Intro to Criminal Justice cumulative test study guide
US immigrations and customs enforcement (ICE) vs US Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
ICE detains and removes persons and goods that are in the US illegally while CBP keeps unauthorized persons and goods from crossing our borders
which of the following is true of circumstantial evidence?
it is indirect evidence
which of the following is true of critical thinking?
it is required for an ethical response
which of the following is true of reasonable force?
it pertains to the use of both non deadly and deadly force
evidence will not be admitted in court unless it is
relevant evidence
what is the significance of the US Supreme Court case Tennessee v. Garner (1985)?
set the standards for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers
an offender is sentenced to 60 days in jail followed by 2 years of probation. what type of sentencing arrangement is this?
split sentence
which excuse defense is commonly offered by defendants in sexual assault and rape cases
the mistake of fact defense
which statement best describes the "hands-off" doctrine generally followed by American courts when it comes to inmate rights?
unless the rights violation is particularly unreasonable, in most cases the courts will defer to the expertise of penal administrators and correctional officers and resisting making rulings that favor the inmate
according to the rational choice theory, when is a person likely to commit a crime?
when the perceived benefits are greater than the potential costs
what is the main difference between white-collar crime and organized crime?
while both white-collar crime and organized crime involve illegal activity to obtain a business advantage, only in organized crime are those illegal acts also committed by illegal organizations
which of the following technologies has all but replaced fingerprint evidence in many types of criminal investigations?
DNA fingerprinting
which federal agency is responsible for preventing counterfeit currency
US Secret Service
which federal law enforcement agency is primarily responsible for apprehending non-US citizens who are living and working in the US without permission from the federal government?
US immigration and customs enforcement (ICE)
which statement about the differences between criminal courts and civil courts are FALSE?
a prosecutor initiates criminal proceedings by filing charges against a defendant, which in civil court a prosecutor initiates proceeding by filing a lawsuit against a plaintiff
what is the main difference between an indictment and an information
a prosecutor issues an information, whereas a grand jury issues an indictment
which of the following does the 6th amendment grant?
a right to a speedy trial
According to the routine activities theory, most criminal acts require all of the following except
a sensible motive
a probationer is serving three years on probation after being convicted of credit card fraud. as one of the conditions of her probation, she must obtain permission from her probation officer before changing her permanent address. without telling her probation officer, she moves into her boyfriend's apartment. what is the proper term for her transgression?
a technical violation
what is a furlough
a temporary release from prison
how does problem-oriented policing rectify a devotion of too man of a police department's resources to reacting to calls for service?
by moving beyond simply responding to incidents and instead attempting to solve the root causes of crime
how does duress cause a person to perform an unlawful act that he or she would otherwise not perform?
by the wrongful threat of another person
which of the following statements about the death penalty is FALSE?
death penalty cases cost taxpayers significantly less than life imprisonment
which of the following describes a community-based form of early release that places inmates in residential centers and allows them to reintegrate with society?
halfway house
a police officer can stop, or briefly detain, a person for questioning if the officer...
has reasonable suspicion that the person has engaged or is engaging in criminal activity
which of the following did sociologist Ruth D. Peterson's research project reveal about violent crime rates in the neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio?
higher levels of disadvantage within neighborhoods were linked to higher violent crime rates, but the ethnic or racial makeup of neighborhoods were not
which of the following is NOT one of the three measurements on which the FBI and local law enforcement agencies base their information in compiling the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
historical statistical crime data
which of the following statements about a law enforcement officer's use of deadly force is FALSE?
if a police officer mistakenly but reasonably decided to use deadly force in a situation that does not actually require such force, a court usually will rule that the force was unjustified
Police corruption is best defined as the misuse by a law enforcement officer...
in a manner designed to produce personal gain
a strategy for preventing crime by detaining wrongdoers in prison, thereby separating them from the community and reducing criminal opportunities
incapacitation
why does the informal criminal justice system NOT always benefit from measured, rational discretionary decision making?
individual judgment can be tainted by personal bias or erroneous or irrational thinking
which detail BEST helps explain why prisons are considered total institutions?
inmates develop their own economy, based no on money but on the trade of values items such as food, contraband cell phones, illegal drugs, and sexual favors
what is the main difference between the inmates in federal and state prisons?
inmates in state prisons are most likely to have been convicted of violent crimes, whereas inmates in federal prisons are most likely to have been convicted of drug crimes
why do experts believe that the absence of the 3 most important aspects of prison governance would result in inmates that are much more difficult to control?
inmates will come to see their imprisonment as unpleasant and unfair
an approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future is known as...
intelligence-led policing
a criminal justice professional's ability to rely on discretion when making on-the-job decisions means that he or she ______
is able to use his or her personal judgement when the formal rules allow for one or more possible choices
which of the following is true of the prison inmate population in the US over the past 2 decades?
it has nearly tripled
which of the following is NOT true of drug abuse?
it involves only illicit drugs
which of the following is true of the due process model?
it places primary emphasis on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government
which description offers the best explanation of the exclusionary rule?
it requires judges to keep evidence out of trial proceedings if that evidence is the product of an unreasonable search or seizure by law enforcement
In 2012 the US Supreme Court overturned the Stolen Valor Act, which made it a crime to falsely claim that one had earned military honors or medals, arguing that a false statement that does no obvious harm is protected by the First Amendment. This is an example of....
judicial review
what is a grand jury?
jury that is called to decide whether probable cause exists
which of the following is NOT one of the common problems of jail inmates that make them notoriously challenging?
litigiousness
when comparing local PD and Sheriff's departments, which of the following is FALSE?
local PD are more likely to carry out civil and criminal processes, such as serving eviction notices and court summonses
suppose a law enforcement officer takes deliberate steps to conceal a colleague's wrongdoing. In essence, that officer has made the decision that...
loyalty is a more important value than honesty
mala in se crimes are crimes that are inherently immoral. What term describes crimes that are not immoral, but are wrong because they are declared illegal?
mala prohibita
any circumstances accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a lighter sentence are known as
mitigating circumstances
which of the following is NOT one of the elements essential of any crime?
motive
the UCR attempts to measure the overall rate of crime in the US by organizing
offenses known to law enforcement
a law enforcement officer is justified in using deadly force against a suspect if the...
officer reasonably believes that such force is necessary to protect himself/herself or another person from serious bodily injury or death
why might an aging population be a contributing factor to a declining violent crime rate?
older Americans are less likely to be violent criminals
the vast majority of all inmates leaving prison do so through one of the ____________
parole mechanisms
which of the following is NOT true of the repeat victimization theory?
past victimization is not a strong predictor of future victimization
which of the following is NOT a reason that American courts will generally support a police officer's freedom to make discretionary on the job decisions?
police work is "individualistic" and different police officers necessarily have different styles in carrying out their duties
according to Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, what can "low self-control" (a personality trait formed in childhood) usually be attributed to?
poor parenting
which of the following is true of prisoners and health care?
prisoners have a constitutional right to adequate health care
identify a true statement about an important way in which probation is different from parole
probation is a sentence (or part of a sentence) handed down by a judge, while the parole decision is usually made by a parole board
a crime is a wrong against society that is
proclaimed by law
Sociologist Jack Katz suggests that the rewards of crime may not only be financial, they may be
sensual
Ralph is on probation for possession of a narcotic. He is subject to random drug testing and is required to attend drug counseling. what types of conditions were placed on his probation?
standard, punitive, and treatment conditions
which of the following is true of the insanity plea?
states across the country apply different tests to determine insanity
what is the difference between subject-matter and geographic jurisdiction?
subject-matter jurisdiction is based on area of law, and geographic jurisdiction is based on physical territory
which argument best summarizes the position of those who oppose state laws that legalize the sale and possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use?
such laws fail to protect society from the harms caused by marijuana use
which of the following is NOT a common criticism of mandatory minimum sentencing laws?
such laws lead to more frequent death sentences as a cost-saving measure to avoid lengthy prison terms
a person's procedural due process rights are violated when
that person is deprived of "life, liberty, or property" through unfair or arbitrary legal techniques by the government or some other powerful institution
which of the following would most likely be used by an officer to legally seize potentially criminal property that he or she sees during the curse of a routine traffic stop?
the "plain view" doctrine
______ involves a method of selecting judges that combines appointment and election
the Missouri Plan
which law enforcement agency is primarily responsible for operating county jails in the US?
the Sheriff's department
What is the "dark figure of crime"?
the actual amount of crime that takes place
according to the social disorganization theory, why do people who experience rapid social change ultimately turn to drug use and abuse?
the become disaffiliated from mainstream society
which concept holds that criminal law is shaped by the communal values of a society and is designed to set the boundaries for acceptable behavior within that society?
the consensus model
why are self-reported surveys most useful in juvenile facilities or a prison?
the group to be studied is already gathered in an institutional setting
How did the US Supreme Court modify the discretion afforded to law enforcement officers when it comes to the use of deadly force in 2004?
the high court ruled that this force could be "reasonable" even if it was not needed to protect the officer or others in the area
which of the following is NOT a relevant factor in determining whether consent to search is voluntary?
the nature of the crime being investigated
in which situation would a law enforcement officer probably need to obtain a warrant based on probable cause before engaging in a search of the suspect's property?
the officer has arrested a suspect in his dorm for making domestic assault and wants to search the contents of the cell phone in his pocket
the courtroom workgroup is made up of the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense attorney. It may also include all of the following participants EXCEPT....
the press or media
identify a TRUE statement about attorney-client privilege
the privilege requires defense attorneys to keep all communications with a client concerning past criminal activity confidential, unless the client agrees otherwise
which of the following is NOT relevant when a court is deciding whether a correctional institute has violated an inmate's Eight Amendment rights?
the reasonable expectation of privacy
which model of inmate behavior explains prison riots by focusing on the frustration inmates feel when their already difficult living conditions are made more difficult through hardships such as bad plumbing, poor food, and decreased contact with their loved ones?
the relative deprivation model
all of the following have contributed to the growth of prison populations in the last several decades except
the tendency for prosecutors to seek downward departures
which statement about the roles and responsibilities of trial judges is FALSE?
the trial judge has few, if any, duties to carry out before the beginning of the trial
what is the "blue curtain"?
the unspoken code that separates the police from the civilians they are meant to protect
which of the following can best be defined as an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning?
theory
which statement concerning local and federal law enforcement is FALSE?
there are more federal law enforcement officers than local law enforcement officers on duty in the US
in the process of the scientific method, which of the following is true of theories and hypotheses?
there must be a hypothesis before there can be an accepted theory
all of the following are true of private prisons except
they are safer than state-run prisons
which of the following is true of most prosecutors
they have a screening process for deciding when to prosecute and when not to
which of the following is generally true of jails (as opposed to prisons)
they house those who are awaiting trial or have recently been arrested, in addition to convicts
why are public order crimes sometimes referred to as victimless crimes?
they often harm only the offender
self-reported surveys provide us information on crimes in what way?
they report criminal acts (detected or not) that were perpetrated by the survey taker.
which of the following does NOT affect sentencing length?
time to apprehension
why might a judge use preventative detention?
to act in the best interest of the community
what is the primary explanation for violence in prison?
to establish a hierarchy among prisoners
the primary legal function of the law is to maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm. The primary social function of the law is
to express morality and publicly condemn
According to the text, what is the primary benefit of having a racially and ethically diverse police force?
to provide an accurate representation of the human resource talent in the US
what are the dual purposes of probation?
to rehabilitate the offender and to protect society
what must a jury's verdict be in most jurisdictions for there to be either an acquittal or a conviction in a criminal case
unanimous
an offender is convicted of a domestic crime and receives a more lenient sentence than he expected. pleased with his sentence, he tells a friend, "the judge was really fair so I expect I'll be out of here on parole before you know it." How likely is his prediction?
uncertain because parole is determined by the parole board not the judge
what is "fruit of the poisoned tree?
any physical or verbal evidence police are able to acquire by using illegally obtained evidence
Field training gives police recruits the opportunity to
apply concepts learned in a police academy under the supervision of a training officer
Which is an example of the police using their power of arrest to preserve the peace?
arresting a street protestor who has attracted a loud and angry crowd
about half of adult felony cases Brought to prosecutors by police are dismissed through a
Noelle prosequi
which amendment gives a suspect the right to remain silent
5th
patronage system
A form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving job-related "favors" in return.
which agency is the FBI a part of
Department of Justice
The US supreme curt has defined custody as...
a formal arrest or any situation in which a reasonable person would not feel free to remove himself or herself from the control of the police
if a probationer or parolee fails to follow the conditions of her probation or parole, the supervising corrections officer has discretion to revoke, which means ________?
a formal procedure is started that could result in the probationer or parolee's incarceration
which of the following is not one of the 4 contributing factors that James Alan Fox uses to explain the recent trend toward declining violent crime rates?
a healthier economy, especially within inner cities
Despite active recruitment of African Americans, many police departments today have been unable to hire more African Americans for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a low number of African American candidates who want to work in predominately white communities
which is an example of a suspended sentence?
an offender is sentenced to one year in prison, but the sentence is waived unless the offender reoffends
what is one of the unintended consequences of high rates of incarceration in America?
acute social and financial problems for children of the incarcerated
which of the following is true of when a plea bargaining usually takes place?
after the arraignment but before the trial
The UCR divides the criminal offenses it measures into two major categories. Part I offenses are those crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency, are recorded by the FBI to give general idea of the "crime picture" in the US. What are part II offenses?
all crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the category of part I offenses
what is the master jury list made up of?
all of the eligible jurors in a community
why might plea bargaining appeal to a defendant?
allows defendants a small measure of control over their fate
What is the best way to describe the responsibilities of local law enforcement officers such as police officers and sheriff's deputies?
although the public focuses on their crime fighting and law enforcement duties, local officers provide numerous services in the community that are not directly related to enforcing criminal laws
which of the following policies or programs is NOT designed to help offenders with desistance?
background checks
when one person physically attacks another, it is known as _______. When someone merely leads another to believe that he or she will be physically harmed, it is known as ______.
batter; assault
minimum requirement for a police officer in most police departments in the US
be 21 years or older
when does the constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial NOT apply
before a person has been accused of a crime
the fact that fewer than one in three adults arrested for a felony see in inside of a prison cell is explained by which of the following?
case attrition
generally, a not guilty plea in the face of strong evidence is part of a strategy to
challenge a crucial part of evidence
the steps that corrections administrators take to determine the security risk posed by each incoming inmate, and by extension they type of prison to which the inmate will be sent, is called the ________?
classification process
which of the following is NOT one of the three justifications for community corrections?
compassion
what are hot spots?
concentrated areas of high crime
when 2 variables tend to vary together, what is said to exist between them?
correlation
in a criminal trial, the main objective of the defense is to....
create a reasonable doubt
which grouping shows the 3 levels of home monitoring from least restrictive to most restrictive?
curfew> home detention> home incarceration
The strategy of preventing crime through the threat of punishment is known as:
deterrence
which of the following is a key difference between random and directed patrols?
directed patrols target a specific type of crime, whereas random patrols do not
Drugs and crime are related in three general ways. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways drugs and crime are related
drug-induced victimization
under what circumstance must suspects be read their Miranda rights?
during custodial interrogations
which of the following does cross-examination NOT attempt to do?
encourage opposing witnesses to "plead the fifth"
which of the following is NOT one of the four basic functions of the police?
ensure justice
to convince a judge or jury that a defendant is guilty, a prosecutor must
establish that the defendant's guilt is the only possible reasonable explanation for the criminal act in question
the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong make up that person's
ethics
approaches or strategies that have been extensively researched and shown consistently to produce the desired outcomes are known as
evidence-based practices
________ is the process by which one jurisdiction surrenders a person accused or convicted of violating another jurisdiction's criminal law to the second jurisdiction
extradition
after the initial appearance, most defendants will be released. which of the following might prevent that release?
failure to post bail
What is the name of the power-sharing system of government adopted by the US in which individual states are permitted to enact laws that reflect the values of their inhabitants?
federalism
According to research, which statement is TRUE regarding female police officers?
female officers compose no more than 13 percent of police officers
which amendment protects against double jeopardy?
fifth amendment
which of the following is NOT a qualification to be a juror?
gainfully employed
when scientists study ancestral or evolutionary developments, they are engaging in a branch of biology that deals with traits that are passed from one generation to another through genes. This is the study of
genetics
according to Cohen and Nelson, which of the following four items would most likely be stolen?
gold watch
a reduction in time served by prisoners based on good behavior, conformity to rules, and other positive behavior
good time
established by the US Supreme Court, the Brady rule holds that....
prosecutors must disclose to the defense any evidence or information that reasonably might help establish the defendant's innocence
For those who favor due process values in American court system, the primary purpose of the court is to ______?
provide defendants with a fair chance to achieve justice in their efforts against the immense power of prosecutors, who are backed by the resources of the government
all of the following are important for good prison governance except
providing a sense of contentment or purpose
How do victim impact statements help judges and juries to make more informed sentencing decisions?
providing them with an understanding of all the consequences of the crime
according to the text, why is there a high demand for secondary policing?
public officers are more skilled than private security guards
which of the following would NOT be a lawyer who might represent a defendant in a criminal trial?
public prosecutor
what is probable cause
reasonable grounds to believe that certain facts warranting search or arrest
which of the following is NOT one of the four sources that may provide probably cause?
reasonable suspicion
in which era was the professional model of policing introduced?
reform era
the philosophy that society is best served when wrongdoers are provided the resources needed to eliminate criminality from their behavioral pattern
rehabilitation
the philosophy that those who commit criminal acts should be punished for breaking society's rules to the extent required by just deserts....
retribution
which of the following is the principle that the rules of a legal system apply equally to all persons, institutions, and entities-public or private-that make up a society
rule of law
the most frequent exception to the warrant requirement involves
searches incident to arrest
