INR 2002 Final Exam Shockley
most favored nation status
agreement to offer a trading partner the lowest tariff rate offered to other trading partners
Alliances
agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
genocide (n)
deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
International Monetary Fund
designed to assist in smoothing the flow of money between nations
Eco-politics
Green politics is a political ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice, and grassroots democracy. ... The party's platform is largely considered left in the political spectrum.
Green revolution
Green revolution - redistribution advances to aid people who are going hungry led by global north. Tried to increase production of food off the same number of acres of land
NGOs include organizations such as
Greenpeace and the International Olympics Committee
Which statement characterizes decision making during crisis
Group think occurs more easily
interest groups
Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals
Warfare without ______ involving irregular forces is called
Guerrilla War
Public opinion
Has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments
According the the UN Charter
Have full sovereignty over their own affairs
Coercion (n)
Use of force to get someone's compliance
The largest and most comprehensive regional free trade is in
Europe
ECSC
European Coal and Steel Community (example of neo-functionalism)
The treaty of Rome created which institution
European Economic Community
Expanded conception of security: Barry Buzan
"The pursuit of freedom from threat" Security is about the ability of states and societies to mantain their independent identity and their functional integrity.
Securitization theory- Taurek 2006
"argues that security is a speech act" if a referent object is threatened in its existence, claims a right to extraordinary measures to ensure the object's survival.(security= social construction)
Mutual vulnerability
(Interdependence) as a result of this even if it is uneven you still need to have something from the other. Often times can be asymmetrical but that can allow one state to have leverage over another. When needing something from another state you therefore depend on them in some way.
rebus sic santibus
(Latin for "things thus standing") is the legal doctrine allowing for treaties to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances.
Extended Deterrence
(U.S developed) threat of nuclear response to deter an attack on an ally. They can have a backing from a country that does or does not have weapons. Small powers are helped by large powers.
New Wars
(driving force: globalization) related to disintegration and collapse of the states and much of the pressure has come from effects of globalization in the international system. (distinction of soldier and civilian becomes blurred) (identity)
Feminists view on security.
(from the bottom up standpoint) They suggest that security should be thought of starting with the individual or community rather than with the security of the state or international system. (women as security providers).
Do nuclear weapons support International Stability?
(goals: sometimes they share peaceful nuclear technology in hopes of providing assistance and achieve certain foreign goals..) -Stability- instability paradox: •States that have nuclear powers feel safe from large-scale attack and so also feel free to engage in low-scale porvocations
European Union
- 28 states, share currency, limits sovereignty, more effective than UN. 2 early goals: economic reconstruction of wester Europe, integrate germany to prevent WW2 again. - a regional organization created by the merger of the European coal and steel community, the European atomic energy community, and the European economic Community that has since expanded geographically and its authority
What is meant by Distinction and Proportionality?
- armed forces must distinguish between civilians and military targets, and civilians cannot be deliberately targeted in war - attacks that cause excessive loss of civilian life, even if done incidentally, are prohibited under IHL
International Regimes
-Complex definition: Complex set of rules and institutions that regulate international relations -Stephen Krasner's Definition: sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations'
Chapter 3: What are the two primary causes of bargaining failure?
-Incomplete Information -Credible Commitment Problems -Also, Indivisible goods
Sources of International Law
-Treaties -International Costumes -General principles of Law
Arguments of human intervention supporters
-argue that it is legal and necessary to stress human rights over state sovereignty •Human rights are to be protected according to the UN Charter •Customary International Law *Moral: •Sovereignty is tied to the Duty of the State to Protect its citizens ex: Somalia 1992
Why do most states obey international law?
1. Enables states to coexist in relative peace 2. Makes cooperation among states easier 3. Helps to restrain the exercise of arbitrary power (authority)
Millenium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental stability 8. Develop a global partnership for development
What is the US concern regarding the Kyoto Protocol?
1. Hurt the US economy 2. developing countries too many exceptions.
How is International Law different from Domestic Law?
1. No supranational enforcement of int'l law 2. Int'l law only binds those who explicitly consent 3. The subjects of int'l law are states and gov't entities
What three ways does the International Court of Justice (ICJ) receive state consent to its jurisdiction?
1. Via treaties 2. Special agreement 3. Via formal declaration of acceptance of article 36.
the major criticisms of globalization are:
1. Weakens state government 2. Inequality 3. Privileging economic efficiency
Uruguay Rounds
1995 - first time we see north and south division emerging
*What are the four general strategies terrorists employ to achieve their goals?
1.) Coercion: strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior 2.) Provocation: strategy of terrorists attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society, or other sympathetic audiences 3.) Spoiling: strategy of terrorists attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society 4.) Outbidding: strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capabilities and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause
Chapter 5: Why is collective security difficult to realize, or why can't the UN keep the peace?
1.) Collective Action Problem: -Collective security organizations do not have the power to tax or raise military forces. They depend on members to supply troops, funds, etc., therefore members face the temptation to let the burden of providing for the public good, fall on someone else (Free Riders) 2.) Joint-decision-making Problem: -All members have to agree upon what constitutes as a threat, which states are aggressors, and what actions should be taken in response
Chapter 7: What are the three primary factors of production?
1.) Land: -natural resources -how much space does a country have available for use in agricultural production 2.) Labor: -unskilled workers to use for production -human capital refers to skilled workers who have education/training 3.) Capital -amount of financial assets (money) -machinery/equipment used for production
Chapter 2: What are the three core principles of IR, according to Professor Souva?
1.) Leaders desire political office 2.) Domestic politics strongly influences international politics 3.) Strategic Interactions - Actors act strategically
Chapter 8: What are the two types of foreign investment?
1.) Portfolio Investment -sovereign lending (stocks, bonds, loans) -no control in managing investment 2.) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) -company owning a local facility or establishing a new facility within a foreign country -company (direct investors) maintain total control
Chapter 3: Based on insights from the bargaining model, what are three ways to make war less likely? -Connect each solution for peace to a cause of bargaining failure.
1.) Raising the cost of war -the higher the price, the less attractive war looks 2.) Increase transparency -allow outside states to view one's capabilities can reduce the danger of miscalculations, especially on military strength 3.) Divide Indivisible goods -negotiate and share control so both states are happy Also, 4.) Provide outside enforcement on commitments -Third parties can monitor commitments and make them credible
Chapter 2: What are the three primary interaction challenges we discussed this semester?
1.)Delegation Problem -Moral Hazard -Adverse Selection 2.)Bargaining Problem -Credible Commitment -Incomplete Information 3.) Cooperation Problem -Collective Action -Coordination -Collaboration
Territorial waters traditionally are recognized to extend how far from a states coastline
12 Miles
Chapter 5: Who is on the UN Security Council? -Who are the P5? -How many other members are on the Security Council? -How long are there terms?
15 members total NOW P-5: (Permanent 5) -U.S., Great Britain, France, Russia, and China Non-permanent: -(Originally 6, now 10) -2 year terms -Elected by General Assembly
When were "beggar they neighbor" policies particularly popular?
1930s the great depression
Rights that comprise Human Rights
2 International Human Rights Covenants on: -Economic rights -Social rights -Cultural rights -Civil/Political rights -Racial discrimination -Women discrimination -Torture -Children's rights
A states exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is recognized to extend how far from the coastline
200 Miles
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
A US led military alliance formed in 1949 with mainly west European members to oppose and deter soviet power in Europe. It is currently expanding into the former soviet bloc
International law
A body of rules that binds states and other agents in world politics and is considered to have the status of law
Group of 77
A coalition of developing countries in the UN formed in 1964 with 77 members, it has grown to over 130 members but maintains the original name
Low politics
A concept that covers all matters that are not absolutely vital to the survival of the state as the economics and the social affairs. The low politics are the domain of the state's welfare. It concerns all things about social or human security.
Anarchy
A condition in which the units in the global system are subjected to few, if any, overarching institutions to regulate their conduct
Anarchy
A condition in which the units in the global system are subjected to few, if any, overarching institutions to regulate their conduct.
Arbitration
A conflict- resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision between disputants through a temporary ruling board created for that ruling.
Adjudication
A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision about a dispute in an institutional tribunal
Arbitration
A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision between disputants through a temporary ruling board created for that ruling
Chapter 7: How does trade increase aggregate wealth?
A country will import goods that it cannot make very well itself, which allows the nation to focus its productive energies on exporting the goods that it produces best Use money from selling exports to buy imports All economies are stimulated by trade COMPARATIVE WELFARE
First strike advantage
A country's ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation while the opposing side is left unable to continue war
International Criminal Court (ICC)
A court established by the UN for indicting administering justice to people committing war crimes.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
A court established by the United Nations for indicting and administering justice to people committing war crimes
International criminal court
A court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accuse is a national of a state party the crime took place on the territory of a state party or the UN Security Council has referred the case to the prosecutor
Irrendentism
A form of Nationalism whose goal is to regain territory lost to another state, it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts
Power politics
A form of international relations in which sovereign entities protect their own interests by threatening one another with military, economic or political aggression. (Ex: Germany in WWII)
Vienna convention
A framework convention adopted in 1985 to regulate activities especially emissions of CFC's that damage the ozone layer
Noninterference
A fundamental international legal principle, now being challenged, that traditionally has defined interference by one state in the domestic affairs of another as illegal
Nonintervention
A fundamental international legal principle, now being challenged, that traditionally has defined intervening by one state in the domestic affairs of another as illegal
Global warming
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.
Portfolio investment
A grouping of resources such as stocks bonds and cash equivalents
Military industrial complex
A huge interlocking network of governmental agencies industrial corporations and research institutes all working together to promote and benefit from military spending
Prisoners of conscience (POC)
A label coined and used by the human rights organization amnesty international to refer to individuals imprisoned solely because of the peaceful expression of their beliefs
Bureaucracy
A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials
What is Pacta Sunt Servanda?
A legal principle asking states to comply with the treaties they ratified.
General assembly
A legislative body, especially a US state legislature. The principal deliberative body of the United Nations, in which each member nation is represented and has one vote. The supreme governing body of some religious denominations.
Tragedy of the commons
A metaphor, widely used to explain the impact of human behavior on ecological systems, that explains how rational self-interested behavior by individuals may have a destructive and undesirable collective impact. Self interest is bound to the collective good. Unregulated self interest would have serious consequences for everyone
gold standard
A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold
recesion
A period in which demands begins to decrease,businesses lower productions umeploynebt began to rise.
Depression
A period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
Nonintervention
A policy characterized by the absence of "interference by a state or states in the external affairs of another state without its consent, or in its internal affairs with or without its consent".
Brinkmanship
A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.
Political disintegration
A political entity that has been at least relatively united splits up into smaller parts (Ex: Soviet Union after its fall)
Ecopolitics
A political ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice, and grassroots democracy.
The Protection Myth
A popular assumption that male heroes fight wars to protect the vulnerable, primarily women and children. It is used as a justification for state's national security policies in times of war.
Bretton woods system
A post world war 2 arrangement for managing the world economy, established at a meeting in Bretton woods New Hampshire in 1944 its main institutional components are the world bank
Terrorism
A premeditated, politically motivated act of violence by subnational, clandestine groups against non-combatants, usually intended to influence an audience.
Boomerang model
A process through which NGO's in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments
European Union
A regional organization created. Works because 1) compatibility of values and expectations 2) distinctive way of life (European) 3) mutual economic benefit
Individual petition
A right that permits individuals to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights
Collective security
A security regime agreed to by the great powers that set rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response by the rest.
Collective security
A security regime agreed to by the great powers that set rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest. Used as a tool of international law
Transnational advocacy network
A set of individual and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective
Export orientated industrialization
A set of policies originally pursued starting in the late 1960's by several East Asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export often through subsidies and incentives for export production
Import substituting industrialization
A set of policies pursued by most developing countries from the 1930's through the 1980's to reduce imports and encourage domestic manufacturing often through trade barriers subsidies to manufacturing and state ownership of basic industries
International monetary regime
A set of rules norms and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area
Oligopoly
A situation in which a market or industry is dominated by a few firms
Food security
A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
What is the "tragedy of the commons"?
A situation where a commonly available resource is abused without anybody feeling a responsibility to protect it.
International customs are ___
A source of international law
Warsaw Pact
A soviet led Easter European military alliance founded in 1955 and disbanded in 1991 it opposed the NATO alliance
Sovereignty
A states government answering to no higher authority
Bandwagoning
A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict
Autocracy
A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
Cap and trade
A system that sets limits on emissions which are then lowered over time to reduce pollutants released into the atmosphere. Firms can sell credits when they emit less than their allocation or must buy from other when they emit more Than their allocation
State
A territorial entity controlled by a government and inhabited by a population
World federalism
A theory about integration - Gives up sovereignty all at once
Norms life cycle
A three stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken for granted status
A "kitchen cabinet" is
A trusted group of friends with no formal position in government who discuss policy issues with the leader
What is a new medievalism?
A vision of a global future where a wide array of substate and nonstate actors share power with diminished states.
Civil war
A war between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new government for the entire state or some territorial part of it
The collective gods problem is the problem of how to produce something that benefits _____ members of a group regardless of what each member contributes
ALL
Chapter 2: How do international institutions (i.e. laws, rules, and norms) affect behavior in world politics?
Actors consider how others will respond (strategic interaction) which shapes behavior to help actors get what they want
Chapter 2: What do actors want?
Actors want their own personal ideological, economical, and security values
What is Genocide?
Acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethical, racial or religious group
One purpose of the UN Secretariat is to
Administer UN policy and programs
Universal declaration of human rights
Adopted by the UN General assembly in 1948 this declaration defines a common standard of achievement for all peoples and forms the foundation of modern human rights law
Transformation
Affects all levels of analysis in global politics: •Individual/non-state actor •State •International system •The elements of globalization that permit the rapid exchange of ideas and goods can also be leveraged and exploited by terrorist groups. • The technologies associated with globalization allow terrorist groups to operate in a highly distributed global 'network' that shares information and allows small cells to conduct highly coordinated, lethal attacks. •Globalization also allows some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction to conduct catastrophic attacks. Overview of 20th century Terrorism •Secular •Nationalist •Marxist
As of 2015, which region of the world has hosted the most UN peacekeeping missions
Africa
______ are two intergovernmental organizations
African Union and NATO
Regional Trade Agreements
Agreements among three or more countries in a region to reduce barriers to trade among themselves
What scholar has predicted the emergence of a world state?
Alexander Wendt
Chapter 5: Given that there is no institution to enforce an alliance contract, -Why form an alliance? -How do you make an alliance credible?
Alliances increase strength and security for all parties involves Alliances increase benefits, and decrease the costs of war for each other -States with an alliance between them will often times station troops in the other's state to develop trust -Some states will increase the cost of abandonment if one side fails to support the other -NATO appoints a 'supreme leader' of troops on both sides of alliance
Thomas Malthus
An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus' population theories were outlined in his book, "An Essay on the Principle of Population", first published in 1798.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
An agreement among nations to reduce worldwide tariffs and increase international trade
Kyoto protocol
An amendment of the UN framework convention on climate change adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 that established specific targets for reducing emissions of carbon and establishes specific targets for reducing emissions of carbon and five other greenhouse gases.
Washington consensus
An array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980's including trade liberalization privatization openness to foreign investment and restrictive monetary and fiscal policies
Compellence
An effort to change the status quo through the threat of force
That trade increases wealth, cooperation, global, well-being, and, ultimately, peace is
An explanation by Immanuel Kant of how peace and cooperation are possible
Security Council
An important division of the United Nations that contains five permanent members — the United States, Britain, China, France, and Russia — and ten rotating members. It is often called into session to respond quickly to international crises.
Security Dilemma
An increase in the security of one country diminishes the security of another
Human development index (HDI)
An index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country's performance in providing for its people's welfare and security
Human development Index
An index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country's performance in providing for its peoples welfare and security. - income, life expectancy, years of school. in terms of security states look at it in a very traditional light. - gives a measure more than simply income, broader indication in reference to human security - Indicator in terms of failed states which causes civil war and unable to maintain order
Framework convention on climate change
An international agreement enacted in 1992 and entered into force in 1944 that provided an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts on climate change
Bank for international settlements
An international financial institution owned by central banks which foster international monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks
League of Nations
An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like.
Montreal protocol
An international treaty signed in 1989 that is designed to protest the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of CFC's and other chemical compounds
World Court
An international tribunal established under the Covenant of the League of Nations and replaced in 1945 by the International Court of Justice.
AIDS
An often fatal condition that can result from infection with HIV
AIDS
An often fatal condition that can result from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Population growth, death rates. Technology allows the rapid spread. It is one of the factors of population growth rates
League of Nations
An organization established after world war 1 and a forerunner of todays United Nations it achieved certain humanitarian and other successes but was weakened by the absence of us membership and by its own lack of effectiveness in ensuring collective security.
United Nations
An organization of nearly all world states created after world war 2 to promote collective security
Most Modern alliances
Are formalized in written treaties
Asymmetric Warfare
Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities
A current example of a regional IGO is the
Association of South East Asian Nations
Commodity cartels
Association of producers of commodities raw material and agricultural products that restrict world supply and thereby cause the price of the goods to rise
Sovereignty
Believes in noninterference & nonintervention in state affairs
Chapter 3: What is another name for the information problem?
Risk-return trade-off
According to defensive realists, a state can achieve security through a pursuit of:
Balance of Power
The general idea that one or more states power is being used to counter that of another state or group of states is called
Balance of power
Chapter 3: Given that war is costly, why does it occur?
Bargaining Failure -States fail to come to an agreement on conflicts over territory, security, ideology, shifts in balance of power, etc.
Infrastructure
Basic structures necessary for social activity such as transportation and telecommunications networks and power and water supply
Toxic substances that can create disease and epidemics when launched against enemy troops or Populations are _____ weapons
Biological
Security Council of the UN
Body charged primarily with maintaining international peace and security.
Which of the following is a criterion to join a single currency in the EU
Budget deficit less than 3 percent of GDP
Westphalian Warfare
Characteristics and definitions of Westphalian Warfare Armed conflict between states, fought by uniformed, organized men. Regulated by formal acts, declaration of war, laws of neutrality and peace treaties.
the post Cold War era is
Characterized by transnational concerns such as environmental degradation and disease
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
Chemical compounds used in aerosols insulating materials, refrigerator and air conditioner coolants and other products. CFC's are widely banned today due to their damaging effect on the ozone
The Soviet Union set prices and quotas for Production and consumption of Commodities, following communist principles. This approach to economics is an example of a ___economy
Centrally Planned
Nonexcludable
Characteristic of a public good if the goof is available to one actor to consume then other actors cannot be prevented from consuming it as well
Nonrival in consumption
Characteristic of a public good one actors consumption of the good does not diminish the quantity available for others to consume as well
Chapter 3: Which is more common today, civil war or interstate war?
Civil wars are more prevalent today Interstate wars are in "long peace"
Interest groups
Coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of some political issue and who organize themselvwes to try to influence the outcome
What is global governance?
Collective efforts to identify and to address worldwide problems.
Heckscher-Ohlin Theory
Comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments
Outbidding (as a terrorist strategy)
Competition between terrorist groups seeking support
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic types of regional economic integration arrangements? (Economic union, Custom union, Free trade agreement, Constructive union)
Constructive union
Which paradigm is associated with the "war becomes unthinkable" vision?
Constructivism
Over exploitation
Consumption of a good at a rate that is collectively undesirable even if it is efficient from the view of any single actor
Humanitarian Interventions
Controversial interventions that may involve violating a nation's sovereignty with the use of force.
Externalities
Costs or benefits for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an action. When the exists the decision maker does not bear all the costs or real all the gains from his or her action.
Nuclear Latency
Countries that posses the infrastructure, material, and technical capabilities to quickly assemble a nuclear weapon but has never done so. **Japan, is sometimes described as being 'five minute from a nuclear weapon' since it has enough fissile material, technical ability, and knowledge to assemble a nuclear weapon on short notice if it chose to do so.
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Country in an earlier stage of development. Several analysts prefer the term "developing country"
What is NOT one of the responses proposed as a way to deal with global environmental challenges? (create global civil society, reliance on market technology, expanse of global regulation, organizing summits/conferences)
Creation of a global civil society
Chapter 3: Which source of bargaining failure is most commonly present in the outbreak of civil war? -Explain how this often operates in a civil war context.
Credible Commitment Problems: A.) Shift in power: -changes in the relative power of rebels and the government -rising actor in power cannot credibly commit not to exploit its power its power in the future, to revise any deal made today -as a result, the expected weaker actor may prefer war now, to a less desirable deal in the future B.) How can a rebel group be sure that once they demobilize and disarm their army, the government will follow through with the deal? Government might use opportunity to crack down and eliminate them as a threat, instead of making concessions in favor of the rebels. -as a result, reaching a negotiation is much harder if the deal requires rebels to back down before concessions are made.
Which event in the post-War 2 period probably brought the United States and the Soviet Union closest to Nuclear War
Cuban Missile Crisis
A perspective that different cultures have different perspectives on what constitutes a human right?
Cultural Relativism
As the core of the EU is a unified set of tariffs with regard to goods coming in from outside the free trade area. This is called a _____
Customs union
Chapter 7: Which set of domestic institutions, democratic or autocratic, tends to be more supportive of free trade and why?
DEMOCRATIC less government intervention citizens have more control over production and imports
That high levels of economic involvement between two countries decrease the likelihood of war between these two countries is an argument of:
Dell theory
Chapter 4: Why do democracies rarely fight each other?
Democratic leaders have few political incentives to engage in war, unlike autocratic leaders "Supporting and promoting the advancement of democracies everywhere, is the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace" -Former President, Bill Clinton
Which proposition has not been contradicted by any major historical cases
Democrats almost never fight each other
The Most important Tye's of multinational corporations are _____ corporations
Industrial
Nuclear Opacity
Describes a country that has never publicly confirmed that it has nuclear weapons. (nuclear ambiguity) **Israel: has not signed the NPT but has also never confirmed that it possesses a nuclear arsenal, not has it conducted a full, overt nuclear test.
RMA: Revolution in Military Affairs
Describes a radical change in the conduct of warfare. This may be driven by technology (advanced weapons/ space satellites). When the change is of several orders of magnitude, and impacts deeply on wider society, the term 'military revolution' is used to describe it. (Asymetric conflict)
agenda setting
Determining which public-policy questions will be debated or considered.
Preventative diplomacy
Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crib to prevent or limit violence.
Preventative diplomacy
Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence
Which policy would be followed by a protectionists state
Disallowing quotas on imports
The _______ relatively rich industrialized countries and relatively poor countries is called North South Gap
Disparity between
Consideration of the political organizations, government agencies, and economic sectors of state is the focus of the ____level of analysis
Domestic
How do dominance and reciprocity compare as solutions to collective goods problems?
Dominance relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without any central authority
The Marshall Plan was a policy designed to fight____
Soviet Union
Supranationalism
EU gives power to institution over the states in Europe
The Berlin Wall was built by
East Germany
The vast majority of new members admitted to the EU since 2000 have come from which region
Eastern Europe
Marxist approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic politics arose from unequal relationships between
Economic classes
What does the modernization theory imply?
Economic development leads to increasing demands for democracy.
Economic Spillover
Economic events in one context that occur because of something else in a seemingly unrelated context.
An example of a prominent internationally integrated scientific area of European society is the _____
European Space Agency
What would the Washington Consensus recommend?
Elimination of protectionist trade barriers
The National Security Agency ______
Encodes U.S Communications and decodes foreign communications
The Bretton Woods system
Established the World Bank and the International Monetary Funds
Based on the logic of the balance of power, which of the following is a good example of an alliance that can be said to be currently balancing the United States
European Unions
Takfir
Ex communication
The balance of trade is the value of a states imports relative to its
Exports
Noninterference
Failure or refusal to intervene without invitation or necessity, especially in political matters.
Journalists serve as _______ of information passing from foreign policy elites to the public
Filters
International monetary relations immediately after WW2 were based on
Fixed exchange rates
Which country is a permanent member of the UN Security council
France
adjustable peg
a monetary system of fixed but adjustable rates
What scholar argues that democracy and market capitalism is the "end of history"?
Francis Fukuyama
Which of the following is the order of progression of economic integration
Free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union
The World Trade Organization (WTO) replaced which of the following institutions in 1995?
GATT
Chapter 7: What is the primary difference between the GATT and the WTO?
GATT: -weak -rules only for trade in goods -encouraged international trade and removed trade barriers WTO: -powerful -rules for goods, services, and intellectual property rights as well -oversees and liberalizes trade between countries
League of Nations
Goal was collective security- international law tool to promote peacekeeping
The ______was a prominent monetary system for a century before the 1970s in which the value national currencies was pegged to the value of gold or other precious metals
Gold Standard
Chapter 7: What is good about international trade? What is not good about international trade?
Good: -mutually beneficial -stimulates economy -increases productivity and specialization Bad: -one side (usually United States) will experience a decrease in employment -foreign labor is cheaper making imports cheaper, -exports are more expensive and less popular, which leads to many people losing their jobs -high shipping costs
Common pool resources
Goods that are available to everyone such as open ocean fisheries it is difficult to exclude anyone from using the common pool but one users consumption reduces the amount available for others s
public goods
Goods, such as clean air and clean water, that everyone must share.
Which feature is characteristic of centrally planned economies
Government officials set prices
Functionalism
Gradual transition from less controversial to more controversial integration
What is true about the most favored nation status?
Granted to members of GATT (later WTO), gives country equal access to other country's markets.
Which type of state is most likely to face a danger of being dragged into wars over relatively important issues as a result of extended deterrence in an alliance
Great powers
austerity
Great self-denial, economy, discipline; lack of adornment
______ War is war over control of the entire world order, whereas _____war is warfare by one state wages to conquer and occupy another
Hegemonic, Total
Conflict between middle powers and smaller states can be resolved or contained by
Hegemons
According to offensive realists, a state can achieve security through pursuit of:
Hegemony
Chapter 5: What does the Security Council do?
Helps countries torn by conflict to create lasting peace through two strategies/operations: -Peacekeeping OP -Peace-Enforcement OP
Risk return trade off
Higher risk is associated with greater probability of higher return and lower risk with a greater probability of smaller return. The trade off which an investor faces between risk and return while considering investment decisions
A state in which a foreign MNC operates is called the ______ country where as the state where the MNC has its headquarters is called the _____country
Host, Home
Who is one of the leading theorists and writers of International Law?
Hugo Grotius
The idea that human rights are the business of the international community?
Human Rights Revolution
Global climate change
Human induced change in the environment especially freedom the emissions of greenhouse gases leading to higher temperatures around the globe
Which of the following is not an example of economic sanctions?
Humanitarian intervention
Which of the following is NOT one of the Bretton Woods System global institutions? (GATT, ICJ,IMF, World Bank)
ICJ
Who are the "Lenders of Last Resort"?
IMF and World Bank
Bretton Woods financial institutions (IMF, IBRD, GATT/WTO)
IMF: International Monetary Funds (Created to ensure a stable exchange rate regime and the provision of emergency assistance to countries facing a temporary crisis in their balance of payments regime) IBRD (later known as World Bank) : International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (Created to facilitate private investment and reconstruction in Europe and development in other countries) GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Became a forum for negotiations on trade liberalization) WTO: World Trade Organizations: (It is a permanent institution covering services, intellectual property and investment issues as well as pure merchandise trade, and it has a disputes settlement mechanism in order to enforce its free trade agenda)
Modern Realist theory developed in reaction to
Idealism
What is a state "reprisal"?
If illegal action is taken against a state, they may retaliate with illegal means due to special concession.
The principle that diplomats are beyond the jurisdiction of host countries national courts is known as diplomatic
Immunity
A tariff is a type of tax imposed on _____ by a state
Imports
Anarchy
In IR theory a term that implies not complete chaos but the lack of a central government that can enforce rules
Chapter 3: Why is the information problem so difficult to resolve?
Incentive to misrepresent One side will conceal their capabilities and likelihood to win the war, to deceive the other side in to doing what they want -One may feel they can achieve more through fighting than through neogotiation -States may also demand too much, thinking the other side will cave
The ____ level of analysis concerns the perceptions, choices, and actions of human beings.
Individual
Norms entrepreneurs
Individuals and groups who seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors
Xenophobia
Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.
Chapter 2: Why can't an actor always get what s/he wants?
Interactions with other people constrain us and influence our choices and decisions Actors must think about what is best for everyone
The backing of opposite sides in the Laotian civil war in 1960 by the CIA and the US state department is an example of
Interagency tension
Mutual vulnerability
Interdependence states - both sides have needs. Not always equal (asymmetrical-allows some states to use this imbalance as leverage (OPEC-power relationship)) both are vulnerable to changes even if they are minor or not related.
Citizens of a given ethnic background are among a number of _____that might form to lobby governments on foreign policy
Interest groups
What is an example of a transnational actor
International Diplomat guild
The Two Major Subfields of the study of International Relations
International Security and International Political Economy
Outer space is Considered
International Territory
Customary international law
International law that usually develops slowly over time as states recognize practices as appropriate and correct
Green revolution
Introduction after WWII of high-yielding varieties of common cereal grains (especially corn and rice) that require large inputs of irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, large increases in agricultural output, increased use of fossil fuels in agriculture
Foreign Direct Investment
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Chapter 5: What is the credibility-entrapment trade-off?
Ironclad promises can deter challengers, but may make your ally more aggressive or unwilling to ideas of negotiation To avoid this, states will limit their commitments and/or make their commitments more ambiguous/vague
Doctrine of military necessity
Is a legal concept used in international humanitarian law (IHL) as part of the legal justification for attacks on legitimate military targets that may have adverse, even terrible, consequences for civilians and civilian objects.
Functionalism
Is a theory of international relations that arose during the inter-War period principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the State as a form of social organization.
What is the relationship between Islam and democracy?
Islam and democracy are compatible.
Who has not signed the NPT?
Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea
What is the great weekness of the world court
It cannot force states to abide by its decisions
What is the significance of the Connelly Amendment?
It enabled the U.S. to avoid the World Court's compulsory jurisdiction.
What makes the European Union a supranational organization?
It has a detailed governance structure separate from that of its constituent state members
What is the realist critique of the World Court?
It is a weak substitute for power and self-help in world politics.
Neoliberal institutionalism
It is defined as the principal view on the role that international institutions ought to have in international relations among states, both economically and politically.
What best describes the human rights revolution?
It is incomplete
What is one of the problems with the concept of "human security," to its critics?
It is too vague.
Why is the United States a favorite jurisdiction within which to bring cases
It tends to award the largest settlements
What is a central weakness of the "clash of civilizations" vision according to its critics?
It treats civilizations as internally homogenous.
Which of the characteristics is true of terrorism
It's purpose is to accomplish political goals by demoralizing a civilian population
Of the 6 which is not one of the Permanent 5 Members? (China, France, Japan, Russia, UK, US)
Japan
Chapter 2: What is politics?
Joint decision-making on institutions that govern our lives together
An example of an action without UN Approval was
Kosovo declaring independence from Serbia
Adjudication
Law. the act of a court in making an order, judgment, or decree. a judicial decision or sentence.
The first attempt at creating a collective security system was the
League of Nations
How does liberalism compare with mercantilism
Liberalism is not concerned with whether one state gains more or less than another, just whether the states wealth is increasing in absolute terms, whereas mercantilism emphasize that each state must protect its own interests at the expenses of others
Linkage
Lumps together diverse issues so that compromise on one can be traded off against another in a grand deal
Thomas Malthus
Made a prediction that the world population would outgrow our food production - this was proven false
Many states will bridge the gap between floating and fixed exchange rates by periodically intervening in the currency markets, usually to promote stability. This type of intervention is called an _____system
Managed float
Migration
Many people are forced to migrate because of a war, civil war or state policies which discriminate against particular categories of its citizens or the political opponents of those in power.
What policy supports imposition of tariffs?
Mercantilism
Hijra
Migration
The glorification of war and military force and The structuring of society and war is known as
Militarism
What is the nature of the main threats and challenges faced by states according to realists?
Military
Doctrine of military neccessity
Military necessity is a legal concept used in international humanitarian law (IHL) as part of the legal justification for attacks on legitimate military targets that may have adverse, even terrible, consequences for civilians and civilian objects. It means that military forces in planning military actions are permitted to take into account the practical requirements of a military situation at any given moment and the imperatives of winning. The concept of military necessity acknowledges that even under the laws of war, winning the war or battle is a legitimate consideration, though it must be put alongside other considerations of IHL
Central banks in industrialized countries maintain the value of the states currency by limiting the amount of______ and by preventing high inflations
Money printed
Neo-functionalism
More direct way than functionalism, still incremental. From European coal and steel core-sequences from these make states less relevant and builds a community aspect in the state.
Migration
Movement from one country to another in hope of a better life. Problem for Global North - cannot handle large amounts of migrants. Migration caused by large populations in poor countries
QUTB
Muslim brotherhood represented Jahid, questions legitimacy of Jihad against Muslim states
What approach to security sees sovereign states as key actors?
National Security
____is/are an element of power on which an actor can draw over the long term, whereas _____ is an element of power that allows an actor to exercise influence in the short terms
Natural resources, military force
Bargaining
Negotation
Which paradigm sees the global economy as characterized by a constant economic rivalry among developed capitalist states?
Neo-Marxism
What is a global civil society?
Networks of nongovernmental organizations constituted on a transnational basis.
Which Region can claim the largest GDP per Capita
North America
The Non Proliferation treaty attempts to prevent the spread of _____ weapons
Nuclear
Which of the following events gave a precedent for the creation of the International Criminal Court?
Nuremberg Tribunal
Replacement rate fertility
One couple replacing themselves on average with two children so that a country's population will remain stable if this rate prevails
Replacement level fertility
One couple replacing themselves on average with two children so that the population will remain stable is this rate prevails.
Cornucopians
Optimists who question limits- to- growth analyses and counted that markets effectively maintain a balance between population resources, and the environment.
Cornucopians
Optimists who question limits-to-growth analyses and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment
Chapter 2: How do institutions differ from organizations?
Organization is a group of individuals with a common person, like the United Nations Institutions are rules
Ozone layer
Part of the lower stratosphere approximately 6 to 30 miles above the earth with relatively high concentrations of ozone which blocks harmful UV radiation
According to international relations research, a unipolar power distribution appears to be best at maintaining _____
Peace
UN involvement in the Dafur region of Sudan and the Democratic Congo in 2015 were the UNs Two biggest_____ that year
Peacekeeping missions
The Most important feature of International relations according to a realist is
Power
Tragedy of the commons
People act on self-interest and as a result against the best interests of the whole group -> depleting a common resource Example: US, China, India have not signed on to the Kyoto Protocol and its successors
Food security
People don't have a lot of spending money, so they spend all of it on food. People stop eating when they can't grow it, or they can't buy it. Diet is related to wealth. Increasing wealth will increase production of food. People climb up the income and food later. Third world countries would be forced by OPEC to spend more money on oil and less money on food.
Refugees
People who flee for safety to another country because of a well- founded fear of political persecution environmental degradation or famine.
Refugees
People who flee for safety to another country because of a well- founded fear of political persecution, environmental degradation, or famine
Multilateral implementation of human rights
Periodic Reporting= (experts review state reports on national practice, but has no authority.) It facilitates national compliance through mobilizing public scrutiny that reminds states of their obligations and draws national/international attention to violators
Neo- malthusians
Pessimists who warn of the global eco-political dangers of uncontrolled population growth.
neo-Malthusians
Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth
With respect to globalization ____
Policies to expand free trade are at the core of anti Globalization protesters
Which of the following is a goal of the Maastricht Treaty
Political integration
Clash of civilization
Political scientist Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis that in the twenty- first century the globe's major civilizations will conflict with one another, leading to anarchy and warfare similar to that resulting from conflicts between states over the past 500 years
The notion of human security focuses on what kinds of security threats?
Political, military, economic, and environmental
Chapter 3: Where do civil wars tend to occur?
Poor countries Poor neighborhoods
Urbanization
Population shift from rural to urban areas - effects politics, economics, society, etc.
Proponents believed a positive balance of trade was essential to a state because it was a significant source of
Power
Collective action problems
Preserving the environment sharing a natural resource participating in national defense voting in mass elections and engaging in social protests group members gain when all individuals do their share but for any individual the marginal benefit of contributing exceeds the cost
R2P = Responsibility to Protect
Prioritizes protection of human rights over state sovereignty. Does not need intervention as soon as possible. Not meant to kill leader, take out, or bomb country. First step is to save the country/ try to keep it all in tact. They need to talk to the governments so they can talk to the oppositions, or have the government step down. Forceful means does not only include military but also sanctions.
Nongovernmental organizations are ____ organizations acting as _____actors.
Private, transnational
A state that avoids trading altogether and instead tries to _____ everything it needs by itself is following a strategy of autarky
Produce
Neoliberal institutionalism
Promoted cooperation facilitated by institutions like the WTO. Mechanisms for active ways for states to have self interest & enhance mutual cooperation
The United States backing the Ethiopian government and the Soviets backing next-door rival Somalia in the 1970s is an example of _____
Proxy War
*Why is terrorism so difficult to deter?
Retaliation by the target will likely play into the hands of the terrorist by inevitably killing many innocent people in the process Threat of retaliation by the potential target may not be credible, as the target state may be unwilling to attack. -Too many innocent civilians would be killed in the process
Primary products
Raw materials and agricultural products typically unprocessed or only slightly processed. The primary sectors are distinguished from secondary sectors and tertiary sectors
What paradigm is the most likely to agree that the international community should not be concerned with human rights issues?
Realism
How can liberal theories of IR be distinguished from realism
Realists see the rules of international relations as timeless and unchanging where as
In 2006, the US warned North Korea against selling its bombs, threatening to retaliate against North Korea if any other actor used such a bomb against the US. This strategy of the United States to prevent proliferation can be considered an example of which principle?
Reciprocity
International law depends on _____, collective action, and international norms for enforcement
Reciprocity
International bill of rights
Refers collectively to the UDHR, ICCPR and the ICESCR together they're three agreements form the core of international human rights regime
Typologies
Regimes can be: 1. Highly formalized/explicit: agreements, international organizations. 2. Informal/explicit: on the basis of precedence 3. Strongly implemented 4. Disregarded • Full blown regime (1&3) • Tracit regime (2&3) • Dead letter regime (1&4) • No regime (Caspian Regime)
Positive peace
Resolves the underlying reasons for war
nonderogable rights
Rights that cannot be suspended for any reason including at times of public emergency
Chapter 2: What are institutions?
Rules, or humanly devised constraints, that structure political, economical, and social interactions
Which statement regarding aircraft carriers is false?
Russia is the world leader in terms of operating aircraft carriers
A new concern of activists about the sale of weapons is
Sales of small arms, especially assault rifles, to unstable conflict zones
Which country has used its large supply of oil to ensure the functioning of OPEC
Saudi Arabia
_____is a unique style of conflict over borders and involves effort by a province or region to sept from and existing state
Secession
Terrorism____
Seeks to create a psychological effect on the target.
______is characterized by the principle that people who identify as a nation should have the right to create a state and pursue sovereignty over their affairs
Self Determination
Chapter 3: What is the primary cause of the credible commitment problem in international relations?
Shifting power from one state to another You can get more of what you want by lying (Incentive to misrepresent) Ex.) A person that lies and says they have a PhD will have a better chance at getting the job then the person that admits they have no education right away.
Social Spillover
Social movement spillover takes place through both direct and indirect paths through which one social movement affects another's ideology, frames, tactics, membership, organizational structure, or available cultural or political opportunities.
Those using the "international order" argument to oppose the idea of a human rights revolution argue that?
Some states could use human rights concerns to justify their wars
International Norms
Sometimes institutionalized through intergovernmental organizations
Principles of international law
Sources of international law include treaties, international customs, general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations, the decisions of national and lower courts, and scholarly writings. ... They have been influenced by a range of political and legal theories.
The worlds predominantly Islamic countries have the largest population in which regions
South and southeast asia
Principles of international law
Sovereignty, land, treaties, self defense
Control of the _____islands in the South China Sea is a source of conflict among several countries
Spratly
Norms
Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity norms define what actions are right or appropriate under particular circumstances
United Nations emergency force (UNEF)
Stands between two warring parties. Act in permissive environments (they don't come unless they are asked to come) ♣ Preventative diplomacy-rear door approach. ♣ Peacekeeping-its not what the UN intended to do, but it worked well and was effective
Diplomatic resolution De Jure
State of affairs in accordance with the law
The use of terrorist groups by states to achieve political aims is
State sponsored terrorism
A current example of a collective goods problem is that_______
States find it hard to cooperate to reduce environmental change
Uniting for Peace Resolution
States that in any cases where the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity amongst its five permanent members, fails to act as required to maintain international peace and security, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately and may issue any recommendations it deems necessary in order to restore international peace and security.
Chapter 5: What do strong states fear about an alliance?
Strong states have more to lose -Usually don't have a common threat between them because of unequal power and different political interests -Less powerful states will have less to bring to the table in terms of military capability and wont be as beneficial as a strong state would be to a weak state
In 2014-15, in the ____civil war, Kurdish fighters received significant international support in fighting ISIS
Syrian
___ is only informally recognized as a state, despite being a political entity often referred to as one .
Taiwan
Chapter 3: What is the most common issue in dispute in war?
Territory
Irredentism is the regaining of
Territory
_____ is a component of a state.
Territory
ECSC
The European Coal and Steel Community was an international organization that was established on 25 July 1952 by the Treaty of Paris.
Which statement about international regimes is true
They coordinate behavior of states to assist them in overcoming collective goods problems
How is the identity principle distinguished from the dominance and reciprocity principles?
The Identity principle does not rely on self interests, whereas the dominance and reciprocity principles rely on achieving individual self interests.
The leading arms-importing region of the global south is
The Middle East
What is an example of a functional IGO?
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
What institution is NOT involved in international law adjudication?
The Secretariat.
Who heads the UN Secretariat?
The Secretary-General.
Clinton Doctrine?
The U.S. should intervene in cases of genocide and ethnic cleansing when it is feasible.
What was the result of the Korean War at the time of the 1953 truce?
The United States hardened its attitude toward communism
What is the International Bill of Human Rights?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights plus two other treaties.
World federalism
The World Federalist Movement (WFM) is a global citizens movement that advocates the establishment of a global federal system of strengthened and democratic global institutions subjected to the principles of subsidiarity, solidarity and democracy.
Power
The ability or potential to influence others behavior as measured by the possession of certain tangible and intangible characteristics
Anarchy in this international system refers to
The absence of a central government that can enforce rules
International covenant on civil and political rights
The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations
International covenant on economic social and cultural rights
The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that specifies the basic economic social and cultural rights of individuals and nations
A short term element of power includes
The capacity to produce weapons quickly
What encompasses Human Security?
The concept challenges the state-centric notion of security by focusing on the individual as the main referent object of security. This captures a growing realization that in an era of rapid globalization, security must encompass a broader range of concerns than defending the state from an attack
What does post modernism fundamentally call into question altogether
The concept of states as actors
Precision
The degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified. More precise rules narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation
Obligation
The degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule. High obligation rules must be performed in good faith and if breached require reparations to the injured party
Delegation
The degree to which third parties such as courts arbitrators or mediators are given authority to implement interpret and apply international legal rules to resolve dispute over the rules to make additional rules
Environmental degradation
The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
Multipolarity
The distribution of global power into three or more great power centers, with most other states allied with one of the rivals
Multipolarity
The distribution of global power into three or more great power into three or more great power center with most other states allied with one of the rivals.
Peacekeeping
The efforts by third parties such as the United Nations to intervene in civil wars and/or interstate wars or to prevent hostilities between potential belligerents from escalating, so that by acting as a buffer a negotiated settlement of the dispute can be reached
Collective security organizations
The formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization to which both the aggressor and its opponents belong
Collective security refers to
The formation of a broad alliance to oppose aggression
Population growth momentum
The higher the population, the harder it will be to stop the rapid growth - solved with replacement rate fertility. Ideally population should slow down, but it will take a long time to stabilize for another 50 years, due to age profile of 15 or younger will definitely reproduce
National interests
The interests of a state overall as opposed to particular parties or factions within the state
Rebus sic stantibus
The legal doctrine allowing for treaties to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances. It is essentially an "escape clause" that makes an exception to the general rule of pacta sunt servanda.
General Assembly
The main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory
Carrying capacity
The maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory.
Just War Doctrine
The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins
Just war doctrine
The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins.
Interdependence
The mutual reliance between two or more groups. This concept differs from the reliance in a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. - Not necessarily equal (asymmetrical) - Mutual dependency element - You need something from someone
Chapter 4: What is the democratic peace?
The observation that their are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states
There have been only two instances when UN missions have been authorized under Chapter VII authority?
True
Human rights
The political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity
Human rights
The political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity.
World Court (ICJ)
The primary court established by the United Nations for resolving legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions to international agencies and the UN General Assembly
comparative advantage
The principle that says states should specialize in trading goods that they produce with the greatest relative efficiency and at the lowest relative cost
Peacemaking
The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict.
Urbanization
The process of making an area more urban. Is political science that falls into the field of urban studies, which incorporates many aspects of cities, suburbs, and urbanization.
Political integration
The processes and activities by which the populations of many or all state transfer their loyalties to a merged political and economic unit.
Political integration
The processes and activities by which the populations of many or all states transfer their loyalties to a merged political and economic unit
democratic peace
The proposition strongly supported by empirical evidence that democracies almost never fight wars against each other although they do fight against authoritarian states
Protectionism
The protection of domestic industries against international competition by trade tariffs and other means
Exchange rate
The rate at which one states currency can be exchanged for the currency of another state. Since 1973 the international monetary system has depended mainly on floating rather than fixed exchange rates
Terms of trade
The relationship between a country's export prices and its import prices
With respect to power
The relative power of a state is more important to realists than the absolute power of a state
Human rights
The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being humane regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization
Why would realists not accept that global problems like pollution or infectious diseases constitute major security threats to states?
They are not military in character
Diplomatic resolution De Facto
True in fact but not in accordance with the law
Xenophobia
The suspicious dislike, disrespect, and disregard for members of a foreign nationality, ethnic, or linguistic group
Institution
The tangible manifestation of shared expectations expectations as well as the machinery for coordinating international actions based on those expectations ex. UN, NATO, International Monetary Fund
Democratic Peace
The theory that although democratic states sometimes a wage wars against nondemocratic states, they do not fight one another.
Democratic peace
The theory that although democratic states sometimes wage wars against nondemocratic states, they do not fight one another
Stolper-Samuelson Theorem
The theory that protection benefits the scarce factor of production.
Peace Enforcement Operation (PEO)
The use of military assets to enforce a peace against the will of the parties to a conflict when for instance a cease fire has failed
Reversibility
The world may exhibit similarities from the past in the world system
What is the significance of the treaty reservations?
They allow states to exclude or modify applicability of specific treaty provisions.
According to scholars who see globalization as the fruition of liberal economic principles, what role do states play in the process of globalization
They have become obsolete as economic units
Chapter 3: What is another name for the credibility commitment problem?
Time-inconsistency problem
What is the goal of "smart" sanctions?
To limit the human cost of economic sanctions
With respect to warfare
Today's most serious conflicts consist mainly of skirmishing rather than all out battles
Security council
Tool for international law enforcement. Uses veto to stop laws from being passed
According to the text the, the best single indicator of a states power may be the size of its
Total GDP
What are the sources of International Law?
Treaties, custom, gap fillers, and rulings of the world courts
Humanitarian Intervention
Typically refers to armed intervention with direct deployment military assets aimed at preventing or ending widespread and grave violations of human rights. (the other state gave no consent to be intervened)
Closest to a law-making body at the global level?
UN General Assembly
Uniting for peace resolution
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution 377 A,[1] the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, states that in any cases where the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity amongst its five permanent members, fails to act as required to maintain international peace and security, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately and may issue any recommendations it deems necessary in order to restore international peace and security. If not in session at the time the General Assembly may meet using the mechanism of the emergency special session.
Permanent five (P5)
United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, China. Permanent UN security council members.
The 1998 indictment, arrest, and agreement in principle to extradite Pinochet to Spain set a precedent for?
Universal Jurisdiction
What can the permanent members of the UN Security Council do that nonpermanent members cannot
Veto resolutions
Which of the following is a common criticism of the structure and operation of the security council?
Veto should be restricted or abolished.
Critical on war
War is a way for empires to open markets. ex: (Lenin says: WWI was for imperialist expansion)
An example of Cold War alliances between states is the
Warsaw Pact
Ricardo viner model
Way of predicting trade policy preferences aka specific factors model, a model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor
Demographic transition theory
You have stages of demographic transition, such as industrial revolution that lowers death rates. Economic transitions: when you move from the farm, you don't need as many hands to work the farm-changes attitudes towards family size. So fertility rates decrease due to economic change. compares north and south population transitions. South can't attain low birth rates. North problem is migration
Constructivism on war
What states socially construct of that reality is what creates war or not, (not material capabilities) (identity: iran, israel)
Sovereignty
When a state government answers to no higher authority to make and enforce laws to collect taxes and so forth
Accountability
Willingness to take credit and blame for actions.
Cognitive balance or the maintenance of a logically consistent mental model of the world can be achieved through
Wishful thinking
Pacta sunt servanda
With reference to international agreements, "every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith AKA promises must be kept.
Impact of the Cold War and the War on Terror on Human Rights
With the end of the Cold War, more and more countries developed increasingly robust international human rights policies.
With respect to the impact of gender on war and peace, difference feminist believe that _____
Women are inherently more peaceful than men
Diplomats _____
Work in embassies and consulates abroad
Cooperation
Working together to the same end
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was replaced by the ____in 1955
World Trade Organization
What does a "clash of civilizations" vision state?
World politics will be characterized by conflict among the world's great civilizations
Chapter 4: Do poor domestic political conditions cause war?
Yes Poor domestic political conditions can cause the formation of rebel groups that attempt to change political policy within their own government, through the use of force, or war
multinational corporation
a company that is heavily engaged in international trade, beyond exporting and importing
iteration (n)
a different form or version of something
indivisible good
a good that cannot be divided without diminishing its value
Separatist
a group that wants to break away from control by a dominant group
fixed exchange rate
a system under which the exchange rate for converting one currency into another is fixed
diversionary incentive
a temptation to spark an international crisis in order to rally public support at home
World Trade Organization (WTO)
a trade organization that replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) it began in 1955 and expanded GATT's traditional focus on manufactured goods and created monitoring and enforcement mechanisms
preemptive war
a war fought with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent
Proxy Wars
a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved.
Super nationalism
advocacy of the establishment of organizations composed of groups from more than one nation, each of which agrees to surrender at least part of its authority to a superior, centralized authority. An extreme or fanatical loyalty or devotion to a nation.
Non Tariff Barriers
affects trade: qoutas: creates a barrier to free movement of goods and services. subsidies: ex: govt pays you to grow corn and controls it Artificially allowing weak competitors to stay in the market.
War - Clausewitz
an act of force intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will and a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means. (extension of diplomacy)
bilateral investment treaty
an agreement between two countries about the conditions for private investment across borders
crisis bargaining
an interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force if demands are not met
World Bank
an international bank that offers low-interest loans, advice, and information to developing nations
peacekeeping operation
an operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a ceasefire or peace agreement
Chapter 8: What is austerity?
application of policies to reduce consumption -reducing government spending -raising taxes -cutting wages
Environmental degradation
are defined as actions taken by people that cause the planet Earth or its systems (air, water, etc.) to become damaged or harmed in some way. The deforestation of the rain forests is an example of environmental degradation.
interstate wars
armed conflict between sovereign states
central bank
bank that can lend to other banks in times of need
Cumulative impact of trends
can be defined as effects on the environment which are caused by the combined results of past, current and future activities. Over time, direct and indirect human activities combine to collectively impact the environment.
Top NGOs working on human rights
central feature of the global human rights regime. TOP: Amnesty International Strategies: developed sophisticated lobbying operations. NGOs are able to mobilize political energies of civil society by having a single minded focus on human rights.
What country is the poster child for globalization?
china
Post Colonial feminism
claim that the dominance relationships established under European imperialism (18th &19th centuries ) still persist now and how they are already built into the way Western knowledge portrays people. (must be addressed within own cultural context)
Asymmetric Warfare
combatants are very different. usually, weak VS strong, strong targets the enemies' domestic political base as much as his forward military capabilities. (post conventional insurgency phase, guerrilla style)
International Relations
concerns the relationships among the world's government
Deterrance
discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Balance of Power
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
Political spillover
effects are economic events in one context that occur because of something else in a seemingly unrelated context.
What resource is the most fundamental to economic growth and human well-being?
energy
Which of the following is NOT one of the events that have occurred over the last couple of decades that suggests that the world is changing in a way that is more fundamental than usual? (End of Bipolar Cold war era, deepening of economic globalization, establishment of UN, emergence of several asian economic powers)
establishment of UN
default
failure to pay back a loan
China has been unsuccessful in its attempts to regulate the Internet
false
In recent years, attention and resources devoted to fighting infectious diseases has decreased.
false
It is easy to enforce international law?
false
Neo-Marxists see international economic relations as a positive sum game
false
Proponents of a new medievalism insist that the creation of the world state is inevitable.
false
Proposed models of Security Council enlargement would decrease the membership to the Council?
false
Realists tend to have a more optimistic vision of the future than their critics.
false
The 1503 procedure is used to establish ad hoc tribunals.
false
The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a supranational organization.
false
The US has strongly supported the international Court of Justice since its establishment?
false
The World Trade Organization (WTO) replaced the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the 1990s.
false
The green revolution refers to recent attempts to deal with global pollution and similar environmental problems
false
The historical record shows that truth commissions provide the most effective way in which a country can achieve justice after human rights abuses have occurred.
false
The right to education is an example of a negative right.
false
Social Constructivists feminism
focus on gender influence on global politics and the treatment of home-based work since it's mainly women working that field. They look at the way home-based work is looked at, which is often looked down upon because it is not "real work" because its in the private sphere instead of public sphere.
Feminists on war
focus on security issues. experiences of women during war, concerned about food and expanding idea of security.
Marxism feminism
focus on the ideational manifestations of gender in IR. Critical theory feminists focus on the way changes to the meaning of gender impacts institutions' policies.
Liberal feminism
focus on women subordination. They look at the how the presence (or lack thereof) of women affects and is affected by international policy making. Liberal feminists believe that women's equality can be achieved by removing legal obstacles that deny them the same rights as men
Example of the ____ _____ _______: One state's refusal to regulate pollution emissions while others regulate it.
free rider problem
Example of a ______ _____________ __________: Montreal Protocol
global environmental regulation
Chapter 8: Why is international finance controversial?
government often spends more money fixing financial crisis in other countries (where they have invested), than the value of their own country's banking system puts the entire country that invests in foreign state more at risk for economic and financial crisis conflicts also arise over terms of investment and obsolescing bargaining
democracy (n)
government or country governed by the people; rule by the majority
ICC= International Criminal Court
has powers of judicial enforcement. Is restricted largely to genocide, crimes, and crimes against humanity.
Sovereignty
holding supreme, independent authority over a region or state, Internal Sovereignty refers to the internal affairs of the state and the location of supreme power within it.
Chapter 7: Why do governments enact protectionist policies?
in support of domestic employment to avoid letting international competition flood the market and gain market share, which would hurt domestic business
Low politics
is a concept that covers all matters that are not absolutely vital to the survival of the state as the economics and the social affairs. The low politics are the domain of the state's welfare. It concerns all things about social or human security.
Demographic transition theory
is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another. Characterised by high birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates.
Pacta sunt servanda
is a latin term which means agreements must be kept. It is the principle in international law which says that international treaties should be upheld by all the signatories. The rule of pacta sunt servanda is based upon the principle of good faith.
neofunctionalism
is a theory of regional integration, building on the work of Ernst B. Haas, a German-born American political scientist, and also Leon Lindberg, an American political scientist.
NPT/ Global Human rights regime
is based on strong and widely accepted principles and norms but weak mechanisms of International Implementation producing a system of national implementational human rights. strongly internationally implemented.
Population growth momentum
is the tendency for changes in population growth rates to lag behind changes in childbearing behavior and mortality conditions. Momentum operates through the population age distribution. - suggestion was states getting to replacement level, we are not making more people it is stabilizing - However due to momentum factor it is said that it would take a while to get this because of the younger ages (15 years or younger)
Political realism
it emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a broad assumption that all nation-states are motivated by national interests, or, at best, national interests disguised as moral concerns.
sovereign lending
loans from private financial institutions in one country to sovereign governments in other countries
What kind of interactions between the states is concerned with actions relating to global, economic, environmental and demographic issues?
low politics
Who is party to a multi-lateral treaty?
many states
Diplomatic recognition- de facto de jure
n international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). De jure to describe something that exists legally, like a law which specifies that companies can't discriminate against disabled people when they're hiring workers. The phrase de jure is often used to emphasize the opposite of de facto, which means "by fact, or "by practice."
audience costs
negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment
Types of peacekeeping
o 1) organization agency o 2) timing-4 phases ♣ pre-violence ♣ outbreak ♣ cease fire ♣ peace settlement o 3) host state consent o 4) kinds of mission o 5) geography, size, population density o 6) type of conflict- ♣ civil war (Somalia)-harder to deal with civil wars ♣ between states (India/Pakistan)
3 problems with future permanent force
o 1) too many states-can't reach a consensus o 2) UN institutional shortcoming o 3) financially limited capability-US is the #1 influential state, if we don't participate, the organization won't succeed
Interdependence
o Can be asymmetrically distributed based on power o Multipolarity o Low politics o Political realism o Neo-functionalism o anarchy
nontariff barriers to trade
obstacles to imports other than tariffs
extremists
one who resorts to measures beyond normal, especially in politics
Equilibrium
party membership, citizen contributions, and parties' policies are simultaneously determined, for each of four financing institutions, running a gamut between a purely private, unconstrained system, to a public system in which all citizens have equal financial input.
rally effect
people's tendency to become more supportive of their own government during a crisis
preventive war
policy of striking first when a nation fears that a foreign foe is contemplating hostile action
Power politics
political action by a person or group that makes use of or is intended to increase their power or influence.
Class of civilizations
political scientist Samuel Huntington's controversial thesis that in the 21st century the globes major civilizations will conflict with one another, leading to anarchy and warfare similar to that of conflicts between states over the past 500 years.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which the Internet challenges the authority of sovereign states? (control over information, empowers non-state actors, provides means of effective communication, cyberterriorism)
provides means of effective communication
trade barriers
restrictions to free trade
*What is international law? *What are the types of international law? *Does international law matter?
rules that bind states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another
spoiling
sabotaging the peace
Chapter 8: What is moral hazard?
situation in which one party gets involved in a risky event, knowing that it is protected against the risk and the other party will incur the cost arises from incomplete information about one another ex. insurance company having to pay for someone wrecking their car
incomplete information
situations in which an author does not provide all of the facts or details related to an argument
terrorism
targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.
veto power
the ability to defeat something even if it has made it on to the agenda of an institution
absolute advantage
the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer
Globalization
the central trend in international relations today
Democratic peace theory is associated with which of the following visions?
the end of history
monetary policy
the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
Chapter 7: What is protectionism? -List the three types of protectionism
the imposition of barriers to restrict imports, to protect domestic producers from foreign competition 1.) Tariffs: tax imposed on imports 2.) Quantitative restriction (Quota): a limit placed on the amount of a particular good that can be imported 3.) Non-tariff barriers: measures that discriminate against foreign goods/services other than tariffs Example: regulations that favor domestic products over imported products
Zero population growth
the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population.
Reciprocity
the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us
bargaining range
the set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer to the reversion outcome
Political disintegration
the situation in which a political entity that has been at least relatively united splits up into smaller parts. This is, for example, something that happened in many communist countries after the fall of communism.
coercive diplomacy
the use of threats to influence the outcome of a bargaining interaction
*What is terrorism? *Why does terrorism occur?
the use or threatened use of violence against non-combative targets by individuals or non-state groups for political ends Terrorism is caused by a bargaining failure -attacks are caused by extremists who attempt to force their targets into conceding to their personal political or social demands, after not receiving support for their demands or preferences initially
Actors
the worlds governments, individual leaders and citizens, bureaucratic agencies in foreign ministries
Chapter 7: What does the Hecksher-Ohlin theory tell us about international trade?
theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production (land, labor, capital) in which it is well endowed ex. a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of its labor (workers)
Chapter 7: What does the Ricardo-Viner theory tell us about international trade?
theory that emphasizes the sectors in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor itself -not focused on land, labor, and capital alone ex. steal industry workers care about the steal industry, not the other industries within economy
Chapter 7: What does the Stolper-Samuelson theory tell us about international trade?
theory that protectionism benefits the scarce factor of production flows from Heckscher-Ohlin approach: -if a country imports goods that make intensive use of its scarce factor, then limiting imports will help that factor LOSES FROM TRADE (WORKERS) BENEFITS FROM PROTECTIONISM (INVESTORS) ex. in a labor-scarce country, labor benefits from protection and loses from trade liberalization
Chapter 7: What is the key principle motivating international agreements on trade?
they constitute institutional structures that help mediate or avoid divisive trade-policy conflicts
resolve (v)
to conclude, determine
depreciate
to fall in value
appreciate
to increase in value
devalue
to lessen in value or strength
Chapter 8: Why do people invest overseas?
to make money cross-boarder investment can improve welfare in both countries financial ties make societies mutually vulnerable
A true global legislative body that has the authority to make the law does NOT exist?
true
An "engendered peace" perspective implies that the world would be more peaceful if there were more women leaders.
true
Comparative advantage states that countries should produce those goods that they can manufacture most efficiently.
true
Constructive engagement refers to the view that the best way to improve human rights in countries where abuses exist is to maintain economic and political relations in order to influence and exert pressure on the country in question.
true
Critics of the "great-power war" vision claim that it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
true
Critics of the liberal commercialist vision of the global future argue that people often have willingly sacrificed economic comfort to fight for liberty, democracy, sovereignty, or other things.
true
During the Cold War, the U.S. often supported regimes with problematic human rights' records
true
Imperialism and dependency theory are two neo-Marxist perspectives on international economic relations.
true
Liberals, constructivists, feminists, and neo-Marxists tend to agree that an array of new issues and actors make the state-centric outlook seem increasingly outdated.
true
Scientific research has long demonstrated the benefits that come with the political empowerment of women.
true
Some have suggested that environmental challenges can lead to geopolitical conflict.
true
States can regulate what goes on in cyberspace by focusing on the intermediate actors that provide links between sources and consumers.
true
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) usually requires that countries borrowing money from it make changes to their economic policy.
true
The U.S. is a NONparty to the International Criminal Court.
true
The UN Commission on Human Rights has been abolished
true
The major institutions of the world economy currently are based on liberal principles of free markets and free trade.
true
There is a widespread consensus that global warming is happening.
true
Transnational advocacy networks were crucial to the adoption of most human rights treaties
true
Neorealism view on war
war is inevitable, it is a way for state to achieve power. Anarchic structure of the system ultimately leads to war happening with no one to stop it.
Chapter 7: What is the current sticking point in WTO negotiations?
unequal power among states = unfair negotiations richer, more powerful trading states (ex. United States) have an unfair advantage over developing states, because their power gives them the ability to set the agenda for negotiations
insurgency
uprising, rebellion
Total War
used to denote their global scale and combatants pursuit of their opponents. (unconditional surrender) Complete mobilization of human, economic, and military resources. Few restraints on who could be targeted Tanks in ww1 and airplanes in ww2
Neoliberalism on war
war is anarchic. leads to self help and competition, but we can control it. We can increase livelihood by creating interdependence
United Nations emergency force (UNEF)
was established by United Nations General Assembly to secure an end to the Suez Crisis with resolution 1001 (ES-I) on November 7, 1956. ... The Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) deployed from October 1973 to July 1979.
Free ride problem
when people fail to join groups because they receive benefits without contributing
floating exchange rate
when the government lets the exchange rate go wherever the market takes it
Why international law?
• Self interest o Reduces uncertainty o Predictability o Communication o Promotes understanding • Dispute settlement procedures
Terrorism problem with agreement
•Agreement on what constitutes terrorism continues to be difficult given the range of potential acts involving violence. •Terrorists question the legitimacy of the state: -state sovereignty implies (a monopoly on killing--ability to tax) •Loyalty can reside beyond the territory of the state -Marxism - The Ummah (community of believers)
Jihad
•Definition: Struggle in the path of God •Greater Jihad: Internal struggle to do what is right •Lesser Jihad: Military Component --Jihad as defensive, declared by proper authority, does not target non-combatants
NPT: Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
•International treaty that forms the foundation of the nuclear non-proliferation regime, opened for signature in 1968 (1970). •190 signatories- --The U.S., Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China were recognized as having the rights to nuclear weapons- all other states agreed to forego the development of nuclear arsenals --The recognized nuclear powers were to move towards the elimination of their arsenals --Peaceful nuclear technology was to be allowed
Arguments of human intervention opponents
•No basis in the law (only self defense authorized in security council) •State are NOT driven primarily for humanitarian reasons •States must not risk the lives of their own soldiers to save strangers (ISIS, Rwanda) •Problem of abuse •Selectivity of Response (Why Syria, but not Bahrain) •Disagreements about moral principles •Intervention does not work
Just ad bellum: When is it legal to go to war?
•Self defense or defense of a third party. •Right authority only states can wage legitimate war. •The state leader must be attempting to address an injustice or an aggression, rather than seeking glory, expansion, loot. •It must be the last resort. •There must be reasonable hope for success. •It must be to restore peace or return to the status quo. •States must use minimal force in order to achieve their objectives. •Or if the security council permits it.
New Terrorism (global Jihad)
•The current wave of terrorist violence uses religion as a motivator and to provide the justification for killing non-combatants •The ultimate purpose for modern militant Islamic violence is obtaining political power in order to conduct political, social, economic, and religious reform according to Sharia law.
3 kinds of systemic change?
♣ 1) Equilibrium-forces change balance each other out. (neutral) • Motor running but its not going anywhere • Balance of power-individuals making rational decisions based on their circumstances. ♣ 2) Cumulative impact of trends (positive) • interdependence- challenges power politics. o Individual choices made incrementally can effect others without the state knowing it o Additive effects reach a threshold where there's no going back afterwards o States that are more dependent on each other tend to not fight each other ♣ 3) Reversibility (pessimistic) • Deja vu • long cycle theory
Forces propelling change?
♣ More states ♣ New estates-new players ♣ Non-state actors-makes the system more complex ♣ More people ♣ These features propel a movement/change in politics
