of the substance must have which property? different temperatures different textures different particle sizes different colors

different temperatures

If you know the volume and pressure of a gas and the pressure changes, you can find the new pressure by multiplying P1 by V2 and _____ this number by V2.

dividing

Which process would correctly calculate the frequency of a wave? dividing speed by wavelength dividing frequency by wavelength multiplying frequency by period dividing wavelength by period

dividing speed by wavelength

During a phase change, the temperature of a substance

does not change

A substance that has high reactivity

easily combines chemically with other substances

Conduction stops when all substances have_______?

equal temperatures

long range forces

forces that act on an object without physical contact -gravity

which of the following malleable? glass, pottery, ice, gold

gold

Johanna is studying what happens to the energy as a ball rolls down a ramp. What is she studying? Check all that apply.

gravitational potential energy kinetic energy mechanical energy

the substances in an ......... mixture are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

homogenous

Most calcium atoms have an atomic number of 20 and a mass number of 40, but some calcium atoms have a mass number of 48. What word could you use to describe these two kinds of calcium atoms?

isotopes

The process of generating electricity from dams and nuclear power plants is very different, but some of the energy transformations are the same. Which energy transformations occur in both dams and nuclear power plants? Check all that apply. kinetic energy to mechanical energy nuclear energy to thermal energy mechanical energy to electrical energy thermal energy to electrical energy

kinetic energy to mechanical energy mechanical energy to electrical energy

chemical symbol

letter found on the Periodic Table or in chemical formulas to represent a certain element

A beam of light is traveling through a medium at 200,000 km/s. It enters a different medium and speeds up to almost 250,000 km/s. Finally, it enters a third medium and halts. What were the media the light traveled through, in order?

liquid, gas, opaque solid

During vaporization, a substance changes from a(an) _______ to a(an) _____.

liquid; gas

fluorine, F, forms a binary ionic compound with lithium, Li. what is the name of this compound

lithium fluoride

fluorine, F, forms a binary ionic compound with the lithium, li. What is the name of this compound?

lithium fluoride (you put the metal first, then the non metal)

In which step of the scientific method is information gained through the senses? drawing conclusions making observations analyzing data revising a hypothesis

making observations

covalent bonds are bonds in which

many metals ions exist in a lattice structure

Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table according to increasing

mass

Mendeleev organized elements in his periodic table in order of increasing______

mass

the resistance to change in motion depends on the objects-

mass

ionic bonds form between...

metal and non metal

from left to right a period of the periodic table, elements become less________ and more ___-________

metallic non-metallic

Liquefied Natural Gas

must be kept at -150 degrees Celsius - this is too dangerous to move through pipes and must be moved by boats

a gas has

no definite shape or definite volume

a gas has

no definite shape or volume

projectile motion follows what type of path

parabolic

Which state of matter has the most kinetic energy

plasma

Atoms contain subatomic particles called protons and neutrons. When these protons and neutrons split, a lot of energy is released. What kind of energy is this? nuclear radiant thermal chemical

radiant

The sun emits electromagnetic waves at many frequencies, but mostly in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrums. What kind of energy is this?

radiant

The sun emits electromagnetic waves at many frequencies, but mostly in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrums. What kind of energy is this? nuclear radiant thermal chemical

radiant

Uranium-238

radon gas

Which of these actions would decrease heat transfer between two objects? increasing the temperature of the warmer object increasing the area of their contact reducing the thermal energy of the cooler object reducing the time of their contact

reducing the time of their contact

A wave hits a wall as shown. As the wave interacts with a wall, which kind of wave interaction is shown?

reflection

A(n)_________is a material that causes a wave to bounce off of it.

reflector

The refraction of a wave is the bending of a wave as it passes through one medium to another medium.

refracti

In a periodic table, a set of properties repeats from

row to row

in a periodic table, a set of properties repeats from

row to row

homo

same

Fluorine has an atomic number 9. It is in period 2 of the periodic table. The diagram shows the electron dot diagram of a fluorine atom. How many valence electrons are in an atom of fluorine?

seven

two facts that determine whether a molecule is polar are the types of atoms in the molecule and the ?? of the molecule

shape

The bonding between metal atoms is strong. This helps explain why most metals are

solid.

Heat of fusion is the energy a substance absorbs in order to change from a ___ to a _____.

solid; liquid

Which term best describes all atoms in ionic bonds?

stable

viscosity

tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing; resistance to flowing

The original source of energy in fossil fuels is

the Sun

malleability

the ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering; the ability of a metal to be hammered into thin sheets

On a test, Helena is defining energy. Which must she include in order to get her answer marked correct?

the ability to do work

Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes because_______

the air pressure is lower

Geothermal energy

the energy produced from the heat below Earth's surface, is the almost inexhaustible due to the enormous reserves of heat below Earth's surface.

Vertically across the periodic table

the groups

Why is argon gas used instead of air in light bulbs that contain a filament that is heated to glowing?

the heated filament will react with the oxygen in the air but now with the argon, which is a noble gas and hardly ever reacts

This theory says that all particles of matter are in constant motion.

the kinetic theory of matter

This theory states that all matter is made of particles, the faster the particles are moving the more energy they have, and all particles of mater are moving.

the kinetic theory of matter

Which area of Earth is most similar to the sun's convection zone?

the mantle

the melting point of pure benzoic acid is 122C, how would a small amount of anthracene (mp=216C) impurity in the sample affect its melting point?

the melting point of the pure benzoic acid would be depressed upon addition of a small amount of anthracene

What are only metals?

tin, copper, cesium

which list of elements only contains metals

tin, copper, cesium

Coal Burning

turbine driven generator to power line - lose energy

Coal

used to generate most of the power in the world

at the top of the trajectory, what does V= and ay=

v=0 ay=-g

a force is a ___quantity

vector

A plane mirror is placed to the right of an object. The image formed by the mirror will be a...

virtual image that appears to be on the right of the mirror.

Nuclear Energy

when isotopes of uranium and plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission, the resulting heat produces steam that spins turbines to generate electricity - uranium oxide consists of about 97% nonfissionable uranium-238 and 3% fissionable uranium-235 concentration of uranium0235 is increased through an enrichment process (dangerous)

Explain what the colors in a fireworks display reveal about the movement of electrons in atoms.

when the fireworks explode, the electrons go to the excited state and move up energy levels; when the electrons go to the ground state, some of the energy is released as visible light; the colors vary because each element has a different set of energy levels

In science lab, your teacher gives you two small pieces of matter and tells you that one piece is a metal and one is a nonmetal. Without changing the size or shape of the pieces, how could you test them to determine which is the metal?

you could see which piece conducts an electric current or which piece is a better conductor of heat

What do digital signals turn sounds into?

zeros and ones

Which shows the formula for converting from kelvins to degrees Celsius?

°C = K - 273

Kinetic molecular theory

• The kinetic molecular theory states that the particles in matter collide with other particles, other objects, and the walls of their container; and when particles collide, no energy is lost.

true: CdTe has a bandgap energy of 1.5 eV, which is in the infrared portion of the EM spectrum.

...

A temperature of 50°F is equal to °C.

10

Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for...

10 years

On the Celsius scale, at what temperature does water boil?

100

A machine has a mechanical advantage of 0.6. What force should be applied to the machine to make it apply 600 N to an object?

1000 N

Carmen is heating some water and trying to measure the temperature of water using a Celsius thermometer. Which measurement can she expect once the water begins to boil?

100° C

What is the bond angle in a water molecule?

105 (104.5)

11

12

At a temperature of 280 K, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 20.0 liters. If the volume of the gas is decreased to 10.0 liters, what must the temperature be for the gas pressure to remain constant?

140 K

An object has a velocity of 8 m/s and a kinetic energy of 480 J. What is the mass of the object?

15 kg

If wind speed is increased by a factor of 3, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity?

27 (3^3)

If 2 grams of element X combine with 4 grams of element Y to form compound XY, how many grams of element y would combine with 14 grams of X to form the same compound

28 grams

Shortest UVB

280 nm

Approximately how many Kelvins are equal to 60 degrees Fahrenheit?

289

WHEN HEIGHT DIFFERENCE OD DOUBLED THEN POWER OUTPUT IS ________LARGER

2X

What is 6 centimeters equal to?

60 millimeters

Define solid, liquid, gas in your own words.

A solid is something with a definite volume and a definite shape. Solid particles are tightly packed it has strong attractive forces, and its particles vibrate in place. A liquid is something with definite volume but no definite shape. Liquid particles move more freely and its attractive forces are weaker than the attractive forces in solids. A gas is something with no definite volume and no definite shape. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly and freely. The attractive forces between gas particles are very weak or absent.

what is the symbol fo aluminum

Al

What is the foundation of space science?

Astronomy.

the symbol for gold is

Au

Use VSEPR Theory to predict the shape of the Hydrogen Sulfide molecule, H₂S A. Tetrahedral B. Linear C. Bent D. Trigonal Planar

Bent

What molec. is more effective than CO2 but less than N2O.

CH4

Molecules made of 2 atoms of the same element

Diatomic Molecule

What are data tables useful for?

It is the simplest way to organize data. Data tables relate manipulated variable and the responding variable.

A wave of infrared light has a speed of 6 m/s and a wavelength of 12 m. What is the frequency of this wave?

NOT ANSWER D- B C

An overlap of 2 P orbitals on parallel.

Pi Bond

Name the compound SiO₂

Silicon Dioxide

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Define Reuse

Use again

The diagram shows the scales used for recording temperatures. The labels for the scales are missing. Which labels complete the diagram? W: Fahrenheit X: Celsius Y: Kelvin

W: Fahrenheit X: Celsius Y: Kelvin

The number of protons

Which of the following is unique for any given element?

combustion

a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, often producing heat and light

polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Which is an example of a transverse wave?

a crowd doing the wave at a sporting event

forces of attraction limit the motion of particles most in

a solid

precipitate

a solid that forms and separates form a mixture

To keep them from reacting, some highly reactive elements are stored in

argon

to keep them from reacting, some highly reactive elements are stored in

argon

water is a compound because it

cam be broken down into simpler substances and it always has two hydrogen aroms for each oxygen atom

The change from a gas to a solid is _____.

deposition

This state of matter has no definite shape or volume

gas

if you move a substance from one container to another and its volume changes, the substance is a

gas

collisions of helium atoms with the walls of a closed container cause

gas pressure

Which shows the potential energy of particles in three substances, from least to greatest?

gas, liquid, solid

As you move left to right across a period, the number of valence electrons

increases

as you move from left to right across a period, the number of valence electrons

increases

ionization energies tend to

increases from left to right across a period

Among the alkali metals, the tendency to react with other substances

increases from top to bottom within th egroup

Most thermal conductors are_______.

metal

Nonrenewable Resources

resources that are available in fixed quantities or are used up more quickly then they can be replaced. Ex: fossil fuels, copper, gold, topsoil, etc.; Fossil fuels are ___ resources because they are used up faster than they are made

an object is speeding up, compare velocity and acc

same signs

Which best defines energy? a type of wave that carries energy through space, where there is almost no matter a disturbance that carries energy form one place to another through matter and space the ability to do work pressing to make more compact

the ability to do work

water has a higher boiling point than expected because

the strong attractions between polar molecules