Intro to CJS- Final
Fruits of the Poisonous Tree is defined as
-source of the evidence or the evidence itself is tainted, then anything gained from it is tainted as well -Any evidence gathered from just about any kind of police conduct that violates a defendant's constitutional rights
Which of the following are ways to prevent police corruption?
-strong recruitment and hiring -consistent communication of and enforcement of the Code of Ethics -Ethics training
Conflict Theory states which of th eofllowing
-those who maintain social power use it to further their own interests -criminal law and criminal justice systems are vehicles for controlling poor members of society -the system protects the upper class at the expense of the lower class
Which of the following describes Specialized Courts?
A court that focuses on one type of criminal act
The process of publicity pitting the prosecution and the defense against one another in pursuit of the truth
Adversarial Procedure
considered to be the Father of Law Enforcement in the US
August Vollmer
This source of stress is caused by single event (such as a shooting scenario) rather than continual low-grade stressors (such as departmental politics)
Burst Stress
Request to remove a potential juror due to bias, prior knowledge of the case, or reasons that demonstrate the person's inability to render a fair and impartial judgement
Challenge for Cause
oldest surviving law code written in Sumerian language that set forth its laws in an "if (crime) - then (punishment)" manner
Code of Ur-Namma
One law that applied consistently throughout the King's lands
Common Law
Acting on opportunities created by virtue of one's authority, for personal gain, at the expense of the public one is authorized to serve
Corruption
State or federal courts that have jurisdiction over felony offenses and more serious civil cases
Courts of General Jurisdiction
Courts that have jurisdiction over misdemeanors and conduct preliminary investigations of felony charges
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
Which of the following is NOT a specific focus of a detective?
Deter crime by being visible
The use of personal decision making and choice in the carrying out operation in the criminal justice system
Discretion
An intervention into the court process prior to the conviction of the Defendant. Normally conditional on successful performance of a rehabilitative program
Diversion
Appellate Court renders a decision that decision must be honored by all lower courts and is considered the law of the land.
F
Capital punishment is an example of a diversion program
F
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction is a court that focuses on one type of crime
F
Prosecutors do not have discretion in felony cases
F
The 5th Amendment of the Bill of Rights bars illegal "searches and seizures"
F
The Magna Carta is important because it established that no one is above the law, except the king
F
The first police department in the US was in NYC
F
The main source of procedural law is the body of the Declaration of Independence and the first ten amendments
F
police officers have zero discretion when enforcing the law
F
stress is a part of life and there are no known ways of combating it
F
The effect of exclusion from mainstream society as a result of being a police officer
Isolationism
The Criminal Justice System is traditionally structured with
LE (Police) The Courts The Correctional System
An ancient philosophy of justice, which means equal retaliation or "an eye for an eye"
Lex Talionis
Having a culpable state of mind (latin for evil mind). Concerned with whether or not the criminal act was committed on purpose
Mens rea
Non-judicial settlement of a case in which the defendant exchanges a guilty plea for some consideration, such as a reduced sentence
Plea Bargaining
The practice of police targeting minority groups because of the belief they are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity
Racial Profiling
Strategy of applying proper treatment so an offender will present no further threat to society
Rehabilitation
Considered to be the Father of Modern British Policing
Sir Robert Peel
Natural law became viewed as the will of God because of the works or
St. Thomas Aquinas St. Augustine
A law that attempted to develop a police system of watches and wards, or guard forces, across England
Statute of Winchester
A defendant surrenders their constitutional rights when they enter a guilty plea
T
August Vollmer believed all police officers should have a college education
T
Crime is any behavior that the government chooses to define as such, by passing a law against it
T
Deviance refers to any behavior that runs counter to society's expectations, beliefs, standards, or values
T
Eustress is stress that results from positive events such a starting a new job, having a baby, or getting married
T
Homeland Security is the identification of, and response to, threats to national security, with a particular emphasis on terrorism
T
Mandatory sentences require that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases upon conviction for a specified offense
T
Only a small number of convictions are the result of the plea-bargaining process (approximately 30%)
T
Police subculture is composed of cynicism, solidarity, and conservatism
T
Probation is the conditional release of a convicted offender back into their community while remaining under the supervision of the courts.
T
Stop and Frisk was the outcome of the case of Terry vs. Ohio
T
The Uniform Crime Report is the official source of crime data in the US and is complied by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
T
The Use of Force Continuum includes broad categories of force, in identifiable escalating/ deescalating stages of intensity, in response to a subject's action
T
The most widely used type of sentence in the US is Indeterminate Sentences
T
The court case that established that a police officer may use deadly force to prevent the escape of a fleeing suspect only if the officer has a good-faith belief that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others.
Tennessee vs. Garner
nation's highest appellate body and the court of last resort for all cases tried in the various federal and state courts
United States Supreme Court
Process where the jury panel is questioned. by the prosecution and the defense in order to select jurors who are unbiased and objective
Vior Dire
Siege Mentality is defined as
a police mind-set that groups people into two categories: us (police) and them (everybody who is not a police officer
Some act or conduct that is prohibited - the "thing" you are not allowed to do under criminal law
actus reus
Identify the role of the criminal defense attorney
advocate for the accused and zealously defend their client within the boundaries of the law
How long a term does the members of the United States Supreme Court serve?
appointed for lifetime terms
Appointment by the local nobleman. Considered the first real police officer
constable
Which of the following would be considered goals of modern sentencing?
deterrence retribution- just desert equity/restitution
which of the following are examples of a diversion program?
drug courts domestic violence courts mental health courts
examples of probationary conditions include which of the following
employment requirements and mandatory drug/alcohol/ addiction treatment
which of the following is to reimburse society for the losses their crimes have caused is?
equity/ restitution
Emergency management is the study of
how to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disaster or crisis situations
Which of the following sentencing models is tailored to fit individual needs and proves sentencing flexibility?
indeterminate sentences
The repetition of criminal behavior
isolationism
which of the following is NOT a reason that Magna Carta is important?
it established both excuse and justification defenses in criminal cases
Which of the following is the definition of incapacitation?
policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to eliminate the risk of repeating their offense in society
Any situation (event or state of mind) that requires a person to adjust in some manner; the body's nonspecific response to any demand placed upon it
stress
Forensic Science is defined as
the application of scientific principles to cases progressing through the legal system
which of the following describes a peremptory challenge?
the dismissal of a potential juror by either the prosecution or the defense for unexplained, discretionary
Police subculture is
the meanings, values, and behaviors patterns that are unique to police officers
Victimology is defined as
the study of why persons or entities become victims of crime
Criminology is the study of
why persons commit crimes