Intercultural Comm
The three components of perceived competence
1) Knowledge 2) Motivation 3) Skills
3 great waves of global migration
1) Motivated by a search for resources and military conquest and lasted into the 16th century 2) Arrival in U.S., dominated by the European migration into poorer empty territories of the new world and led to the colonization of Africa, Asia and America; lasted until middle of the 20th century 3) most recent, reversing the European colonization from the poorer countries of Asia, Africa, south America to the richer ones in the postwar period- is more complex and multidimensional
3 aspects, or dimensions, of adaptation
1) Psychological health 2) Functional fitness 3) Intercultural identity
2 forms of separation
1) When migrants choose to retain their original culture and avoid interaction with other groups 2) segregation- the policy or practice of compelling groups to live apart from each other
3 indicated benefits to developing relationships with culturally different others
1. Acquiring knowledge about the world. 2. Breaking stereotypes. 3. Acquiring new skills.
Ting-Toomey's (1988) conflict management styles
Concern for others • Wanting to get along with the partner and attempting to satisfy the partner's needs Concern for self • Wanting to satisfy one's own interests
Social Conflict
Conflict that arises from unequal or unjust social relationships between groups
A sojourner is a long-term involuntary migrant.
FALSE, OBVIES.
Important symbols of discourse for different ethnic groups
Latino(a) Americans emphasize relational support, Asian Americans emphasized caring and positive exchange of ideas, African Americans emphasized respect and acceptance, European Americans emphasized recognizing the needs of the individual
U-Curve theory of adaptation
Migrants go through fairly predictable phases in adapting to a new cultural situation. They experience excitement and anticipation followed by a period of shock and disorientation (bottom of curve) then they gradually adapt to new cultural context
5 conflict management styles
1. Integrating style: high concern for self and a high concern for others. 2. Compromising style: moderate concern for self and a moderate concern for others. 3. Dominating style: high concern for self and a low concern for others. 4. Obliging style: low concern for self and a high concern for others. 5. Avoiding style: low concern for self and low concern for others.
intercultural identity
Identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference ( person acts situationally not part of nor apart from the host culture)
ethnic enclaves
Immigrant groups concentrated within a distinct spatial location Example: Arabs in America Two Types: 1) Economic- Enterprises own by immigrants 2) Residence- Housing Accommodations
Cross-cultural adaptation
"Dynamic process by which individuals, upon relocation to new, unfamiliar, or changed cultural environments, establish (or reestablish) and maintain relatively stable, reciprocal, and functional relationships with those environments" (King, 2001, p.31) -Occurs when an individual is communicating or interacting with members in a host environment
Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court
1958 Richard (European American) and Mildred (African American) decided to marry legally in Washington D.C. because it was illegal in Virginia. After a year they were arrested and prosecuted and sentenced to one year in prison, overturned eventually.
cultural adaptation
A process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts
culture shock
A relatively short term feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment
marginalization
A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual expressed little interest in maintaining cultural ties with either the dominant culture or the migrant culture
separation
A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. Separation may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society, in which case it becomes segregation
integration
A type of cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups
investigating differences in African American, European American and Mexican American students' conflict styles
AA- males and females=problem solving approach (integration style) EA-importance on accepting responsibility for their behaviors, being direct, concern for the other person/the relationship and situational flexibility MA-importance on talking to gain mutual understanding, winning the conflict rather than being right
The W-curve theory suggests that... a. cultural adjustment is a long-term process of ups and downs. b. people may experience cultural adjustment upon returning home. c. sojourners experience excitement, shock, and then adaptation to "host" cultures. d. cultural adjustment is a growth process.
ANSWER: B
According to research on inter-ethnic friendships, which of the following is true? a. people tend to have more friends of their own ethnicity as they grow older b. inter-ethnic friendships tend to be less intimate than intra-ethnic friendships c. inter-ethnic friendships do not last as long as intra-ethnic friendships d. all of the above
ANSWER: D
When one partner denies his or her own culture for that of the partner, it is called a. submissive style b. compromise style c. obliteration style d. consensus style
ANSWER: a. submissive style
According to lecture, Collier found differences in what symbols are important in discourse in interethnic friendships in the U.S. According to her results, which symbols are important to Asian Americans? a. relational suppor b. caring and exchange of ideas c. respect and acceptance d. recognizing the need of the individual
ANSWER: b. caring and exchange of ideas
What type of migrants are people who leave their countries to come to the United States permanently, because they want to be close to relatives who have already come? a. sojourners b. domestic refugees c. immigrants d. long-term refugees
ANSWER: c. immigrants
When individuals lose face, they feel _______________. a. proud b. greater self-esteem c. hate d. shame e. anger
ANSWER: d. shame
migrant
An individual who leaves the primary cultural contexts in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural context for an extended period
Kim's (2001) Theory of Cross-Cultural Adaptation
As sojourners (i.e., temporary residents) move into a new and culturally unfamiliar environment a transformation process occurs - Not a matter of whether individuals adapt, but why and how they are adapting.
4 different types of acculturation
Assimilation Little interest in cultural maintenance; Preference for interacting with larger society. ("Melting Pot") Separation Preference for cultural maintenance; Little interest in interacting with larger society. ("Amish lifestyle") Marginalization Neither cultural maintenance nor interaction is sought. ("Overwhelmed" or "Isolated") Integration Both cultural maintenance and involvement with the larger society is sought. ("Stir fry" or "Salad")
U-Curve Model: 4 different stages of cultural adaptation
-Honeymoon Stage: -euphoric in nature -Fascination/excitement -Curious about differences -Emphasizes similarities -Culture Shock: -Confront differences -Confusion/anxiety -Reject new culture -FIGHT/FLIGHT -Adjustment: -Learn new social skills -Effective/comfort -Respect for culture -Mastery: -Aware/understanding -Autonomy/satisfaction -Dual cultural identity
Needs which motivate us
-our need for a sense of predictability -our needs for a sense of group inclusion -our need for a symbolic/material gratification -our need to sustain our self-conceptions
The 4 assumptions of "conflict as destructive"
1) Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace, 2) The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members, rather, members should adapt to established values, 3) Confrontations are destructive and ineffective, 4) Disputants should be disciplined
The 4 assumptions of "conflict as opportunity"
1) Conflict is normal and useful 2) All issues are subject to change through negotiation 3) And direct confrontation and conciliation are valued 4) Conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract-a redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, and renewal of relationships
4 stages of cross-cultural adaptation
1) Enculturation: individuals adapt through socialization. -Meet and interact with host natives. 2) Acculturation: people acquire cultural practices (i.e., food, clothes, and behavioral norms) of natives of host culture. 3) Deculturation: loss of some of your own cultural practices 4) Assimilation: happens when individuals are converging to fit into the host culture
4 conditions necessary for positive contact
1) Equal Status within situation (not coming into the situation) 2) Common Goal (active goal-oriented effort) 3) Intergroup Cooperation (must be interdependent effort without intergroup competition) 4) Institutional Support (support of authorities, law, or custom)
3 general strategies for gathering information
Passive Active Interactive
short-term refugees
People who are forced for a short time to move from their region or country
long-term refugees
People who are forced to relocate permanently because of war, famine and oppression
immigrants
People who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently - join other family members, employment
Acculturation
Process of cultural change when two or more groups come into contact with each other o Two types of acculturation: • Cultural (group level) • Psychological (individual level): • Individual level changes in identity, values, attitudes
4 styles of interaction
Submission Style- One partner submits to the culture of the other partner, abandoning or denying his or her own. Compromise Style- Each partner gives up some of his or her culturally bound habits and beliefs to accommodate the other. Ex: Christian who gives up Christmas for the sake of a Jewish spouse may eventually come to resent the sacrifice Obliteration Style- Both partners deal with differences by attempting to erase their individual cultures. Consensus style- Both partners deal with cross-cultural differences by negotiating their relationship. Ex: while visiting her husband's Muslim family, a Swiss wife might substantially change her demeanor, dressing more modestly and acting less assertive
Conflict is inevitable in any ongoing relationship.
TRUE, DUH.
liminality
The experience of being between two or more cultural positions
Conflict
The interference between two or more interdependent individuals or groups of people who perceive incompatible goals, values, or expectations in attaining those ends
psychological health
The state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context (if migrants are made to feel welcome, they will feel more comfortable faster. If host society sends messages that migrants don't really belong, the psychological adjustment becomes much more difficult)
sojourners
Travelers who move into new cultural contexts for a limited time and a specific purpose/ people have freedom and means to travel - Examples- international student, technical assistance workers, corporate personnel,
expressive conflict
a desire to release tension, usually generated from hostile feelings
Similarity Principle
a principle of relational attraction suggesting that individuals tend to be attracted to people they perceive to be similar to themselves
assimilation
a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity - Example- Mexican American boy grows up not learning Spanish from his parents because they didn't want him to face problems when entering school, so he only learned English
Stereotypes
a way of categorizing and processing information BUT are detrimental when they are negative and are held rigidly. -People must work to get information that can counteract the stereotype
competence
an impression that behavior is appropriate and effective
Facework
communications strategies used to "save" our own or someone elses "face" or public image
Cognitive Consistency
having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus
Skills
i dunno da defunishun
contact hypothesis
intergroup contact will lead to reduced prejudice and favorable attitudes
Romantic Relationships
intimate relationships that comprise love, involvement, sharing, openness, connection, and so on
Relational Learning
learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts -Ex: Romance or a close intercultural friendship may be a vehicle through which we learn something about history: Jennifer, a student, learned more about the Holocaust from her Jewish friends and about the Middle Passage from her African American friends.
W-Curve theory of adaptation
migrants experience another U curve upon returning home; anticipation of returning home, cultural shock in finding that its not exactly as expected and then gradual adaptation - Its different from the U curve in that the migrant has changed through the adaptation process and has become a different individual (person who returns home is not the same person who left home). Whereas the original curve the migrant is fundamentally unchanged and is experiencing new cultural contexts.
Ethnic Differences in Conflict
o African Americans- controlling conflict resolution styles o Mexican Americans- passive or avoidance styles o European Americans- solution-oriented style
process of adaptation according to Kim's (2001) Stress-Adaptation-Growth Model
o Indicates that as individuals enter the new environment, they experience disruptions in their normal patterns, and experience periods of stress while adapting to the culture
Disadvantages of Ethnic Enclaves
o Language acquisition is slower o Ingroup favortisim/outgroup discrimination Ex. Dearborn, MI- pub with a large population of Arab Muslims, uproar at University of Michigan at campus, installed footbaths, uproar of Michigan citizens, created tension
Advantages of Ethnic Enclaves
o Stress Reducing- Research indicates levels of stress affect cultural adaptation o Employment- Immigrant owned business o Social support- Alleviate loneliness and depression o Identity enhancing- Achievement of positive social identity
Knowledge
our awareness or understanding of what needs to be done in order to communicate appropriately and effectively
Motivation
our desire to communicate appropriately and effectively with strangers
manifest conflict
out in open, OVERT
latent conflict
out of sight, COVERT
instrumental conflict
stems from a difference in goals and practices
functional fitness
the ability to function in daily life in many different contexts ( learning new ways of living, behaving, skills is most important to learn in new society like rules for politeness, verbal communications style and use of nonverbal communication; newcomers will become functionally fit more quickly is host members are willing to communicate and interact with them)
motivation
the desire to make a commitment in relationships, to learn about the self and others, and to remain flexible
Intimacy
the extent of emotional closeness
Conflict
the interference between two or more interdependent individuals or groups of people who perceive incompatible goals, values, or expectations in attaining those ends
social support
ties with other people that play a significant part in mediating psychological health over time
empathy
to "walk in another person's shoes"
Mindfulness
uggen i dunno da defunishun
The two different views about the nature of competence
view #1- competence is "within" communicators view #2- competence is "between" communicators
Guilt/Shame and European Americans
• Guilt emerges when they do something they know is wrong and no one knows about it • Shame emerges when the wrongdoing becomes public
Guilt/Shame and Asian Americans
• Guilt emerges when they feel they have not done their duty • Shame for Asian Americans emerges when the wrongdoings become public
Integrating (collaborating)
• High concern for self, high concern for others • Open/direct exchange of info • Solution acceptable for both; "win/win" • Most Effective • Lots of time and energy • Takes two people to accomplish
Dominating (competing)
• Low concern for other, high concern for self • Uncooperative, assertive • Loud and forceful verbalization • Forcing behavior to get one's way; "win/lose" • Some Western cultures view as appropriate
Compromising
• Moderate concern for other, moderate concern for self • Sharing and exchanging info • Mutually acceptable solution • Less effective than integrating • Feel forced to give up something • Short term solution
Obliging (accommodating)
• Passive/low concern for self, high concern for others • Play down differences/incompatibilities • Emphasize commonalities • Best used if concern for relationship more than issue • Utilized in hierarchical relationships
Avoiding
• Uncooperative/passive • Low concern for other, low concern for self • Avoid topics/issues • Physical or psychological withdrawal • Western cultures view negatively • Eastern cultures view positively • Utilized if issue and relationship unimportant