Intro to Communications Final exam
affect displays
gestures that communicate emotion
The study of body movement, facial expression, gesture, and posture is called....
kinesics
personality
Set of enduring characteristics that define a person's temperament, thought processes, and social behavior.
Anita had received some upsetting news just before beginning her shift as a server. All evening long, Anita was taking people's orders incorrectly. She was also having trouble listening to her manager's directions. Which reason best explains Anita's poor work performance?
She was having a problem with psychological noise.
task-oriented listening
a listening style that is primarily concerned with accomplishing the task at hand
The process of paying close attention to your behavior and using those observations to shape the way you behave is known as
self-monitoring
What statement of the following is an example of metacommunication?
"I hate it when you yell at me."
Language use can reflect a speaker's willingness to take responsibility for his or her statements. Which of the following categories of statements reflects the highest amount of speaker responsibility?
"I" statements
linear communication model
A characterization of communication as a one-way event in which a message flows from sender to receiver.
transactional communication model
A characterization of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages in an ongoing, irreversible process.
Relational Dialectics
A perspective that views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable and that revolves around how relational partners manage tensions.
self-concept
A set of largely stable perceptions about oneself.
symbol
A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.
euphemism
An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
Fact vs. Opinion
An opinion cannot be proven true; a fact can.
Parents who are strict and demand obedience "because I said so" use which kind of parenting style?
Authoritarian
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Carlos usually spends a lot of time surfing. He values the time he has in the ocean alone with his thoughts and the waves. It's something he really feels like he needs. He recently met a very exciting woman named Amy. He is thrilled by the time they spend together, but he feels surfing, a significant part of his identity, is now being neglected. What type of tension is he most likely feeling?
Connection vs. Autonomy
Dale excitedly bragged about getting a promotion at work to his friend, Lith. Lith thought to himself, "Dale is an arrogant jerk." Dale and Lith are likely members of what cultures?
Dale is a member of an individualistic culture, and Lith is a member of a collectivist culture.
altruistic lies
Deception intended to be unmalicious, or even helpful, to the person to whom it is told.
power distance
Degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals' physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage
Which of the following best explains why opposites attract?
Each partner's characteristics satisfy the other's needs.
reflected appraisal
Influence of others on one's self-concept.
Abstract Language
Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.
Which of the following describes the degree of similarity between what a listener understands and what the sender was attempting to communicate?
Listening fidelity
self-esteem
Our evaluation of our own self-worth
John and Cynthia went on a date. During dinner, John consistently made eye contact with Cynthia and nodded his head as she was talking. However, instead of focusing exclusively on Cynthia, John was thinking about the game that he was missing. Which type of faulty listening behavior was John exhibiting?
Pseudo listening
What is true about the relational dimensions of communication
Respect is a better predictor of relational satisfaction than liking or loving.
Individualistic cultures value __________.
Self-Reliance
contact hypothesis
The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
What is negativity bias?
The tendency to focus more on negative impressions than on positive ones.
Disfluencies
Vocal interruptions such as stammering and use of "uh," "um," and "er."
ad hominem fallacy
a statement that attempts to counter an argument by criticizing the person who made it
Johari Window
a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others
types of effective listening responses
advising, analyzing, comforting, prompting, reflecting, supporting, questioning
affinity
an attraction to
dyadic communication
an exchange of information between two people
self-monitoring
awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others
Which of the following is considered an appearance factor that can be used to convey economic status, educational level, athletic ability, interests, and more?
clothing
Perspective taking is associated with
cognitive complexity.
Cultures that place great value on family, duty, order, and hierarchy are considered ____________.
collectivist
Metacommunication
communication about communication
nonverbal communication
communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
John grew up traveling and spending time with people around the world. He now has positive attitudes and good relationships with people of many different cultures.
contact hypothesis
decode
convert (a coded message) into intelligible language.
Human communication is the process of....
creating meaning through symbolic interaction.
individualist cultures
cultures in which people tend to attach more importance to personal goals than to those of the larger community
Before a communicator responds to a message, s/he must first
decode it
Communicators must put their thoughts and ideas into messages that others can receive. This process is known as
encoding
____________ words have more than one correct dictionary definition.
equivocal
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
A critical listener should ____________.
examine the speaker's evidence and reasoning
When you are trying to concentrate in class but are distracted by other students talking behind you, what kind of noise are you experiencing?
external
Nick has just learned from the CEO that he needs to lay off fifteen workers. He cares a great deal about his employees and wants to convey this information in the best way possible. What medium should Nick use to tell his employees that they're fired?
face-to-face
The study of touch is called...
haptics
cognitive complexity
how well people perceive things
Dressing up to go to a party is an example of how nonverbal communication helps with
identity management
When you use communication strategies to influence others' perceptions of you, you are engaging in
identity management
Research has indicated a link between heavy reliance on mediated communication and
increased loneliness
types of communication
interpersonal, organizational, public, small-group
Halls Space Zones
intimate, personal, social, public
When the brain interprets sound and gives meaning to the sound, it is called ____________.
listening
Which cultures believe in minimizing the differences between social classes?
low power distance
Julia told Kacie that Taylor was "loaded." Kacie took this to mean that Taylor had had too much to drink, whereas Julia had meant that he was very wealthy. This is an example of the concept that
meaning is in people, not words
high- and low context cultures
measure of the degree of communication shaping information present in communication settings
Which of the following terms do social scientists use to describe the multiple nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions and vocal tone, which add clarity to a verbal message?
message richness
The stories people create and use to make sense of their personal worlds are called
narratives
Any stimulus that interferes with communication is referred to as
noise
asynchronous communication
occurs when team members do not meet at the same time
Ben says, "Hawaii is the best vacation spot in the world." Ethan, who has read reliable data about the subject, says, "Statistics show that more people vacation in Paris than in Hawaii." The difference between their statements is that Ben's is ____________, whereas Ethan's is
opinion based; fact based
Feynman Technique
organize+simplify+tell a story
Ogden and Richards' triangle of meaning demonstrates visually that meanings are in
people
Anytime you experience something new, like moving to a new city or enter a room full of people you don't know, you are sorting out and making sense of the new stimuli. This process is known as the
perception process
Chris once used his Twitter and Facebook accounts to post photos of him engaging in illegal drug use. He is now having trouble getting a job after prospective employers view his accounts. This is an example of social media's ____________.
permanence
Rules of Language
phonological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic
All during class, Deandra was distracted by the construction work going on outside. As a result, she couldn't remember most of the teacher's lecture. Deandra's listening difficulties, in other words, were caused by __________.
physical noise
Which of the following involves the use of silence and statements of encouragement to elicit a response from another person?
prompting
communication competence
refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts
behavioral descriptions
refers to things that people say or do
To effectively paraphrase a message, one should _________.
reflect the speaker's thoughts and feelings in different words
When you want to understand and connect with another person, you should use ____________ listening.
relational
Fast or slow, small or large, smart or stupid, and short or long are examples of words of what type?
relative
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Communicators from cultures that value ____________ tend to use more ambiguous terms, hedges, and disclaimers.
saving face/face saving
____________ is the process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others.
self-disclosure
Math is your weakest subject. On the first day of college algebra, you tell the student next to you, "I bet I'll get a D in this course." At the end of the semester you get a D. This result could be an example of
self-fulfilling prophecy
Judy did not correctly complete a task that her supervisor had given her. Judy's supervisor attributed the unsatisfactory result to Judy's failure to listen well or to try hard enough. Judy felt that her errors were due to unclear instructions and to her supervisor's failure to allow enough time to complete the task. Judy's explanation is an example of
self-serving bias
When picking up a friend from the airport, which set of language rules makes it possible for us to know whether to drive in the "Departures" lane or the "Arrivals" lane?
semantic rules
Most scholars agree that __________ factors more heavily influence how men and women behave rather than biological factors.
social
We often seek out people who can give us rewards that are greater than or equal to the costs we encounter in dealing with them. This describes....
social exchange theory
Which of the following is valued in a high-context culture?
social harmony
collectivist cultures
societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement
jargon
special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
This type of listener tries to monopolize the conversation by switching topics.
stage-hogger
Proxemics
study of personal space
Haptics
study of touch
Julio asked Dolores how her day at work was. She answered him by shrugging her shoulders. Which nonverbal function is Dolores using?
substituting
What are arbitrary elements used to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible?
symbols
____________ govern the arrangement or sequence of language.
syntactic rules
"I am impatient with people who ramble on without getting to the point" is a frustration of a(n) ____________ listener.
task-oriented listener
communication
the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules
Patrice is giving a speech in front of her class. She keeps shifting nervously back and forth. Patrice is not aware that she is shifting, but her classmates are. According to the Johari Window, under which window or area would this fall?
the blind area
Culture can be best understood as __________.
the language, values, beliefs, and traditions shared and learned by a group of people.
denotative meaning
the literal meaning of a word
connotative meaning
the personal and subjective meaning of a word
kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
disinhibition
the tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences
Equivocation
the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication
convergent language
the use of common labels to engage in meaning
divergent language
the use of the same labels to identify different meanings
encode
to put an idea into language or gesture
Paralanguage
vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
emotive language
words used deliberately to create an emotional impact
