Instrument Stage 1 Exam

After vectoring you away from your course for traffic, departure control tells you to reintercept your course. You make sure the appropriate leg of your flight plan is activated and turn to a 30-degree intercept. What are the remaining steps you should take to intercept a course using GPS?

1 . Note the CDI needle 's rate of closure and begin the turn to intercept the course . 2. Plan to complete the turn to the heading of the selected course as the CDI needle centers.

In what sequence must you perform the three fundamental skills of attitude instrument flying?

1) Instrument cross-check' 2) Instrument interpretation' 3) Aircraft control

What is the distance from the beginning of the runway threshold to the aiming point marking?

1,000 feet

Assume that you are inbound on the 245-degree radial of the Gulfport VORTAC and you are planning to intercept and fly the 12 DME arc. What are the steps required to intercept the DME arc?

1. Begin a left turn at 12.5 DME and roll out of the turn on a heading of 345 degrees to position the bearing pointer 10 degrees ahead of the wingtip reference. 2. Hold a heading of 345 until the bearing pointer moves 10 degrees behind the wingtip reference point 3. Turn right to heading 005 degrees to position the bearing p ointer ahead of the wingtip reference point and repeat the tracking process.

To perform an airborne VOR receiver check using a created checkpoint, you first select a VOR radial that defines the centerline of an airway on your sectional chart. What are the remaining steps to complete the check?

1. Locate a prominent terrain feature under the centerline of the airway, preferably 20 miles or more from the facility 2. Maneuver the aircraft directly over the point, center the CDI, and note the course set on the VOR indicator to ensure that the difference between the published radial and the indicated course is +/- 6 degrees

You are planning an IFR flight and you need to check the accuracy of your VOR receiver. What steps should you take to check your VOR using an Airport/Facility Directory-designated checkpoint?

1. Taxi your aircraft to a specific point on the airport or fly over the published, designated landmark. 2 Center the CDI , compare your VOR course indication to the published radial for that checkpoint , and ensure that the bearing error is no greater than ± 4 degrees on the ground and +/-6 degrees in the air.

What is the indicated altitude?

12,600

Enroute to Friday Harbor, Washington, you contact Seattle Center. What is an appropriate way to state your position?

17 miles west of Battleground (BTG) VOR on the 251-degree radial

What is a standard-rate turn?

3 degrees per second or 180 degrees in one minute

You are planning a flight along V139 and the winds aloft are 296 degrees true. What is the magnetic wind direction?

304 degrees

Where do touchdown zone markings begin and in what increments do they occur on the runway?

500 feet from the beginning of the runway threshold and continue in 500 foot increments as three-, two-, and one-bar markings.

Which indication would you expect on your attitude indicator after returning to straight-and-level flight after making a skidding 180-degree turn to the left?

A

What are the key components that measure the rate of climb or descent in a vertical speed indicator?

A. Diaphragm B. Calibrated Leak C. Direct Static Pressure source

Route changes, radar vectoring, altitude crossing restrictions for navaids and intersections, altitude changes, and speed adjustments are examples of

ATC techniques to ensure adequate vertical and horizontal separation standards.

You are planning a flight using a GPS system. You have entered and edited all of your waypoints. What else do you need to do before you can monitor your progress with this flight plan?

Activate the flight plan , so that a magenta arrow appears between KAPA and KPUB .

You notice a rapidly increasing altitude on the aircraft's altimeter, a high rate of climb on the VSI, and rapidly decreasing airspeed. What action is appropriate as part of the recovery from this unusual attitude?

Add power.

What are six concepts that make up single-pilot resource management (SRM)?

Aeronautical decision making, risk management, task management, situational awareness, controlled flight into terrain awareness, automation management

You are approaching to land at an unfamiliar airport. What types of waypoint information are provided by typical GPS navigation systems?

Airport name , city elevation , runway information , and communication and ILS frequencies

You are planning an IFR flight through the congested airspace of the northeastern United States. In which of these publications would you find ARTCC sector frequencies and preferred IFR routes?

Airport/Facilities Directory (A/FD)

What flight information does the primary flight display show?

Altitude, airspeed, attitude, turn rate, turn coordination, vertical speed, heading

What is the function of approach and departure control during IFR flight?

Approach and departure control coordinates with the ARTCc to integrate arrival traffic from the enroute stage to the terminal area, and transition departure traffic to the enroute phase.

Approach light systems might include sequenced flashing lights (SFL) or runway alignment indicator lights (RAIL) and runway end identifier lights (REIL) to help you transition from instrument to visual references and maintain runway alignment during the approach to landing by making the runway environment more apparent in low visibility conditions. What is another characteristic of approach light systems?

Approach light systems use a configuration of lights starting at the landing threshold and extending into the approach area normally 2 400 to 3,000 feet from precision instrument run ays and 1,400 to 1,500 feet from nonprecision instrument runways)

You are at an airport where land and hold short operations (LAHSO) are in effect. Prior to taxing, you review the LAHSO procedures for this airport. While taxiing, you notice that a direction sign is badly deteriorated and difficult to read. What precautions can you take to avoid a runway incursion?

Ask ATC to verify your position , concentrate on your primary responsibilities , and be alert for other aircraft that may be on other frequencies or without radio communication . Report the deteriorated sign as opportunity permits.

Which indication would you expect on your attitude indicator during a rapid deceleration?

B

Which of these indicators shows a standard-rate turn to the left?

B

Which turn-and-slip indicator shows a standard-rate turn of three degrees per second?

B

According to the HSI and VOR indicators, what is the position of the aircraft relative to the BERYL intersection?

C

Which indication would you expect on your attitude indicator after you return to straight-and-level flight after making a coordinated 180-degree steep turn to the right?

C

What is the relationship between the horizontal component of lift and centrifugal force in this turn?

Centrifugal force exceeds the horizontal component of lift.

You are flying enroute and need to tune a navigational facility. How can you properly identify the station and determine operational status of the navigation facility?

Check for audio identifiers , check the Morse code against the chart , check the status of the DME if it is associated with a VOR , and check for unavailability due to maintenance .

What pretakeoff check should you make for a vacuum-driven heading indicator in preparation for an IFR flight?

Check for operation warnings and listen for unusual noises after starting the engine.

How should you check the instruments controlled by the air data computer before flight?

Check that the airspeed indicator reads zero when the aircraft is at rest and that it responds appropriately during the takeoff roll. Check that the altimeter indicates within 75 feet of a known elevation when set to the current altimeter setting. Check that the vertical speed indicator indicates zero Check and set the backup instruments.

How should you check the digital attitude and heading instruments before flight?

Check that the heading and turn indicators show turns in the correct direction. Check that the slip/skid indicator moves to the outside during taxi turns When the magnetic compass is stable, check the heading indicator against the compass. Set the backup instruments.

While attitude instrument flying, how do you avoid the error of failing to correct for pitch deviations during roll-out from a turn?

Do not fixate on the heading indicator

What is the solution to the attitude instrument flying error of applying excessive pitch corrections for altimeter deviations?

Do not rush the pitch correction. If you aggressively apply a large correction, you are more likely to aggravate the existing error.

What should you do if you experience large deviations from the desired attitude, heading, and airspeed during attitude instrument flying?

Do not tolerate small deviations, and if you detect an error, initiate a correction immediately

While attitude instrument flying, how do you avoid the common error of consistent loss of altitude during turn entries?

During turn entry, apply back pressure to compensate for the loss of vertical lift.

Assume that you are tracking the 300-degree radial from a VOR station, but the aircraft begins to drift off course to the left due to strong winds. You turn the aircraft to a heading of 320 degrees to return to the radial. After you are established on the heading, what are the steps to establish a wind correction angle to maintain the 300-degree radial?

Fly a heading of 320 degrees until the needle centers, and then fly heading 310 degrees and note whether the CDI remains centered. If the aircraft flies through the 300-degree radial, fly a heading of 300 degrees, drift back to the radial, and then fly a heading of 305 degrees and whether the CDI remains centered.

During your instrument training, you are preparing to practice instrument maneuvers and procedures. To meet your responsibilties as pilot in command, what are actions you should take when practicing instrument maneuvers and procedure?

Fly with an instructor or safety pilot who has a private pilot certificate with the category and class ratings that apply to the airplane and have an appropriate view-limiting device.

In addition to a clock, slip/skid indicator, sensitive altimeter, and the instruments you need for VFR, what other flight instruments does 14 CFR Part 91 require for IFR flight?

Gyroscopic pitch and bank indicator Gyroscopic direction indicator Gyroscopic turn indicator

You are planning to use GPS navigation for a flight under IFR. Your GPS equipment is WAAS-certified. What is true about verifying the integrity of the GPS signals?

If you verify WAAS coverage along the entire route of flight, you do not need to perform the RAIM prediction check prior to departure.

What flight information does the air data computer provide?

Indicated altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, and outside air temperature

What sources provide input to a typical attitude and heading reference systems( AHRS) to determine attitude, heading, rate of turn, and coordination of the flight controls?

Inertial sensors, a magnetometer, GPS, and might also use air data sensors

How does magnetic dip cause compass errors in high latitudes?

Magnetic dip combines with characteristics of the internal compass structure to cause compass errors during turns and during acceleration and deceleration.

What actions do you take to perform turns when you have lost the use of the gyroscopic attitude and heading indicators?

Maintain level flight using the altimeter as the primary pitch instrument while cross checking the vSI and airspeed indicator.

While attitude instrument flying, how do you avoid the common error of consistent gain in altitude when rolling out from a turn?

Make sure you relax back pressure during roll-out. If you added nose-up trim during the turn, use some forward pressure until you can trim for level flight.

You are planning an IFR flight across central Washington to the Seattle area. Using the attached list of NOTAMs from the area, locate a runway closure and a navaid limitation

NOTAM 5 shows a runway closure and NOTAM 7 shows a navaid limitation.

How do you avoid failing to keep the heading indicator properly set during attitude instrument flying?

Periodically include the magnetic compass in your scan

What five categories of risk factors do you need to consider when making decisions about a flight?

Pilot, passengers, plane, programming, plan

Which statement best explains the error and corrective action associated with the heading indicator?

Precession causes the heading to drift . Compensate by checking the heading indicator against the magnetic compass in straight - and - level unaccelerated flight at approximately 15 - minute intervals and reset it as necessary

You are tracking the 235 bearing from the NDB. Which RMI shows that you are on course?

RMI 2

You are about to make an instrument departure in reduced visibility at a busy airport. You have been cleared to taxi to Runway 25 via a route that involves a series of taxiways. You've studied the airport diagram and taxi routes during your preflight planning, completed as many checklist items as possible before taxiing, and you are taxiing slowly and monitoring the appropriate radio frequencies for information. What other precautions can you take to avoid a runway incursion?

Read back clearances in full; request progressive taxi instructions if unsure of your position on the airport; use your exterior taxi/landing lights; and when you get to the runup area, position your aircraft so you can see landing aircraft.

In a typical light general aviation airplane, what happens if the system that provides electrical power to the digital flight instrument system fails?

Redundant power sources provide electricity for the instrument systems, and backup instruments that do not need electricity continue function

You are planning an IFR cross-country flight using GPS. What guidelines should you consider when planning a flight with the intent of using a GPS?

Refer to NOTAMs prior to flight to determine if any GPS signals are unreliable, and verify that the databases are current before using GPs for navigation.

While tracking inbound on the 270-degree radial, you notice an area of storms on your course and decide to change course and track inbound on the 250-degree radial. After you receive an ATC clearance for the course correction, what steps do you take to intercept the 250-degree radial?

Select the desired course on the HSI, turn to an intercept heading, note the rate of closure on the course, and complete the turn to the new course as the CDI centers.

Yeu need are to do to check Plamingantght dual VOR using navigation a oual VOR systems? system, but a ground or airborme test faeliy is not available. What do you

Set both receivers to the same VOR facility, center the needles, and verify that the bearing differential between the two receivers does not exceed four degrees.

What attitude does this indicator show?

Slipping, level turn; 10 degrees to the left

What factor must you consider when establishing and maintaining a steep turn?

Steep turn techniques are similar to shallower turns except for the need for a higher angle of attack to compensate for the greatly reduced vertical component of lift, which magnifies any errors in pitch control.

According to the Airport/Facility Directory, the frequency for the VOT at your departure airport is 108.00 Mh z. You have identified the facility by listening to the series of dots transmitted from the VOT. What indication confirms the required VOR system accuracy?

The CDI centers with a TO indication when you select 183 degrees and with a FROM indication when you select 003 degrees.

How does an HSI differ from traditional VOR indicators?

The HSI display is automatically rotated to the correct position, which prevents reverse sensing.

What is a true statement regarding the use of GPS equipment without WAAS capability for IFR operations?

The airplane must be equipped with the alternate avionics necessary to receive the ground - based facilities that are appropriate for the route to the destination and to any required alternate; additionally, those ground-based facilities must be operational at the time of the flight.

What instrument has failed, and what is the flight attitude?

The attitude indicator has failed, and the aircraft is descending.

What factors must you consider when trying to establish and maintain a steep turn?

The attitude indicator is the primary instrument for bank because you must maintain a 45-degree angle of bank; the VSI becomes a supporting pitch instrument because pitch indications on the attitude indicator can be more difficult to interpret; and the airspeed indicator is primary for power because you must adjust the power to maintain a specific airspeed

When you begin a tun to the right from a southerly heading in the northern hemisphere, what indication should you expect on the magnetic compass?

The compass will lead the turn initially , showing more of a turn than the aircraft has made , and will indicate correctly as you reach a westerly heading .

What is a characteristic of the control and performance method of attitude instrument flying?

The control instruments are used to set up power and attitude combinations for specific maneuvers.

You are flying the arrival phase of your flight using your GPS navigation system. What are the meanings of the navigation blocks shown on your MFD?

The desired track is the course between waypoints , and the track angle error is the angular difference between desired track and actual track

What condition identifies positive station passage?

The first positive, complete reversal of the TO-FROM indicator

Which is the best explanation for the operation of the heading indicator?

The heading indicator gyro spins in a vertical plane , and the aircraft rotates around the gyro .

What are the primary and supporting bank instruments that you use to maintain heading in straight-and-level flight?

The heading indicator is the primary instrument, and the attitude indicator and turn coordinator are supporting instruments.

What information do you read on this airspeed indicator?

The indicated airspeed is 121 knots and the aircraft is accelerating.

What information do you read on this altimeter?

The indicated altitude is 4,790 feet MSL, the bug is set at 4,500 feet, and the aircraft is climbing.

You are approaching PITER intersection enroute to Friday Harbor, Washington. What indications should you expect as the GPS autosequences to the next waypoint?

The system advises you to turn to the n ext course to be flown as you approach PITER; after passing PITER, the system provides navigation information to the next waypoint.

What does this Mach meter indicate?

The true airspeed is 80 % of the speed of sound

What observations demonstrate that the turn indicator is operating correctly?

There are no operation warnings and no unusual noises when power is applied to the gyra

What is the function of the aneroid wafers in the altimeter?

They expand and contract in response to static pressure changes.

What is a characteristic of the primary/support method of attitude instrument flying?

This method categorizes the instruments into three groups: pitch control, bank control, and power control.

What markings will you find on a nonprecision runway?

Threshold and aiming point markings.

What markings will you find on a precision runway?

Threshold, aiming point, touchdown zone, and side stripe markings.

How do you avoid overshooting the desired roll-out heading during attitude instrument flying?

To combat this error , maintain a standard - rate turn by avoiding too much bank angle . Refer to the turn coordinator frequently and begin your rollout with the proper lead .

What is a true statement regarding primary and supporting power instruments used for establishing or maintaining the proper airspeed in straight-and-level flight?

To establish proper airspeed , use the manifold pressure gauge or the tachometer as the primary instrument , and use the airspeed indicator as the supporting instrument .

What is a true statement regarding the primary and supporting instruments used to establish and maintain pitch during a constant airspeed climb?

To establish the proper pitch, use the attitude indicator as the primary instrument, and use the airspeed indicator as the supporting instrument.

What is a true statement regarding the primary and supporting instruments used to establish and maintain pitch during a constant airspeed descent?

To establish the proper pitch, use the attitude indicator as the primary instrument, and use the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and VSI as the supporting instruments.

Which statement is true regarding applying the primary/support method of attitude instrument flying during a standard-rate turn?

To maintain an angle of bank throughout a standard-rate turn, use the turn coordinator as the primary bank instrument, and use the attitude indicator as the supporting bank instrument.

What is a true statement regarding applying the primarylsupport method of attitude instrument flying during a standard-rate turn?

To maintain the proper airspeed , use the airspeed indicator as the primary power instrument , and use the man o d pressure gauge or e tachometer as the supporting power instrument .

What is a true statement regarding primary or supporting pitch instruments for straight-and-level flight?

To maintain the proper pitch , use the altimeter as the primary instrument , and use the attitude indicator , VSI , and airspeed indicator as supporting instruments .

What is a true statement regarding the primary and supporting instruments used to establish and maintain pitch during a constant-rate descent?

To maintain the proper pitch, use the vertical speed indicator as the primary instrument, and use the attitude indicator as the supporting instrument.

During takeoff, you note that the pointer of the airspeed indicator rests between 0 and 15 knots. It is a windy day, and your airplane is stopped and facing into the wind. What should you do?

Turn the airplane away from the wind and stop; then verify that the pointer drops to zero.

On final approach on the Santa Fe RNAV 28 procedure, you drift to the left of the centerline and turn to a heading to reestablish this course. You then intercept the course. How do you determine the wind correction angle and track this course?

Turn to a heading that places the track vector on the course line , and maintain the wind correction angle using the HSI and track vector .

As you taxi to the runway, you discover that the vertical speed indicator displays a descent of 100 feet per minute. What action should you take?

Use 100 feet per minute down as the zero indication

While attitude instrument flying, how do you avoid the common error of chasing vertical speed indications?

Use a proper cross - check of other pitch instruments and increase your understanding of the instrument characteristics .

You are flying partial panel with gyroscopic attitude and heading indicator failure. What actions are required for you to perform straight-and-level flight?

Use smooth, gradual control inputs and wait a few moments for changes in pitch to be reflected on the altimeter, VSI, and airspeed indicator.

In the northern hemisphere, what must you do to compensate for compass errors when turning to a northerly or southerly heading?

Use standard-rate turns; turn past the intended heading when turning to a southerly heading; roll out early when turning to a northerly heading.

How can you check the airspeed indicator during your takeoff roll?

Verify that the airspeed indicator begins moving and increases at an appropriate rate as you accelerate. If it doesn't change appropriately, discontinue the takeoff

Which of the stated V-speeds is correct for this indicator?

Vso '55 knots

You are on an instrument flight, and your DME indicates that you are eight nautical miles from the station. Your altitude is 7,000 feet. Can you consider your DME reading accurate?

Yes, because you must be at least one horizontal mile from the station for each 1,000 feet above site elevation to consider the DME reading accurate.

You are on an intercept heading for a bearing to an NDB. What is true about the airplane's position?

You are on a 45° intercept angle for the 210° bearing to the NDB.

What happens if the PFD fails?

You can display PFD information on the multifunction display in reversionary mode.

Prior to departure, what is required before you can use the VOR equipment for IFR operations?

Your VOR equipment must be maintained , checked , and inspected under an approved procedure .

You are flying partial panel with gyroscopic attitude and heading indicator failure. What actions are required for you to perform climbs and descents?

use the airspeed indicator as the primary pitch instrument for constant airspeed climbs and descents while cross checking the VSI and the altimeter

What is a true statement about the wide area augmentation system (WAAS)?

wAAS enhances the accuracy of GPS , and WAAS - certified GPS equipment provides vertical glide path information for RNAV ( GPS ) approach procedures