intro into geology lab final
Prime Meridian
0 degrees longitude, middle line going up
quadrangles
2d representations of the 3d surface of earth
The age of the Earth is approximately ________ years old.
4.6 billion years
USGS (United States Geological Survey)
A government organization that produces topographic maps for all areas in the USA.
In reference to the Geologic Time Scale, the Paleozoic Era is known as the _______________.
Age of Invertebrates
Contour lines can branch and split.
False
Which of the following referece lines are also referred to as parallels?.
Latitude
Topographic maps can be used to determine the location of a feature on the Earth's surface. Which of the following ways uses an established grid system in most states west of the Appalachian Mountains to determine location?
Public Land Survey
Which of the three rock types deforms relatively easily?
Sedimentary Rocks
Topographic maps are produced by the ____________________.
United States Geological Survey
bench marks
a permanently affixed mark that establishes the exact elevation of a place; used by surveyors in measuring site elevations, or as a starting point for surveys .
index contour
a thicker contour line that often has an elevation label
In a dip slip fault, the hanging wall is always ________ the fault plane.
above
With respect to compressional stress, plastic deformation takes place _________ will generally produce folded rock layers.
at depth
The reference line for Townships in the Publice Land Survey system is known as the __________.
base line
The space between layers of sedimentary rocks are called _______________.
bedding planes
Geologic faults can occur when rocks experience __________ deformation.
brittle
With respect to compressional stress, _________ deformation takes place near the surface and will generally produce faulted rock layers.
brittle
A naturally formed subsurface opening that is generally connected to the surface and large enough for a person to enter is referred to as a __________.
cave
A large cave system characterized by interconnected rooms and passageways is referred to as a ___________.
cavern
In a sequence of rock layers, an aquifer with an aquiclude above is referred to as a _________.
confined aquifer
graphic scales
consist of a line that represents a certain distance can be used to make a map ruler
On a USGS published topographic map, the color brown is used to depict _____________.
contour lines
On a topographic map, ____________ connect all points that have the same elevation.
contour lines
In order for geologists to interpret the third dimension of a study area, they will produce a ______________ to view the rock layers with respect to the surface
cross-section
The type of stream drainage pattern that develops on homogenous and horizontal rocks is known as ____________.
dendritic
Hydrologists quantify streams based on their _________________.
discharge rate
_________ are concentric folds in which all rock layers dip outward from a central point and the oldest rock layers exposed in the center.
domes
fractional scales
express distance as a ratios; such as 1:63,500 - one inch equals 63,500 miles
Dip slip faults result from horizontal displacement of the rock units along the strike or trend of a fault.
false
Reversel faults work with the force of gravity.
false
Strike slip faults result from vertical displacement of the rock units along the strike or trend of a fault.
false
The geologic principle, the Law of Cross-cutting relationships, states that any geologic feature which cuts across another is the older of the two features.
false
When contour lines cross stream valleys or dry stream channels, they form a "V" that points downstream.
false
When showing a closed depression on a topographic map, the hachure marks point away from depression.
false
_________ are fractures or breaks in rocks along which movement has taken place.
faults
Studying the deformation of rock units can reveal all of the following except the:
fossil content
The steepness of the slope of a stream is referred to as stream _______________.
gradient
Caves that form in the unsaturated zone tend to form vertical pits and incised canyons as water movement is driven by ____________.
gravity
The erosive power of the water on the outside of a meander is _____________ the power of the water on the inside of the meander.
greater than
In an area underlain by soluble rock such as limestone and gypsum, ____________ is the principle agent of erosion and is responsible for the formation of many surface features.
groundwater
Groundwater resources are important resources for agriculture, industry, and domestic use. Over 65% of groundwater resources are used for __________.
irrigation
The high bank next to a stream channel is known as a _______________.
natural levee
_________ are folds in which the fold axis is not horizontal.
plunging folds
The percentage of a particular layer of rock or sediment that is open space is referred to as ___________.
porosity
The reference line for Ranges in the Publice Land Survey system is known as the __________.
principal meridian
Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
provides a precise method for identifying the location of land in most states west of the Appalachian mountains by establishing a grid system that systematically subdivides the land area. all land in the continental US have been divided and described by this grid system with the exception of the original 13 colonies and Texas. the 13 original colonies existed as separate entities and each had its own land alienation scheme. Texas was already its own republic when it entered the union, and reserved the right to alienate its own public land. all other states were divided into 6 square miles areas called townships , and described by a grid system with reference tp established base lines and principle meridians.
Topographic maps are referred to as ____________________.
quadrangles
The type of stream drainage pattern that develops in an area with radiating stream channels from a central point is known as ____________.
radial
The type of stream drainage pattern that develops in an area with fractured rock at the surface is known as ____________.
rectangular
Datum
reference point
In a dip slip fault, if the movement of the hanging wall is acting against gravity, the fault is referred to as a ___________ fault.
reverse
In the Public Land Survey, each Township is divided into 36 one-mile-square parcels of land called ____________.
sections
The measure of the winding course of a stream is referred to as ____________.
sinuosity
The Earth's hydrologic cycle is powered by ___________.
solar radiation
Contour lines that are close together show
steep slope
contour interval
the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next
Latitude
the lines going across sometimes called parallels
Longitude
the lines going up sometimes called meridians
Topographic profiles depict the Earth's surface features as viewed from __________ the Earth's surface.
the side of
The type of stream drainage pattern that develops in an area of linear ridges and valleys is known as ____________.
trellis
Any structure or contact that has been offset by faulting will migrate in the direction of the dip of the beds.
true
Contour lines separate all points of higher elevation from points of lower elevation.
true
Dip slip faults result from vertical displacement of the rock units along the strike or trend of a fault.
true
During periods of high rainfall, groundwater tends to rise beneath the hills because is cannot flow fast enough into adjacent valleys.
true
Faults can be a source of economic minerals.
true
Geologic cross-sections provide information about rocks and their structure found below the Earth's surface.
true
In a strike slip fault, the type of displacement is described by the relative movement of surface features.
true
The configuration of the water table is usually a subdued replica of the overlying land surface.
true
The geologic principle, the Law of Cross-cutting relationships, states that any geologic feature which cuts across another is the younger of the two features.
true
On a USGS published topographic map, the color green is used to depict _____________.
vegetation, orchards, and woodlands
On a USGS published topographic map, the color blue is used to depict _____________.
water features
If the pore spaces in sequence of sediment and rock layers are filled with mostly air, this zone is referred to as the _________.
zone of aeration
