INSY 3020 Exams 1-3

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Dominant Design

"Defacto standard" for a product; includes all components of that product

What is the OSHA standard 5a1 and when can it be cited?

"General Duty Clause" - Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his/her employees. This can be cited whenever a specific standard does not exist.

Scott Farmer, CEO, statement on safety

"Safety must become something much more than a subject we manage. It will become part of our corporate culture and will be a foundational part of everything we do as a company."

Bernardino Ramazinni

(1700s) Recognized two workplace hazards: - Harmful character of materials handled - Irregular motions and unnatural postures

Hand-arm vibration syndrome

(HAVS) AKA Raynaud's phenomenon and vibration white finger syndrome is a complex phenomenon

Single Minute Exchange of Dies

(SMED) - reduction in WIP - reduction in handling, manual and mechanized - elimination of stressful/time consuming die changes - reduction in warehousing - increase in production floor space - decrease in work related MSD exposure - decrease in time for custom orders

Ultimate Tensile Stress

(UTS). Max stress a material can withstand under applied force.

The Americans with Disabilities Act

- 1990 - Designed to prevent discrimination against individuals with disabilities in: state and local government services, public accommodations, transportation, telecommunications, private businesses that have 15 or more employees - Makes it unlawful to discriminate in employment against a qualified individual with a disability

Types of Biomechanics Models

- 2D Static - 3D Static - Dynamic (2D and limited 3D) - Special Purpose (low back)

Cost Estimates

- 50% of accommodations cost less than $500 - 19% cost nothing at all - More than 80% cost less than $1000

Modality Compatibility

- A flashing strobe can make a lift truck visible in a noisy environment - An audible alarm can make an important control "visible" in a visually noisy environment

Testing the Backster App

- A simple stick figure app has been successfully piloted - The app will allow users to change job characteristics and personal characteristics

Why Backster?

- A simple, straightforward way to introduce ergonomic concepts - Allows for experiential learning - Makes ergonomics training more engaging and participatory - We have "abandoned" the physical model for an app (at least for now) -was submitted to AU Technology Commercialization but was not pursued beyond provisional patent status

Patents

- A utility patent is a time-limited monopoly on an idea - A design patent is a time-limited monopoly on an ornamental design

What is Usability?

- An attribute of a product or system that suggests: Ease of use, comfortable use, effective/efficient use - Usable Systems: work as expected for the purpose for which it was designed, go beyond simple "utility," suggesting satisfying or even pleasurable ;) use

14. Can you define biomechanics?

- Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms - A combination of biology, anatomy, and mechanics

Biomechanics

- Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms - A combination of biology, anatomy, and mechanics - Concerned with the internal and external forces that act on the human body and the effects these forces produce... both internally and externally...i.e. every time you exert a force on an external object, there is an equal and opposite force exerted on you and your external and internal structure

Variation within a mono-task job

- Average forces/postures/activity levels can under-estimate risk - Peak forces/postures/activity levels can over-estimate risk - Assessment may only capture a "snapshot" of the job which can over or under estimate risk

Principle 3: Neutral Postures and "Relaxed" Muscles

- Awkward postures magnify ergonomic risk factors - Extended reaches are both inefficient and increase muscular effort - Keep tools close (keyboards, mice, phones, etc.) - Select equipment that minimizes awkward postures - Ex: number pad pushes mouse farther away, headset eliminates reach for phone

Craft associated names

- Bricklayers' Shoulder - Carpenters' Elbow - Stitchers' Wrist - Telegraphists' Cramp - Cotton Twisters' Hand

5. What did you learn from the chevy cobalt incident from Dr. Davis' class?

- Brooke Melton's chevy cobalt turns off out of nowhere (airbags turn off, power steering turns off) when she's going 55 mph and crashes and she dies - GM ignition switch issue - If car was exposed to high vibration, the spring inside the ignition switch did not provide enough force to keep the key from turning off - If you bumped the key, it could switch to off - Heavy key rings could swing enough to switch it off - Could have been fixed for less than $0.50 - 153 known fatalities associated with the GM ignition

Gloves

- Can protect the hands from physical and chemical insult - Can improve or hinder performance - Grip strength decreases while wearing gloves - One size does not fit all

Example Uses (questions) of Work Physiology

- Can the job be safely accomplished by people?...for the required duration using prescribed tools and methods? - Which methods are easiest (takes less energy)? - Can a specific individual perform a job safely? - How should jobs be ranked (for compensation and fatigue avoidance/work-rest cycle purposes)?

Initial Data

- Case studies, customer feedback - surveys - focus groups - task analysis - user diaries - conceptual modeling - rapid prototyping - observations/interviews - science fiction

How do typical assessment tools lack resolution?

- Categorical/discrete outcomes (1-7 but almost all ratings are 5-7, green/yellow/red) - Inability to make relative comparisons

Types of Fatigue

- Central (nerve related) - Peripheral (muscle related)

Examples of an historically poor sense of quantification of risk factors

- Combining multiple risk factors (force and posture) - Combining multiple tasks , particularly when risks vary between tasks

HF Risk Factors (Cognitive/Mental)

- Complex control/display relationships - Poor instructions/communication - New equipment that operates differently from old - Fatigue/Disrupted sleep schedule - Stereotype conflicts and lack of standardization

15. What key principles of physics underlie biomechanics?

- Concerned with the internal and external forces that act on the human body and the effects these forces produce... both internally and externally...i.e. every time you exert a force on an external object, there is an equal and opposite force exerted on you and your external and internal structure

USA Terminology

- Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD) - Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMSD) - Recently: MSDs - Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMI)/Trauma/Disorders

General Effects of Aging

- Decline starts at about 30 years - Progressive loss of muscle mass - Lost muscle tissue replaced by fat - Decrease in maximal strength - Diminishing of muscle reflexes

Good Coding Systems Maximize...

- Detectability - Discriminability - Meaningfulness - Use of multidimensional codes - Standardization (be careful, you might be stuck with it for a long time)

Mistake Proofing

- Detection in Station - Change to Design or Process that helps the operator reduce or eliminate defects or prevent the defect from continuing downstream (Out of station)

Role of Safety and Health Professional and/or IE regarding ADA

- Develop functional job descriptions - Liaisons with EEO manager, HR department, and Medical department for employee placement - Conduct safety and ergonomics analyses based on limitations of disabled employee - Make recommendation for safety and ergonomics modifications to: machine tools, processes, procedures, existing facilities, workplace environment

Truth behind the story of the space pen

- Developed by Paul Fisher - Fisher spent $1 million on R&D for AG-7 - NASA paid $2.39 in bulk, replacing $128 mechanical pencils

Possible benefits of job rotation

- Employee satisfaction (improved psychosocial environment?) - Flexibility - Efficiency - Productivity - Reduction in MSD risk? (If tasks are truly varied and overall DPC can be reduced significantly)

Mass Production Environments Advantages/Disadvantages

- End of line repair - Dedicated, inflexible machines - Low product variety - Work assignment restrictions - Low Employee Morale - System full of waste

How does Cintas Ergo share ideas?

- Ergo teams - Solutions catalog - Infomercials - Internal competition

2. What do we mean when we say "no one owns ergonomics?"

- Ergonomic principles and programs are implemented internationally - Ergonomics has multiple domains: Informational (HF), Physical, Organizational/Macro

Principle 5: All Ergonomics are "Local"

- Ergonomics is personal - User preferences are important - User "tastes" can impact usability (let comfort be your guide but remember you are driving) - User choice facilitates office ergo implementation (do not force workers to use a chair, keyboard, etc.)

EZ-Stick Tiger Cage Slide

- Ergonomics is the art and science of fitting work to workers - Ergonomics related injuries account for 1/3 of work related injuries and illnesses but over 2/3 of workers compensation expenditures and lost work days - One-size-fits-all solutions lead to under-protecting some and over-restricting other employees - The EZ Stick helps safety and health professionals to efficiently evaluate their workplaces to ensure that work is optimally positioned: at or near the elbow in the "elbow zone" - Absolute "Static" Zones Will NOT satisfy all workers ("Competing" Concept) - The elbow zone is the most ergonomic position in which to work - Basic EZ-Stick solution: an adjustable 3-color physical stick which represents the power, caution, and danger zones for manual handling tasks - Advanced EZ-Stick: a programmable LED equipped stick that projects zones onto the workplace for easy, visual assessment

Principle 1: Anthropometry

- Ergonomics, HF, safety, medicine, kinesiology are all related - Anthropometry helps tie them all together - No two users are the same

Error/Mistake Proofing Categories

- Error Proofing (Highly Effective) - Mistake Proofing - Detection Out of Station - Procedural (Not Effective)

Preventing CTDs

- Establish Ergonomics Program - Institute Controls: Engineering and Administrative (limiting exposure to risk)

28. Consider a situation where you are provided a set of complaints from a worker (on a fast paced packing line)...who complains that her back , hands and shoulders hurt. As discussed in class....what are the basic steps you would consider to assess and control/abate this situation? How would you justify your potential proposed abatement?

- Establish Ergonomics Program - Institute Controls: Engineering and Administrative (limiting exposure to risk) Ergonomics Program Examples: - RULA - REBA - NIOSH Lifting Guide - TLVs - CTD Risk Index (Frievalds) - Body Part Discomfort Surveys / Charts - DUET and LiFFT Engineering Control Examples: - Position the work and worker to eliminate awkward postures: To reduce wrist flexion, either raise the work or lower the worker, to reduce wrist extension, perform the opposite - Make workstations and seats adjustable to allow for changes in posture - Angling or tilting the work towards the worker may eliminate wrist deviations - Using fixtures and jigs to support work-pieces. Make them adjustable, so that the fixture can be angled to reposition the part, instead of bending the wrist - Locate tools and parts within easy reach - Round surface edges to avoid sharp protrusions - Keep parts bins below elbow height to avoid bent wrists - Design job to reduce hand-force and repetition frequency - Reduce force needed to turn knobs and valves. Those requiring power to turn should be designed for a palmar grip

Limitations/Assumptions of LiFFT and DUET

- Estimates of risk derived from fatigue failure studies of cadaver spines - Risk assessments for LiFFT based on studies involving occupational populations (mix of 75% men, 25% women) - Individual characteristics (age, anthropometry, sex) will influence individual risk - studies are currently underway

Cintas Safety Vision

- Every Cintas location is injury and illness free - Every partner is engaged in continuously improving safety - Cintas is widely recognized as one of the world's leaders in safety and health performance

Principle 2: Visual Ergonomics Impacts Physical Ergonomics

- Eye strain can result in bending, twisting, awkward postures, stress (overall muscle tension), and a decrease in productivity - 20/20/20 Rule can help reduce eye strain (every 20 minutes look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds) - Control lighting and glare to minimize eye strain (task lighting, brightness adjustments, document holders)

Validation of the LiFFT Risk Assessment Tool

- Fatigue failure theory provides a clear theoretical basis for assessing cumulative spine loading - LBP is thought to be due to cumulative loading. However, most current tools have difficulty with assessment of cumulative loading. (Complicated computation, vague rationale justifying cumulative methods, no clear underlying theoretical basis)

Engineering Controls

- Focus on the work environment (tools and equipment) - Achieved by redesigning tools, workstations, and jobs

Good Sense of risk factors

- Force - Posture - Repetition/Duration - Environment (vibration, contact stresses, etc.)

CTDs - Physical Risk Factors

- Force - Repetition - Non-neutral work postures - Vibration exposure (hand-arm/whole-body) - Personal Characteristics, psychosocial factors, environment, etc.

Inputs for DUET

- Force estimate (OMNI-RES scale) for each task of interest - number (or good estimate) of repetitions for each task - Estimate of cumulative damage obtained for each task - Cumulative damage for each task summed for "daily dose"

Anatomical Planes of Reference

- Frontal - Transverse - Saggital

Impacting Factors of Anthropometry

- Gender - Ethnic Origin - Age - Time/Generational - Nutrition and Physical Conditioning - Current Big Factor: Obesity

Are innovations good or bad?

- Good - For our purposes an innovation must have some benefit to someone or something, even if overall the costs exceed the benefits (Atomic Bomb)

In the Endocrine System, hormones regulate activities such as...

- Growth - Development - Reproduction - Metabolism - Fluid Balance - Blood Homeostasis - Coping with stress

Hand Tools

- Have been used for about one million years - One million years is no guarantee of proper design - Most common tools implicated in hand tool injuries are knives, wrenches, and hammers - Other consequences of hand tools are cumulative trauma disorders - Hand tool training is often overlooked

23. What are some risk factors for developing MSDs? Can you discuss a relative ranking of them?

- High frequency of repetition of the task - High forcefulness of exertion - Awkward postures - Duration of the task - Mechanical pressure - Vibration - Exposure to cold - Lack of rest - Obesity - Psychosocial factors (job insecurity, high productivity demands, surges in workload, etc.)

Contributors AKA Risk Factors of CTDs

What is currently happening related to MSDs?

- Higher production rates - Shift towards service and high tech jobs - Increased awareness by medical practitioners - Greater reporting - Expanded Workers Compensation laws - Knowledge of occupational causes - Balance of Genders in the workforce - Aging of the workforce - Reduction of worker turnover - Immigration related? - Obesity

Sudden Force

- Impact Trauma - Ex: contusions, lacerations, fractures, amputations, joint subluxations, concussion, etc.

Domains of Ergonomics

- Informational (HF) - Physical - Organizational/Macro

Principal Body Systems

- Integumentary - Skeletal - Muscular - Cardiovascular - Lymphatic - Nervous - Endocrine - Respiratory - Digestive - Urinary - Reproductive

Invention Patentability

- Invention = A wish + enablement + Novel - Enablement is critical - Enablement = showing how to do something - If you don't understand how the idea could be enabled, the idea is not enabled - Innovation = Successfully Applied Invention - Usually implies implemented - Often results in the dominant design - Often involves architectural control points

Neurovascular Disorders

- Involves nerves and adjacent blood vessels - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome involves shoulder and upper-arm. Caused by compression of nerves and blood vessels between neck and shoulder. - Vibration (Reynaud's) Syndrome. AKA "White Finger"

Office Ergonomics Remarks

- It can take time to accommodate/ acclimate to new office equipment/procedures - Use the features or lose the benefits - Periodically review/adjust - Allow users to test equipment before adopting

Main parts of the Urinary System

- Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra

What is Lean Production/Manufacturing Engineering?

- Lean is NOT just efficiency - Lean is a systematic process for eliminating waste and focusing on what adds value for the customer - Lean is a guiding philosophy: it emphasizes delivery of quality goods at the lowest costs by methodically eliminating waste and non-value added activities

Lean vs. Mass Production

- Lean is incremental improvements. It is evolutionary. Focus is on lead time reduction. Mass production focuses on efficiency, is inflexible with long lead times. - Lean strives for perfection as defined by zero inventory - We cannot be perfect but we move toward perfection. Driving continuous improvement daily

What does anthropometric data include?

- Length - Weight - Anatomical limits to movement - Limits of reach - Static body dimensions (with variances) - Static force capabilities - Endurance capabilities

Supporting Evidence for LiFFT and DUET

- LiFFT validated in two cross-sectional databases - DUET cumulative damage (CD) measure significantly related to all outcomes in two studies - Results strongly support the use of a CD measure (derived using fatigue failure techniques) to assess the risk of a wide variety of LBD/LBP and DUE MSD outcomes

Peripheral Fatigue

- Loss of action potential along the axons (signal pathway from cell body to the fibrils) - Impairment of transmission across the motor neuromuscular junctions (motor plates) - Accumulation of lactic acid and other waste products in skeletal muscles - Oxygen "debt" in skeletal muscle tissue

Central Fatigue

- Loss of motivation and personal effort - Neuromuscular "recruitment" is minimized (by motivation and practice) - Decrease in voluntary motor drive resulting in loss of "output" - Psychosocial reasons/issues

25. How are ergonomically designed tools used to prevent injuries?

- Maintain neutral postures (straight wrists) - Bend the tool, not the wrist - Avoid tissue compression stress (contact stresses) such as tool handles and contact surfaces with sharp edges - Avoid repetitive finger action (trigger finger) - Design safe operation - Remember lefties and women - Minimize vibration exposure

Principles of Hand Tool Design

What changes were made regarding the Formula 1 pit crew?

- Manpower Added - Product Design (Single Lug Nut) - Tools Improved (High Speed Impact Wrenches rather than hammer) - Work Standard Refined to include every detail - Methods highly practiced - Why is there no concern for expense? it is what the customer demands

Evaluation of Alternative Designs: Toothbrush Example

- Measure existing tools (toothbrushes) and existing users - Question the target population - Obtain expert opinion (dentists and hygienists) - Observe/measure subject performance while using existing products - Measure outcome (performance) objectively (plaque removal -- "blinded" evaluators)

Ways to collect Anthropometric Data

- Mechanically: Tapes, scales, calipers - Photographically - Use of a Mock-Up or Simulation - Computerized / Automated methods

Jidoka Philosophy

- Minimize errors (Design them out of the process) - If errors occur, stop the process and fix problems rather than pushing them down the line "to be resolved later" - Jidoka integrates the human into the process

Lean Concepts

- Mistake proof (use fixtures to which the part can only fit in the correct orientation) - Go/no go checks (tolerance checks for hole sizes, landmark spacing - place part in fixture) - Quality not "inspected into" product after manufacture but tested continuously at each process - Maintain process sequence

The Cost of Poor Usability/HF

- Mistakes, errors, accidents, mishaps - Poor Performance (slower, lower quality) - Frustration and reluctance to use a product/system - Poor comparison to competing products/services

Muscle System Functions

- Movement - Circulation - Blood Pressure - Food Movement - Heat Production - Breathing - Expelling of Waste Products

Aspects of Natural Mapping

- Movement compatibility - Spatial compatibility - Modality compatibility

Body Systems most relevant to work physiology

- Muscular - Cardiovascular - Respiratory - Nervous

Typical Applications of Biomechanics Models

- NIOSH Lifting Guides for Manual Materials Handling - Michigan 2D and 3D Biomechanical Analysis Programs - Utah Back Compressive Force (BCF) Model - Many Others

Computerized / Automated Methods

- Newest Methodology - Gaining widespread use now... including for security purposes

Main parts of the Respiratory system

- Nose - Mouth - Trachea - Bronchial Tubes - Lungs - Diaphragm

Human Factors Engineering vs. Ergonomics

- Often these terms are used as synonyms - Historically, emphasis on humans in the design in the U.S. was called "human factors engineering" and "ergonomics" was the European term - Today, the basic distinction is that ergonomics focuses on physical and mechanical considerations and that human factors engineering focuses on cognitive concerns, such as control/display relationships

Why keep learning? (From Dr. Pentikis Lecture)

- Opportunities are always present - Professional development - Standing among peers - Add to the literature - Teach others

Volitional Activity

- Overexertion Trauma - Ex: Tendonitis, tenosynovitis, myofascial disorders, nerve entrapment disorders (CTS), low-back pain, etc.

Heart Rate Measurements

- Palpation - Electronics - Light - Sound

System Key Words

- People and Things - Purpose - Interaction/Interface - Environment

Engineering Control Examples

- Position the work and worker to eliminate awkward postures: To reduce wrist flexion, either raise the work or lower the worker, to reduce wrist extension, perform the opposite - Make workstations and seats adjustable to allow for changes in posture - Angling or tilting the work towards the worker may eliminate wrist deviations - Using fixtures and jigs to support work-pieces. Make them adjustable, so that the fixture can be angled to reposition the part, instead of bending the wrist - Locate tools and parts within easy reach - Round surface edges to avoid sharp protrusions - Keep parts bins below elbow height to avoid bent wrists - Design job to reduce hand-force and repetition frequency - Reduce force needed to turn knobs and valves. Those requiring power to turn should be designed for a palmar grip

Error Proofing

- Prevention in Station - Designing a potential failure or cause of failure out of a product or process. Defect cannot occur

How to determine safe jobs

- Professional judgement - Critical thresholds (physiology, biomechanical or psychophysical) - Epidemiological data associated with jobs - Combination of these - Nothing is 100% safe

Quick Fixes at Cintas

- Push rather than lift - Raise boxes to reduce bending; put them on wheels to reduce lifting - Overloaded Carts: Awkward Postures/Increased Pull Forces - Maximum Fill level for Shakeout Carts - Reduced workstation width to allow clean uniform bin to be in front and to side of partner

Active (Formal) Approach to assessing CTDs

- RULA - REBA - NIOSH Lifting Guide - TLVs - CTD Risk Index (Frievalds) - Body Part Discomfort Surveys / Charts - DUET and LiFFT

ADA makes it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in employment practices such as...

- Recruitment - Pay - Hiring - Firing - Job Assignments - Promotion - Training - Leave - Lay-offs - Benefits - All other employment related activities

19. How can administrative controls be used to prevent MSDs?

- Reduce task frequency, if compatible with production demands - Rotate workers between different types of jobs, so that the affected body part does not perform the task for the entire shift - Alternate hands if possible, so that the job is not performed primarily by one hand or the other - Have gradual break-in periods, especially for new workers, and during the early part of a shift - Train workers in "correct" ("best") work methods - Train management and supervision about the problem and what the correct response to affected employees should be - Avoid machine pacing if possible - Avoid incentive pay scales - Expand the work content (variety) of the job - Seek medical advice as to advisability of job placement exams, work-site exercise and stretching programs, the use of wrist splints, and the efficacy of mega-vitamin regimens

Administrative Control Examples

29. Mr. Stephen Jenkins' philosophy on problem solving and success in the field of occupational ergonomics.

- Reducing the total time partners spend in awkward postures - Allowing and educating partners to use effective, neutral postures

At Cintas, what are the biggest Ergonomic Opportunities?

- Reducing the total time partners spend in awkward postures - Allowing and educating partners to use effective, neutral postures

Heart Rate criteria

- Rest: 65 - 85 bpm - Not consistently above (Moderately heavy work): 120 - 150 bpm

Commonly used Ergo Tools

- Rodger's Tool (6 body regions, task parameters) - RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, posture based) - Strain Index (hand/wrist CTD tool) - HAL (Hand Activity Level, ACGIH TLV) - Revised NIOSH Lifting Education (manual material handling) - Liberty Mutual Psychophysical Tables (L/L, P/P, carry) - Computer Biomechanical Models (e.g., U of Michigan-3DSSM) - Manual Biomechanical Models (e.g., U of Utah-BCF) - Checklists, Observational Scales, and Expert Opinion

What is Safety?

- Safety is not the elimination of all hazards - Safety is the control of hazards to an acceptable level - The safest factory produces no goods (it is closed) - Safety engineering involves the careful consideration of tradeoffs

SQDCM

- Safety, Quality, Delivery, Cost, Morale - Starts with Safety, which begins with respect for people - Lean is a process with standardized rules - Must respect/expect people to follow the process

Is job rotation a viable method for reducing MSDs?

- Seems questionable - Trying to balance MSD risks via job rotation seems ill-advised - Since high stress tasks appear to drive risk, exposing those at lesser risk greatly increases MSD risk probabilities - Results suggest that job rotation is no panacea (we must redesign risky jobs) - Fix the worst first

Types of Muscle Tissue

- Skeletal - Cardiac - Smooth

Types of injury mechanisms

- Sudden Force - Volitional Activity

Tendon Disorders

- Tendinitis - Tenosynovitis (DeQuervains Disease) (Trigger Finger) - Ganglionic Cyst - Tennis Elbow - Golfers Elbow

Common Injuries

- Tendon Disorders - Nerve Disorders - Neurovascular Disorders

3 new Fatigue-Failure based risk assessment tools

- The Lifting Fatigue Failure Tool (LiFFT): to assess risk of manual lifting tasks - The Distal Upper Extremity Tool (DUET): to asses the risk of upper extremity CTDs - Shoulder Tool: to assess shoulder risk

Jidoka

- The concept of jidoka originated in the early 1900s when Sakichi Toyoda, founder of the Toyota Group, invented a textile loom that stopped automatically when any thread broke - The automatic loom is a machine that spins thread for cloth and weaves textiles automatically - Jidoka refers to "automation with a human touch" - rather than a machine which is simply under the monitoring and supervision of an operator - Since equipment stops when problems arise, no defective products are produced - allowing a single operator to run multiple machines. This tremendously improves productivity

Design Evaluation

- The designers must determine what features are most important and "weight" these features appropriately (e.g, writing speed vs. writing pressure) - The designers must anticipate how the tool will be used and misused - The designers must know the characteristics of the group that will use the device (e.g., those interested in superficial features)

9. How is anthropometry defined and used?

- The part of anthropology having to do with measurements of the human body to determine differences in races, individuals, etc. - The study of human body measurements especially on a comparative basis. - The measurement of the sizes and proportions of the human body.

Definition of Anthropometry

The Science of Seating

- There is no one "best" chair - Chairs should promote lumbar lordosis (curving inward or forward). Lumbar kyphosis (curving outward) results in increased disk pressure. - A more "open" hip-angle can reduce this kyphosis

Principle 4: Static vs. Dynamic Postures - Micro-breaks

- There is no such thing as an optimal position to remain in all day long - Sitting is hard on the body - Movement is your friend - Make your visual break a body break too - Adjust/ move your chair/ body frequently - Do not aim for numbers, aim for postures (no idea what that means lol)

How do I Find Answers? (From Dr. Pentikis Guest Lecture)

- Thought Experiments - Find worst case - Get out in the field - Test ideas - Solicit feedback - Develop recommendations

12. How do we "use" physiology in ergonomics?

- To enhance efficiency: To monitor energy expenditure and avoid excess fatigue - To ensure safety: do not push people beyond their physical limitations

How do we use work physiology?

- To enhance efficiency: To monitor energy expenditure and avoid excess fatigue - To ensure safety: do not push people beyond their physical limitations

Goal of Work Physiology

- To insure worker can perform task efficiently and safely within the environment. - To accurately measure and evaluate the amount of energy needed to perform the job.

Jido

- Toyoda/Toyota implemented many changes to automatic looms including the ability to change shuttles without stopping operations - The Japanese term "jido" (automation) simply means a machine that runs on its own. The Toyota term "jido" implies a machine with devices for making "judgements" (status assessments)

Lymphatic System Functions

- Transport clean fluids back to the blood - Drains excess fluids from tissues - Removes "debris" from cells of body - Transports fats from digestive system

High Risk Occupations for MSDs

- Transportation and material moving - Production - Health care

Trade Secrets

- Unlimited-time protection of an idea, but must be managed - Prevent important techniques and technology from moving sideways into competitive organizations

General principles of work surface height

- Use adjustable surfaces - Working height at elbow height - Provide adequate clearance for the legs

Usability Goals

- Usefulness: does the system achieve goals? - Effectiveness: ease of use (can be quantified as speed, error rate, % of users "who get it") - Learnability: competence level after a prescribed amount of time (also, time to "relearn") - Errors: should be identifiable and correctable - Satisfaction: opinions, feelings, coolness

3. What did Dr. Davis have to say about the value of human life?

- Value of Statistical Life is around $10 million - According to Ken Feinberg, after 9/11 he decided all life should be treated equal, (all families should receive same compensation for death of a loved one no matter their profession)

Heuristic List

- Visibility of system status - Match between system and the real world - User control and freedom - Consistency and standards - Error prevention - Recognition rather than recall - Flexibility and efficiency of use - Aesthetic and minimalist design - Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors - Help and documentation

Developing a Safety Culture

- Vision and Goals - Leadership - Continuous Improvement - Safety Culture - Error Proofing - Structure Documented Process for Incident Investigation and Improvement

Systems Approach

- We stress global concepts and repeat these themes in each section of the class - We emphasize problem solving approaches rather than specific solutions - We highlight the interdisciplinary nature of OSE

Descriptive labels

- Wear and Tear disorders - Overuse injuries - Osteoarthroses - Degenerative joint diseases - VDT disease

Inputs needed for LiFFT task analysis

- Weight of the load - Peak horizontal distance from hip to center of load during the lift - Number of repetitions for this task per day

17. Biomechanically, how does lifting incorrectly affect the lower back?

- When standing straight, the back supports 70-80% of body weight - Bending at the waist, the weight the back supports increases by 6 times - The spine acts as a fulcrum for the weight - Ex: A 200 lb person's back supports 160 lbs, lifting a 45lb weight while bending, multiples the weight the back must lift by 6, as well as the body weight being supported by 6, the person's back is supporting 1,230 lbs

Factors that can determine if a function/duty is essential

- Whether the reason the position exists is to perform that function/duty - The number of other employees available to perform the function/duty or among whom the performance of the function/duty can be distributed (if a person cannot do it) - The degree of expertise or skill required to perform the function/duty

Two major types of vibration exposure

- Whole body vibration (4-8 Hz resonance) - Hand-arm vibration (segmental vibration)

Backster Personalized App

- Working with an Epic Games MegaGrant to develop a Backster™app -Mashnur will work on this over the summer - Tailor output to specific individuals and allow personalization of results - Provide a quick personal assessment of lifting tasks - Facilitate quick comparison of lifts - Encourages participation and engagement

Pull vs. Push

- demand (the customer) drives production - multiple products on a single flexible line - all product orders can be custom orders

What does Dr. Pentikis think about getting a "certification"?

- get one two is better - People look at you differently - Easy way to continue your education and maintain professional credibility

A system is an entity that...

- is composed of people and things - interacting - in an environment - to accomplish some purpose or goal - which they could not do independently

How to go beyond initial data collection

- needs assessment - in depth analysis of competitors products - development of product specifications and goals (requirements) - simulations, mockups, prototypes - field reports - customer/user concern problems

Why humans can be poor decision makers

- people seek info that confirms their chosen course of action (confirmation bias) - people focus on only a few critical attributes - humans can usually entertain only a few hypotheses at one time (and test one at a time) - potential losses viewed as having greater consequence than potential gains - undue weight to early information - do not extract optimal amounts of info - we gain more confidence with more info, but we are not necessarily more accurate - seek more info than can be absorbed (bandwidth limitations) - reliability of info not always assessed accurately

The importance of usability in the office

- productivity can suffer, not just comfort - errors are a function of both physical and cognitive factors

Human bandwidth limit

- rate of information transmission over a channel - ear = 8-10K b/s - vision = 1K b/s - Our senses can exceed our bandwidth (aka information overload)

Manual Handling Opportunities at Cintas

- the job is a series of long cycle tasks - Every place the truck stops could bring a different ergonomic situation

Cognition

- the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgement - That which comes to be known, as through perception, reasoning, or intuition; knowledge

What are the 3 critical elements required for Noise/sound transmission?

- the source (or transmitter) - a medium for carrying the sound (air, water, metal, etc.), - the detector (or receiver).

What is the goal of Lean Engineering

- to eliminate non-value added tasks and/or risky tasks (tasks with bad ergonomics and poor safety) - not automation - It is easier to automate mass production environments since customer demands (and therefore products) rarely change - However, if your process is never changing to meet customer's evolving demands, you are probably making an obsolete product

Design Tips

- use user profiles to remain focused on the needs of the target users - Use scenarios to design and test system - Use participatory techniques (integrate user feedback) - Use design mockups - Use heuristics (a set or list of guidelines to ensure HF compliance)

Usability Questions

- who are the target users? - what are the user tasks? - what is the operational environment? - are there similar products/systems? - if so, what problems/concerns exist on these systems? - what are the system goals?

In a static model, the sum of the moments (Force * distance) =

Intellectual Property

1) Law. property that results from original creative thought, as patents, copyright material, and trademarks, 2) an individual product of original creative thought

Domain

1) a field of action, thought, influence, e.g. a domain of science 2) a realm or range of personal knowledge, responsibility, etc.

To report accidents, unsafe working conditions, or safety and health violations... who do you call?

1-800-321-OSHA

The ideal ergonomics assessment tool should have the following characteristics

1. Accuracy (predictive of health outcomes) 2. Reliability/Repeatability (same results no matter who uses it) 3. Quick and Simple (efficient and usable) 4. Application and interpretation are consistent and clear 5. Allows for assessment of multitask and complex jobs 6. Prioritization of tasks and identifies "safe" as well as "risky" jobs 7. Results are invariant (tasks can be analyzed in any order or grouping) 8. Works consistently across a variety of workplaces 9. Should be able to account for differences in worker capabilities 10. Has "quick" and "deep dive" versions

Phases of Usability

1. Analysis Phase: understand target users and target tasks 2. Design Phase: apply knowledge of users, tasks, and HF concepts to design products, procedures, systems 3. Evaluation Phase: verify that user needs met 4. Iterate through phases: The sooner necessary changes are discovered, the cheaper they are to correct

Tools are Based On Four Criteria

1. Biomechanical - based on stress on the musculoskeletal structures 2. Physiological - based on metabolic and circulatory responses 3. Psychophysical - based on subjective tolerance to stresses from MMH tasks 4. Epidemiological Evidence - identification of incidence distribution

Three major types of ergonomic injuries and incidents

1. Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD's) - repetitive strain injuries, cumulative stress injuries, repetitive motion disorders, overuse syndrome 2. Acute strains, sprains, and pulls and traumatic injuries (slip, fall, sudden tool slippage) 3. Human Factors Incidents (system failures) resulting from a poor human/machine environment

Specific aims of evaluating the effect of creep and cyclic loading

1. Determine the effect of creep on the failure of human tendons at different stress levels 2. Determine the fatigue life of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis tendons under cyclic loading at different levels of stress 3. Investigate the effect of combined sequential creep loading and cyclic loading order on failure of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

Major Principles of user-centered design

1. Early focus on users and tasks 2. Empirical measurement of product usage 3. Iterative design process

What are the 'types" of guarding and advantages/disadvantages of each

1. Guards - Fixed - Interlocked - Adjustable - Self-adjusting 2. Devices - Presence Sensing - Pullback - Restraint - Safety Controls (2 hand controls, trips) - Gates (interlocked gates, covers) 3. Location/Distance 4. Potential Feeding and Ejection - Automatic/Semi-Automatic Feed - Automatic/Semi-Automatic Ejections - Robot 5. Miscellaneous Aids - Awareness barriers - Protective Shields - Hand-feeding tools and holding fixtures

Major Principles of Fitting the work to the worker

1. Know your user population (Anthropometry) 2. Visual Ergonomics Impact Physical Ergonomics 3. Neutral Postures and "Relaxed" Muscles 4. Static vs. Dynamic Postures - Micro-breaks 5. All Ergonomics are "Local"

What are the common elements of most of the safety programs?

1. Management Commitment and Employee Involvement 2. Worksite Analysis 3. Hazard Prevention and Control 4. Training for Employees, Supervisors, and Managers

Prior to entry, what elements of the atmosphere needs to be tested?

1. Oxygen levels need to be above 19.5% and below 23.5% 2. Presence of flammable or combustible gases (100 F) 3. Presence of toxic gases or materials 4. Biological hazards

When it comes to manual handling, how does Cintas prioritize posture, force, and repetition/duration?

1. Posture 2. Force 3. Repetition/Duration

Three things to remember about safety

1. Safety is about respect. Respect for life, health, and well-being 2. Safety is the control of hazards to an acceptable level 3. Safety Hierarchy of Controls - Engineering - Administrative / work practice controls - PPE

Order of Symptom Increase Over Time

1. Sensation 2. Discomfort 3. Pain 4. Medical Visit 5. OSHA Recordable 6. Lost Workday Case 7. Surgery

What are the different kinds of OSHA violations and what is the amount of the fine associated with each?

1. Serious / Other-Than-Serious/ Posting Requirements: $13,494 per violation 2. Failure to Abate: $13,494 per day beyond the abatement date 3. Willful or Repeated: $134,937 per violation

MSDs account for nearly ______ of lost time injuries

1/3

Cintas has over _____ VPP Star Workplaces

100

______% of US working population has suffered one or more MSDs

15; could increase to 18% in next 30 years

If you have 2 equal noise emitting sources, each emitting 86db; Mathematically the total noise from the two sources is ________ but according to OSHA is _________

172 dB; dB(total) = 10log(sum of (10^(db/10)) = 89

How many cycles did it take to damage the caster on the carts at Cintas?

200

Max Heart Rate (bpm) =

220 - Age(in years)

Models most frequently seen in occupational biomechanics

2D static

Load Carriage for a soldier in the Civil War was approximately

30 pounds

According to the Harvard Business Review and the Gallup Survey of the American Workforce, ___% of employees are actively committed (engaged) to doing a good job, ___% of employees merely put in their time, while ___% act out their discontent in counterproductive ways

30; 50; 20

There are around ______ muscles in the body

400

The muscular system makes up ___% of the body's metabolism

The muscular system makes up ____% of total body weight

What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire to Occupational Safety in the US?

500 people worked there. 146 people died. Key moment in growth of labor unions. Required sprinklers to be installed in all workplaces. Basically kickstarted the call to create legislation for workplace safety.

Load Carriage for a soldier today is approximately

60 to 100 pounds or more

Magic number is ________ judgements along a dimension

7 +- 2

Regarding safety, Cintas has a ___% favorable rating

High Risk DPC jobs account for ___% of the cumulative load in the three-job LiFFT example

>80

You need to measure an equivalent noise dose received by a particular employee, what noise measuring device would you use?

A Dosimeter

What is an Occupational Hazard?

A hazard is a condition that has the potential to cause injury, damage to equipment or facilities, loss of material or property or a decrease in the capability to perform a prescribed function.

The Digestive System

A long muscular tube with many sections and areas. Begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.

What is a Job hazard analysis (JHA)?

A method for analyzing jobs, identifying potential hazards, and proscribing abatements for these potential hazards. Ideally, most hazards are engineered out of the system. If not, procedures and PPE should be recommended to minimize the potential for injury

Who is protected under the ADA?

A person with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity, such as: - Hearing - Speaking - Walking - Learning - Working - Seeing - Breathing - Performing Manual Tasks - Caring for Oneself - Others Disabled individual must be qualified to perform essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodation. They must be qualified for the job in terms of: - Education - Employment Experience - Skills - Licenses - Other job-related qualification standards - Be capable of performing the essential functions of the job

The Urinary System

A purification system for the blood. Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance and removes toxins.

What constitutes a confined space?

A space that: - is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform work - has limited or restricted means for entry or exit - is not designed for continuous occupancy - any enclosed area capable of collecting gases/vapors

System

A system is an entity that exists to carry out some purpose. A system is composed of humans, machines and other things that work together to accomplish some goal, which couldn't be accomplished by these components independently

What do fatigue failure methods provide?

A validated method for assessing cumulative loading such as those associated with job rotation

Informational Ergonomics

AKA Human Factors. Concerned with information interfaces and transfer

Dynamic Dimensions

AKA functional dimensions. Not simply the result of individual static measurements, but a function of the interaction of body parts (e.g., reaching forward).

Ergonomics

AKA: Human Factors. A multidisciplinary activity that brings together information on people's mental and physical capacities and applies that information in designing jobs, processes, products, workplaces, and equipment.

If you were in charge of purchasing safety eyewear for your company.....what are some of the guidelines you would consider based on the video lecture: "Safe Sight"

ANSI compliant. Third Party Testing. Impact Tested. Optical Tested. Fog Tested. Eyewear comes with test reports. Polycarbonate Material. Frame is bendable. Ask for samples.

Unreasonable Accommodation

Accommodation that would impose undue hardship on the employer. Determined by the following: - Overall size of the employers operation with respect to the number of employees - Number and type of facilities - Size of the companies budget - Type of operation (composition/structure of workforce) - Nature and cost of needed accommodation

What is the key objective of body systems when responding to stress?

Achieving homeostasis

What is the difference between authorized employee and affected employee?

Affected Employee - someone whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under LOTO or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Authorized Employee - An employees whose duties include performing servicing or maintenance on the machine.

How does OSHA keep track of days lost (calendar days or just missed work days)?

All calendar days away or calendar days restricted count as days lost

Target Population of Work Physiology

All kinds of people

What is the difference between an engineering control and an administrative control?

An engineering control designs the hazard out (interlocks, fail-safes). An administrative control minimizes exposure to the hazard (job rotation, limiting exposure times).

Reasonable Accommodation

Any change or adjustment to a work environment that permits an otherwise qualified applicant or employee with a disability to: (1) participate in the job application process (2) perform essential functions of the job (3) enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment Examples: - Acquiring or modifying equipment or devices - Job restructuring - Part-time or modified work schedules - Adjusting/modifying exams, training, materials or policies - Providing readers/interpreters - Making the workplace readily accessible and usable

What must be guarded?

Any machine part, function, or process which may cause injury. Point of Operation, Power Transmission Systems, Rotating Parts, Nip Points.

What is an Ergo Assessment Tool?

Any tool used to asses ergonomic risk

Mistake Proofing: Control

Automatically shuts down an operation to prevent defects from continuing in the process

_____________ can create stresses that result in damage to the structures of the hand, wrist, and arm

Awkward postures

Essential Functions

Basic job duties that must be performed whether or not the employee is reasonably accommodated

Why do we say ergonomics is a multi-disciplinary topic?

Because many stressors in a workplace environment and personal characteristics of an employee can affect both physical and cognitive performance

_________ provides an objective way of analyzing the effects of forces and postures on the body

Biomechanics

__________ applies basic mechanical analysis to the human body and tissues

Biomechanics

__________ illustrates that the human body is generally inefficient mechanically

Biomechanics

___________ is one of the key tools underlying occupational ergonomics

Biomechanics

Trauma

Bodily injury from mechanical stresses

___________ are the most prevalent occupational related disease in Europe

CTDs

13. Can you define fatigue and the factors associated with it?

Central Fatigue (nerve related): - Loss of motivation and personal effort - Neuromuscular "recruitment" is minimized (by motivation and practice) - Decrease in voluntary motor drive resulting in loss of "output" - Psychosocial reasons/issues Peripheral Fatigue (muscle related): - Loss of action potential along the axons (signal pathway from cell body to the fibrils) - Impairment of transmission across the motor neuromuscular junctions (motor plates) - Accumulation of lactic acid and other waste products in skeletal muscles - Oxygen "debt" in skeletal muscle tissue

21. What is the difference between cognitive and physical ergonomics?

Cognitive: Focuses on how well the use of a product matches the cognitive capabilities of users. It draws on knowledge of human perception, mental processing, and memory. Physical: Concerned with physical interfaces including workplace and tool design

The Human Hand

Complex structure composed of bones, arteries, nerves, ligaments, and tendons

Physical Ergonomics

Concerned with physical interfaces including workplace and tool design

Organizational/Macro Ergonomics

Concerned with the design of organizations, jobs and activities (AKA as "Macro-ergonomics" where large organizations or entities are involved)

According to OSHA, eye and head protection needs to comply with what standards?

Consensus Standards: - ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010 - ANSI Z87.1-2003 - ANSI Z87.1-1989 ANSI = American National Standards Institute ISEA = International Safety Equipment Association

CTD

Cumulative Trauma Disorders

Can you compare DART and DAFWII? How?

DART - Days Away, Restricted or Transfer. Includes days of missed work as well as days of "light duty". DART >= DAFWII DAFWII - Days Away From Work, Injury or Illness. Actual # of calendar days between first day missed due to injury and returning day. Do NOT count the day of injury.

Incipient Demand

Demand that is unknown or just beginning to exist

Defensive Publications

Destroy patentability for a company's opponents

Cumulative

Develop gradually over period of weeks, months, years

Sweden Terminology

Ergonomically Related Injuries or Occupational Cervicobrachial Disorders (OCD)

Definition of Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering

Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering focus on human beings and their interaction with products, equipment, facilities, procedures, and environments used in work and everyday living

1. How is ergonomics "multidisciplinary?"

Ergonomics uses principles of: - Anthropometry - Biomechanics - Psychology - Physiology - Medical Science - Computer Science - Industrial Engineering to produce: - Ergonomic Assessment Tools - Control and Display Guides - Methods Analysis Techniques - Environmental Accommodation Guides - Workplace Design Guides - Materials Handling Guides - Equipment Design Guides - Operator Assignments and Job Design Guides - Tool Design Guides

Auburn University has developed simple ergo assessment tools based on _______

FFT

26. Describe the relationship between manual material handling (MMH) and developing MSDs.

Factors of MMH that can lead to MSDs: - Force - Repetition - Non-neutral work postures - Vibration exposure (hand-arm/whole-body) - Personal Characteristics, psychosocial factors, environment, etc.

T or F: Clothing and environment conditions will not impact the applicability of anthropometric dimensions

False

T/F: OSHA considers a 5db doubling of sound

False, 10 dB

T or F: Office ergonomics is just getting a good chair

False, it is more than that

T or F: Lean is just efficiency

False; it is not

T or F: Productivity and safety are mutually exclusive

False; Safe, ergonomic workplaces enjoy the most productivity

T or F: One size fits all

False; individuals vary in size and capability. Differences also exist in tool users

T or F: Traditional tools have methods to assess the cumulative exposure associated with a job rotation scheme

False; they do not

T or F: Previous Ergonomics Assessment Tools have been based on fatigue failure theory

False; they have not

What is the difference between flammable and combustible?

Flammable liquids will ignite and burn easily at normal working temperatures. Combustible liquids have the ability to burn at temperatures that are usually above working temperatures. Flammable materials burn below 100 F and combustible materials burn above 100 F and below 200 F

4. Dr. Davis cited engineering issues in several landmark cases where the value of human life was being discussed . Are you familiar with these?

Ford Pinto: - Fuel Tank too close to rear of car - Exposed Fuel Tank vulnerable to rear impact collisions - Metal bumper would hit fuel tank and push it into bolts that rip the fuel tank open causing it to leak - Rear portion of car would collapse onto the door pillars - Ford Engineers did a cost-benefit analysis on fixing the cars vs. the liability costs of deaths/injuries due to car - Ford decided to not do anything about it because the liability costs were cheaper Recent Products that Failed: - Ford Explorer - Firestone Tires - Toyota Stuck Accelerator - Samsung Washer Drum - Samsung Galaxy Note 7 - Boeing 737 MAX

Major Contributors to Musculoskeletal CTDs

Frequency, force, posture, duration

8. What physiological status are the body's systems always trying to "attain?"

Homeostasis

What are examples of recordable and reportable injuries?

If the case includes a fatality, hospitalization of one or more employees, amputation, or loss of an eye it is reportable and recordable. If it does not include the above but involves restriction or transfer to another job or days away from work or anything more than first aid it is recordable only.

Types of CTD Assessment

Informal (Passive) and Formal (Active)

What is the difference between a recordable and a reportable injury?

Injuries that do not involve a fatality, hospitalization of one or more employees, amputation, or loss of an eye, but do involve restriction or transfer to another job or days away from work are recordable ONLY

7. What are the human body's " systems" and what do each of them do?

Integumentary: - Skin - Hair - Nails Skeletal: - Bones Muscular: - Movement / Posture - Circulation - Blood Pressure - Food Movement - Heat Production - Breathing - Expelling of Waste Products Cardiovascular: - Maintains blood flow to all parts of the body - Heart - Veins Lymphatic: - Transport clean fluids back to the blood - Drains excess fluids from tissues - Removes "debris" from cells of body - Transports fats from digestive system Nervous: - It receives information from receptors and then transmits and interprets the information. It then formulates appropriate responses to be sent to the effector organs. It also controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and helps maintain homeostasis. Endocrine: Hormones regulate... - Growth - Development - Reproduction - Metabolism - Fluid Balance - Blood Homeostasis - Coping with stress Respiratory: - Nose - Mouth - Trachea - Bronchial Tubes - Lungs - Diaphragm Digestive: - A long muscular tube with many sections and areas. - Begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. Urinary: - Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra Reproductive: - Sex

What does the nervous system do?

It receives information from receptors and then transmits and interprets the information. It then formulates appropriate responses to be sent to the effector organs. It also controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and helps maintain homeostasis.

How do OSHA standards promote safety?

Its authority includes: - The promulgation of safety and health standards - Conducting inspections and issuing citations - Requiring employers to keep records of safety and health data - Petitioning the courts to issue restraining orders for imminent danger situations - Approving or rejecting state plans for OSH programs

There are _______ methods for converting static to dynamic data

Limited

Fatigue Failure Theory (FFT) can help explain __________

MSD risk

Color coding parts, part presentation, part selection lights are all examples of....

Mistake proofing

Efficiency

Monitoring energy expenditure and avoiding excess fatigue

There is _____ static than dynamic data

What performace metric does Cintas use in regards to efficiency and safety?

Motions Saved or Reduced - CY19: Over 1 Billion Motions Saved - 1 Million motions approximates 80 hours of work

Can you calculate the OSHA incidence rate, DAFWII rate, and DAFWII severity rate given the number of employees at a facility, the recordable incidents for that facility, lost workday incidents, and number of missed days of work?

N*200,000/EH

27. Are all risk factors for developing MSDs physical?

No, Psychosocial factors (job insecurity, high productivity demands, surges in workload, etc.)

Are all employers required to follow OSHA standards and record keeping standards?

No, Self-employed individuals, Family Farms employing only family members, Coal Miners, State and Local governments, Federal Agencies

If a chair is commonly accepted to be "excellent", should you mandate its use by all employees?

No, ergo is local, everyone is different

Can PPE be the first line of defense according to the hierarchy of controls?

No, it is the last resort. But it is commonly used first because it is cheap and requires little work from the employer.

Can you put a spare master-lock that you have in your backpack on a machine during maintenance operation?

No, lockout devices must be durable, standardized, substantial, and identifiable (indicate identity of employee)

Are day-to-day, minor and routine operations covered under LOTO?

No, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection.

What is the difference between 'Permit-required' and 'Non-permit required' confined space?

Non-permit-required: A space that meets the definition of a confined space but after evaluation does not contain or have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm Permit-required: A confined space that contains or has the potential to contain one or more of the following hazards; atmospheric, physical, configuration, any other serious hazard.

Safety

Not pushing people beyond their physical limitations

How is ergonomics "enforced" in the United States?

OSHA's mission is to establish mandatory workplace health and safety standards and enforce those standards

Nerve Disorders

Occur when nerves are exposed to pressure from hand, sharp edges of work surfaces, tools, or nearby bones, ligaments, or tendons

How is machine guarding addressed in the OSHA Law (OSHA 1910 Sub-Part O- 1910.212 General Requirements for all Machines?

One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards. The guard shall be such that it does not offer an accident hazard in itself. The point of operation shall be guarded and prevent the operator from having any part of his body in the danger zone during the operating cycle. When blades of a fan are less than seven feet above the floor they shall be guarded with openings no larger than one half inch. Machines shall be securely anchored to prevent moving

Usability implies _______

Optimization; - Minimization of effort, stress, etc. - Maximization of efficiency, comfort, productivity, pleasure, etc. - Optimization of tradeoffs

__________ and _______ are the most frequently used measures of energy expenditure...but particularly _________

Oxygen; heart rate; heart rate

What happens when job risk is relatively low?

Personal risk factors (diabetes, smoking, obesity) drive the risk of MSDs and LBP

What are the types of ergonomics...and the goals of each type?

Physical Ergonomics - often result in disabling injuries, but generally do not result in death or system loss. Cognitive Ergonomics - generally do not result in disabling injuries directly, but depending on the situation, can result in total system loss. Organizational Ergonomics - Is concerned with the optimization of organizational structures, policies, and processes

Disorders

Physical ailments or abnormal conditions

What happens when job risk is relatively high?

Physical occupational risk factors associated "drive" the risk of musculoskeletal injuries and low back pain

Creep and Cyclic Loading relation to tendons

Possible increased risk of MSD development

__________ are the key concept in anthropometry.

Precentiles

What is patentable?

Products: - Ornamental aspects (design patents) - Embodiment of ideas - Articles of Manufacture Processes: - Compression algorithm used by the .GIF owned by Unisys - Business: methods, ex: Amazon's "one-click order" Composition of Matter: - Ink - Ceramics - Crystals Improvements to any of the above

Trademarks

Protect a single source of a good

Can you address the criticism that "Ergonomics costs too much?"

Providing safeguards to reduce accidents is a tradeoff between costs and moral responsibility for human life. Safe workers are more motivated and productive. Safety also evens out, "pay me now or pay me later."

Information is defined as a _________

Reduction in uncertainty

Postural fixity

Remaining static for extended periods of time. It can impede nourishment of the spinal discs which have no direct blood supply

Great Britain/Australia Terminology

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)

Physical Design Errors

Result in confusing and difficult to operate systems

Procedural Design Errors

Result in non-optimal performance

Safety Culture at Cintas

Safety and health performance is a reflection of corporate culture and leadership influences that culture more than any other group

22. How should hand tools be selected?

Should match the following criteria: - Maintains neutral postures (straight wrists) - Bends the tool, not the wrist - Avoids tissue compression stress (contact stresses) such as tool handles and contact surfaces with sharp edges - Avoids repetitive finger action (trigger finger) - Safe operation - Should be just as easy to use for lefties and women - Minimizes vibration exposure

What is the best approach for dealing with variable dimensions when designing a workplace or equipment?

Simulate the task and ask people representing the extremes of the measurements of interest to work there and identify potential problems.

11. If you were setting up a work station in your local operation, how would you use anthropometry?

Simulate the tasks that would be performed and ask people representing the extremes of the measurements of interest to work there and identify potential problems.

Types of Anthropometric Data

Static and Dynamic

What passes through the carpal tunnel?

The 9 flexor tendons and the median nerve

When calculating incidence rates, how does OSHA normalize different companies of different sizes (number of workers) to compare them?

The calculation is (N * 200,000) / (EH). Where N = the number of injuries or illnesses for the year, and EH is the employee hours worked for the year, the 200,000 is the hours worked by 100 full time workers in one year, this number makes it easier to compare small companies to large companies.

24. What is the relationship between force, posture, and repetition? (Hint: Fatigue Failure Theory)?

The closer you get to 100% ultimate stress, increasing weight (force) and distance from body (posture), the fewer cycles to failure (repetitions) you can complete

Fatigue Failure Theory

The closer you get to 100% ultimate stress, the fewer cycles to failure you can complete

Define "Safety"

The control of hazards to an acceptable level

What is residual strength?

The load a damaged material can carry without failing

Define "Danger"

The relative exposure to a hazard

What is cyclic loading?

The repeating loading of an object (worker)

What is creep?

The stretching of material under a constant stress

What is at the top and at the bottom of the hierarchy of hazard control?

The top is Engineering Controls, the bottom is PPE

Common Assumption Regarding CTD Risk Factors

These risk factors act in an independent fashion: - True for large scale reviews in Epi literature (NIOSH 1997, NRC-IOM 2001) - True for ergonomic exposure assessment

What must Ergonomists do when recommending standards for setting up a workstation?

They must weight individual preferences against basic ergonomic principles

What is the purpose of the OSHAct?

To assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and preserve our human resources

What is the function of a "Lockout box"?

To provide a level of protection equivalent to that provided by the implementation of a personal lockout or tagout device. Each authorized employee shall affix a personal LOTO device to the group LOTO device when he/she begins work, and remove those devices when he or she stop working on the machine.

What is the main purpose of a "tag" in LOTO?

To warn against hazardous conditions if the machine or equipment is energized

18. What is the difference between traumatic injuries and MSDs?

Traumatic Injuries: - Sudden Force - Impact Trauma - Ex: contusions, lacerations, fractures, amputations, joint subluxations, concussion, etc. MSD: - Volitional Activity - Overexertion Trauma - Ex: Tendonitis, tenosynovitis, myofascial disorders, nerve entrapment disorders (CTS), low-back pain, etc.

T or F: Anthropometric features are generally normally distributed... but not always.

True

T or F: At Cintas, the heaviest thing you lift is your body

True

T or F: Military population anthropometry may not represent civilian population anthropometry

True

T or F: Most jobs are complex and involve multiple tasks or variation of tasks

True

T or F: No one agreed upon standard for vibration

True

T or F: Poor usability can contribute to both design-induced and procedure-based errors

True

T or F: Reaction time increases as the amount of information increases

True

T or F: Usability is more than simply an "ability" to use something

True

T or F: Utility and usefulness are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for "usability"

True

T or F: When given the choice, users usually do not arrange their workstations in accordance with standard recommendations.

True

T/F: A hydraulic valve capable of automatically releasing stored energy in a safe manner is called a "self-bleeding valve"

True

T/F: Any enclosed area capable of collecting gases/vapors is considered a confined space

True

T or F: Force and repetition should not be treated as independent MSD risk factors

True, they appear to interact

6. What are the human body's muscle tissues and what do they do?

Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth. Muscle System Functions: - Movement / Posture - Circulation - Blood Pressure - Food Movement - Heat Production - Breathing - Expelling of Waste Products

Model Logic for DUET

Used tendon fatigue failure data to establish damage per cycle weights for upper extremity exertions S = 101.25 - 14.83log(N)

Preferred environment for Work Physiology studies

Usually not optimal and not controlled (noise, heat, vibration, stress, etc.)

Mistake Proofing: Warning

Warning (visible, audible) to the operator of the defect or incorrect process

Passive (Informal) Approach to assessing CTDs

Watch for jobs that require: - Numerous repetitions - Great strength - Unnatural postures - Exertion of intense pressure on flesh Listen to associates Talk with medical people Review injury and safety records

Copyrights

Who has the right to copy

_______ tasks most predictive

Worst; fix the worst first

Are accidents unexpected?

Yes, an accident is an unexpected event that interferes with normal work process and carries the potential for physical injury, property damage, or product loss. Accidents are multi-factorial and usually cannot be classified strictly into one category (unsafe acts / unsafe conditions)

Is gravity considered a form of hazardous potential energy?

Yes, an employee can be seriously injured by a falling object, which is caused by the potential energy of gravity being discharged.

Define "Risk"

a function of the probability of loss (danger) and the magnitude of potential loss (damage)

Architectural Control Point

a necessary component or process to achieve a product or service that can not be "worked around"

Idea

a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action

16. What types of lever systems do we see in the human body?....and which of them are predominant?

a) - First-Class Lever: The fulcrum is in the middle. Example, an oar in a rowboat - Second-Class Lever: The fulcrum is at one end; the force has a mechanical advantage over the resistance (i.e., its moment arm is longer). Example, a pole in a pole vaulting competition. - Third-Class Lever: Fulcrum at one end, the resistance has a mechanical advantage over the force (its moment arm is longer). Example, your arm when throwing a ball. b) Third-Class Lever Systems are predominant in the human body

10. What factors "shape" anthropometry? Where would you go to find anthropometric data?

a) - Gender - Ethnic Origin - Age - Time/Generational - Nutrition and Physical Conditioning - Current Big Factor: Obesity b) - Mechanically: Tapes, scales, calipers - Photographically - Use of a Mock-Up or Simulation - Computerized / Automated methods

How did ergonomics originate as a discipline? What differentiates it from traditional safety?

a) "Ergo" = greek word meaning "work" ; "Nomos" = "laws" ; Introduced into literature in the 1840's by Polish educator and scientist Jastrzebowski Wojciech. Historically, emphasis on humans in the design in the U.S.was called "human factors engineering" and "ergonomics" was the European term. b) Safety generally concerns traumatic injuries, Ergonomics generally concerns chronic musculoskeletal injuries or cognitive errors (slow developing)

To minimize disc pressure employers should provide and allow ______

adjustability

Invention

an act or instance of creating or producing by exercise of the imagination, especially in art, music, etc. (Note does not need to be built or instantiated) "I wish" + "enablement"

Work Instruction/Visual Aids

assist in selecting the correct parts, having the proper orientation, and in the right sequence

Too high or too low of a surface can result in...

back, neck, and shoulder stress

Subjective ratings (by both observers and workers) can result in....

bias (both intentional and unintentional)

Information(H) is measured in _______

bits

Proper work-surface height is a function of...

both the user and the task being performed

Production ________ occur at workstations or tasks with poor safety/ergonomics

bottlenecks

A good knowledge of anatomy and physiology allows designers to...

capitalize on the body's strengths while minimizing its weaknesses (e.g., screw drivers)

The ______________ is formed by the wrist bones and the transverse ligament (flexor retinaculum)

carpal tunnel

Clear _________ is good human factors and can save lives

communication

The Nervous System is a _________

communication network

20. What causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

compression of the Median Nerve, by swollen tendon sheath, inside carpal tunnel

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is caused by

compression of the Median Nerve, by swollen tendon sheath, inside carpal tunnel

Employers can _______ job factors, but only __________ personal factors

control; influence; as the work force ages and becomes more obese, influencing these personal factors becomes increasingly important

Ergonomics uses physiological responses to address both _______ and ______ issues

efficiency; safety

South Korea, China, and Japan have seen an _________ incidence of CTDs

escalating

The interaction observed between force and repetition is what would be expected if MSDs result from a _______

fatigue failure process

The fingers are flexed by muscles in the __________

forearm

Successful prevention of CTDs is based on...

having ergonomics programs or effort... and administrative and engineering controls

Tools/methods should be validated using ________

health outcomes; e.g., injury, symptoms, lost time, etc.

Use _______ to evaluate energy usage

heart rate

High Performance Work System Engagement Model engages both the ______ and the ________

heart; mind

Newer employees had ________ injury rates compared to veterans

higher

Women have significantly ______ MSD rate than males

higher; (2 to 10 times)

Applied human factors can significantly _______ processes both in terms of safety and productivity

improve

Job rotation may _______ overall risk

increase

Repetition and force _______

interact; you must consider number of repetitions at different loads (you cannot simply average forces and efforts)

Many tools require significant ______

interpretation; selection of "worst" task, unclear instructions, lack of applicability to some environments

The idea behind sloped chairs and sit-stands is that they reduce _________

kyphosis of the spine

Design work for ________ energy expenditure to avoid _______

light to moderate; fatigue

Damage per cycle (DPC) with increases in stress is not ________ but _______ in nature

linear; exponential; - Medium risk DPC is > 3 times low risk DPC - high Risk DPC is 17 times low risk DPC

Most tools are intended for _______ or single task jobs

mono-task

Multiple Lifting Tasks could be the result of....

multiple lifting requirement for one task, or jobs with highly variable tasks, or job rotation

Slumping forward can reduce ________ but will result in higher overall ______

muscular effort; disc pressure

Physical damage from the physical stressors is _______ and so is the probability of injury resulting from that damage

non-linear

Finger motion is

non-trivial

Ideally, the monitor in your office can be positioned for __________ and desk space can be optimally used for _________

optimum viewing; related tasks

Cintas refers to their employees as ______

partners

Force is a function of _________

posture; you must consider the posture in which the force is exerted and muscle groups in use

Comparisons to assess exposures from job rotation can be made between...

pre- and post-job rotation exposures

High force/intensity is the ________ for risk

primary driver

Ideal tools should be....

quick (a function of your needs/resources) and have both good sensitivity and good specificity

Work surface height should permit....

relaxed, neutral postures of the upper extremities

What is the core belief that lean engineering and the practice of safety share?

respecting and valuing people

Responses of the ________ and ___________ systems are most accessible

respiratory; cardiovascular

Design Errors

result in confusing and difficult to operate systems (lack of feedback, poor visibility, poor mapping)

Procedural Errors

result in non-optimal performance (poor communication, lack of enforcement, high cost of compliance)

Risk is a function of _________

reward; - are we rewarding unsafe behavior?

You should virtually always be able to trace a system failure to a human factors related ___________

root cause

Most ergonomic tools are conservative, meaning they ________

sacrifice specificity for sensitivity

Disc pressure is considerably elevated while ___________ vs. _________

seated; standing

Many ergonomic survey tools are _________ but not ________

sensitive; specific

Innovation

something new or different introduced: introduction of new things or methods (for our purposes with some beneficial effect or result)

Examples of anthropometric features

stature (height), sitting height, etc.

Many ergo assessment tools have the caveat that they are only intended as a ____________ meaning they require expert investigation or professional judgement

survey tool

3rd Brake Light on a car is also known as

the Center High Mount Stop Lamp

Patent

the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years, an invention or process protected by this right (in practice a negative monopoly). "I wish" + "enablement" + "novelty"

Regarding HF, the human brain is....

the most flexible and powerful information processor and storage device

Define "Damage"

the severity of the injury or magnitude of loss

Human Factors Engineering is...

the systematic application of relevant information about human capabilities, limitations, characteristics, behavior, and motivation to the design of things and procedures people use and the environments in which they use them

Example of job rotation not working

three workers, one has a low risk job, one has a medium risk job, one has a high risk job. They are now rotated to each have the high risk job 1/3rd of the time. Now all three workers are categorized as having high risk exposure. Basically all three jobs become high risk

Why would you perform a JHA?

to identify hazards or potential hazards and create ways to minimize the potential danger.

Vibration is controlled by...

tool selection, maintenance, work practice controls, and gloves and tools with absorbing padding

The body part most injured, accounting for 36% of all MSD cases is the _________

trunk (including shoulder and back)

Work-Rest Cycles

used to practically achieve efficiency safety goals when work varies and includes moderate to heavy components

The muscular system is controlled by the ________________.

voluntary nervous system (somatic nervous system)

The ________ is changing (obese & aging)

workforce

Musculoskeletal CTDs are related to...

workpace, limited-task jobs, gender, and aging population

Fix the _____ first

worst

The _____ job is most predictive of overall risk

worst

Can accidents be both recordable AND reportable? If so, what is an example of one?

yes, If the case includes a fatality, hospitalization of one or more employees, amputation, or loss of an eye

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