Intro to Latin American Studies Exam 3

Casa de las Américas is a publishing house in Havana that awards the most prestigious literary prize in Latin America

True

Gael García Bernal was born in Guadalajara, Mexico

True

García Bernal has appeared in many independent films in English

True

Hayek's first title role in English was in Desperado (1995)

True

In the 1968 Conference of Latin American Bishops, poverty was a central focus

True

Maradona claimed the "hand of God" assisted him in a key goal in the 1986 World Cup

True

President João Goulart was overthrown in a military coup d'état

True

Raúl Prebisch was an economist from Argentina who observed that Latin America was on the periphery of global economic development

True

The FARC was a revolutionary group in Colombia

True

The Sandinistas in Nicaragua were named after Augusto César Sandino a leader of the anti-imperialist guerrilla war of the 1920s

True

The Somoza family ruled Nicaragua from the 1930s through the 1970s

True

Hugo Chavez

Venezuela's president, former army officer, flamboyant, reckless, and outspoken, contrasted with Lula. Channeled resources to poor Venezuelan's in exchange for their loyalty, and it worked. He used "Bolivarian" imagery and quotations to suggest the idea of Latin American solidarity against the United States. Also had furious rhetoric and domineering use of government authority against political adversaries which won him the middle class.

Diego Maradona

Very talented soccer player. The team that had been dismissed as a barbarian horde in the exalted dressing rooms of the Milan stadium started winning all the matches. In the 1986 World Cup, he made people believe any team could be champion with him on it. Had a huge ego and loved having a following. The things he said were never consistent and he would public say stuff which disagreed with something he said earlier. He talks about his screw ups and the people he doesn't like with sincerity. Started to let himself go towards the end and was randomly drug tested, tested positive. A blonde woman accompanied him off the field. After retirement, he became a talk show host which was popular, but he surprised people when he was in shape but his show was all over the place yet a lot of people watched it. 2008, moved to help coach Argentina's soccer team for the 2010 World Cup. People were scared they would lose but more scared of the harm he would do to himself. The team ended up doing poorly and he eventually resigned.

Mayor

Wants Escovar to pull his tooth and threatened to shoot him if he didn't. "Now you'll pay for our twenty dead men" - Right before Escovar pulled the tooth, this is what he did. The mayor must have done something terrible which is why Escovar is not a fan.

Argentina won the 1986 World Cup final match against

West Germany

Alliance for Progress

John F Kennedy created this plan in 1961 in response to the Cuban Revolution. Similar to the Marshall Plan, reduce revolutionary pressures by stimulating economic development and political reform.

Dentist

Aurelio Escovar, a dentist without a degree. Not phased by the threat of being shot.

Diego Maradona (1960)

Born into a working class family in Argentina, first Latin American soccer player to play for European club teams and make lots of money.

Directed by Mexican director Alejandro González Iñárritu, Babel starred

Brad Pitt, Cate Blanchett, and Gael Garcia Bernal

Telenovela

Can draw on audience familiarity with the conventions of the genre, even if the specifics of the story relate to a culture that is not familiar with them.

"Didn't 'she' leave?"

Catarina should have returned happy that her mother left, but instead she was sad. Thinking this, when Catarina had a sad look on her face, Antonio asked "Didn't she leave?"

Popular Unity was the name of the coalition led by Salvador Allende in

Chile

Post-Mexican

Coined by Roger Bartra, an anthropologist and public intellectual in order to discuss the "profound crisis of identity and legitimacy" that resulted in the collapse of the signs and symbols of "Mexicanness" built around the postrevolutionary political regime that ruled Mexico for most of the twentieth century.

Geolinguistic region

Commonalities of language across global space

Which Central American country largely escaped the crossfire of the Cold War?

Costa Rica

Pablo Escobar

Created mafia empire and became a powerful figure of organized crime. Sold cocaine and marijuana which was illegal. Created a mafia known as Medellin Cartel. Killed anyone who went against him. Offered to surrender as long as he was guaranteed non-extradition, so he went to prison where he still ran the drug mafia. Eventually he escaped. In 1993, the Colombian police found him and killed him.

The Soviet Union played a major role in

Cuba

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927). Cuban man, a part of sugar cane growing family. Inspired by the idealistic, mildly socialist, and anti-imperialist themes of the student movement. In opposing the US, the internationalist Che and the nationalist Castro saw eye to eye.

Geocultural region

Cultural similarities in the absence of shared language. Programs in one country being able to find an audience in another.

Legacy of Cuban Revolution

Death of Che Guevara in Bolivia, 1967 Casa de las Americas founded in 1959 in Havana

ECLA

Economic Commission for Latin America set up by the United Nations. · Established by Raul Prebisch, economist from Argentina · Prebisch's analysis = dependency theory - LA = peripheral in the global economy, which was dominated by Europe and the US - Industrialization that involved establishing subsidiaries of US multinational corporations in Latin America = only reinforced economic subordination of Latin America - Solution = join the industrialized center But... for US policymakers the expansion of multinational corporations was a natural development of global capitalism and they regarded resistance a hostile to the US

Lula

Elected in 2002 for Brazil, a former metalworker and union leader, to govern Latin America's largest, most populous, and most economically dynamic nation. Before elected, spent 20 years creating a democratic grassroots labor party called PT.

"Player of the Century"

FIFA survey: · Experts chose Pelé · Fans chose Maradona

Liberation Theology was founded in Cuba after the 1959 Revolution

False

Maradona only played for the Argentine national team and Argentine club teams during his soccer career

False

The 1947 Rio Pact established a defensive alliance between the United States and Brazil

False

The Bay of Pigs refers to the Cuban invasion of Florida

False

Hayek and García Bernal appeared in soap operas in the United States before their film careers began

False, just Hayek

FMLN

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, Marti was a martyred hero of the Salvadoran left, communist organizer of the indigenous uprising in 1932. Had strong backing by the country people in mountains along the Honduran border, blew up bridges and power lines and levied "war taxes" on vehicles traveling through their territory.

Cuba-USSR-US, after 1950

Fidel Castro and Nikita Krushchev, 1960 Bay of Pigs, 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Former president of Brazil

Mercosur

Free trade agreement between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Created in 1995 and suspended in 2016. Free trade helped middle-class apartment dwellers receive access to internet, TV, and become consumers in a transnational economy. Helped middle class but closed down plants where the lower classes work

Fidel Castro and the other rebels involved in the Cuban Revolution sailed from Mexico to Cuba in a boat named the

Granma

Gael García Bernal was born in

Guadalajara, Mexico

Hayek and Bernal

Hayek and Garcia Bernal's career emerged when film production and exhibition collapsed and private investors became part of the process via co-financing and tax credits. Mexican cinema's circulation in film festivals and art-house circuits grew while allowed Mexican actors to emerge as international stars. They represent opposite consequences of the same historical phenomenon. By inserting themselves as commodities in different circuits of cultural meaning - Hayek in the US Latino market, Garcia Bernal in the trans-Hispanic cinema, they emerged as empty signifiers that evolved into icons of a post-Mexican cultural condition.

El Mozote

In 1981, an elite US-trained battalion entered the tiny village of El Mozote and slaughtered almost everyone there - unarmed men, women, and children. Thought they were a guerrilla base but in reality, many familes recently converted to US-oriented evangelical Protestantism and favored government over guerillas. Illustrated the grisly, indiscriminate violence of military anticommunism in Central America.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. The US flew spy planes in 1962 and saw a missile. John F Kennedy issued ultimatum to the Russians, "withdraw missiles or else". Soviets agreed to removed missiles in return for a US agreement not to invade Cuba.

Sandinistas

In charge before Somozas and then took over after. Nonegotiable revolutionary plans, wanted full literacy and public health. In 1990, Sandinistas lost an election that they staked everything on. In the defeat, guerilla leader and Sandinista Daniel Ortega took second to Violeta Chamorro, the publisher who was killed wife.

Low-intensity conflict

Internal warfare that is sporadic and carried out on a small scale but often prolonged and debilitating to the state and society in which it occurs.

Pablo Neruda

Most popular poet of twentieth century Latin America, Neruda was lusty, expansive, democratic, and plainspoken. Wrote Twenty Poems of Love and One Desparate Song. His greatest theme was "America", mostly Spanish America. Won Nobel Prize. Served as consul in Asia, Europe, and Americas. Sided with revolutionaries. In 1945, he was elected senator for Chile's Communist Party. Reputation was at its height as the Cold War settled over Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s.

Anastasio Somoza

Nicaragua had been ruled by the Somoza family since the 1930s and they personified perverse side effects of US anticommunism. Anastasio, whose main qualification was that he spoke English, headed Nicaraguan national guard. Invited Sandino to parlay, had him assassinated, then used the national guard to take over Nicaragua. He assassinated Chamorro, a publisher for a Conservative newspaper and this united the left and right Nicaraguans. Rebellion, the Sandinistas assumed leadership, fled to Miami.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement created in 1994. The day NAFTA took effect, the indigenous group, Zapatistas, declared their opposition. Canada, US, Mexico.

Massacre of the Plaza of Tlatelolco, Mexico City

October 2, 1968

"One of These Days" (1962)

Overview · Mayor of small town has an abscessed tooth · The dentist pulls the tooth · There is a history between the two men that emerges in indirect ways in the story Themes · Justice, injustice, revenge · Corruption · "One of these days" · Who gets revenge? How?

Juan Peron was a

Populist leader in Argentina

Organization of American States (OAS)

Principal venue of US anticommunist diplomacy, a beefed up version of the Pan-American Union, no longer manage exclusively by the US but always dominated by it. Chorus of unsavory dictators such as Trujilio followed the US line in the OAS, overwhelming any opposition from larger nations like Mexico. In 1954, issued the Declaration of Caracas which states that Marxist revolutionary movements be treated at foreign invasions.

"Hand of God"

The controversial goal that scored against England in 1986.

Catarina

The daughter of the woman and is married to Antonio. She is cross-eyed and laughs through her eyes. Catarina and Severina do not get along and never have. They are riding in a taxi on the way to the train station to drop Severina off. The car slams on the break and the two fall into each other like a baby and its mother. Their connection changes and they feel like they need to say something to each other and have needed to say something for a while. The train leaves and Catarina doesn't get to say what she wanted to say. Takes son out at night.

Brazilian "mirace"

The military government created conditions in which new industries could thrive at the expense of the poor majority. Basically could make up random rules - attract international capital with a "safe climate for foreign investment" which meant low wages and no strikes. This only helped out the elite people and made them richer. There was no plan to redistribute the wealth among the middle class. They pursued their vision of Brazilian greatness by constructing some of the world's biggest, and most environmentally devastating hydroelectric dams, highways, bridges, and airports.

"As if 'mother and daughter' were life and abhorrence"

The mother loved her daughter but the daughter despised the mom.

Severina

The mother's first name and this is what Antonio calls her.

Liberalism

The political ideology that arose with capitalism and usually accompanies it. Limited government and economic laissez-faire... Liberal ideology favored progress over tradition, reason over faith, universal over local values, and the free market over government control. Liberalism and nationalism alternated in ascendancy.

João Goulart

The president of Brazil, a political protégé of Getulio Vargas. Inherited position of the Vargas constituency, redoubled outreach toward urban workers, his rhetoric sounded radical.

Antonio

The son in law, does not get along with Severina, but pretends to be good at the train station when she's leaving. Calls her by her first name. He is an engineer and likes his wife even though he knows she has a whack way of doing things. Worried for their son when Catarina takes him out alone so he says, "this child is still innocent."

"It's the same damn thing"

This is what the mayor said after Escovar asked whether to bill him or the town. It means that he thinks he is better than everyone.

Mothers of the Plaza of Mayo

-many people were kidnapped -every week, women would march to buenos aires and demand to know what napped to their missing children -They started killing Marxist guerilla groups which were often made up of young, middle class, university educated students who fought against the Argentine military. They were killed and their bodies were taken secretly. In late 1970s, their mothers would carry photos of their "disappeared" children and protest in the main square of downtown Buenos Aires, the Plaza de Mayo.

US and LA relations during the Cold War

1947: Rio Pact = US convened hemispheric nations to sign a permanent Pan-American defensive alliance 1954: Declaration of Caracas = issued by the OAS and declared that all Marxist revolutionary ideology was alien to the Western hemisphere - Set stage for US interventions in subsequent decades

Popular Unity

A coalition lead by Salvador Allende of Chile, in the 1970 election Allende won, the coalition Popular United now had its constitutional chance to show what it meant by "a Chilean road" to socialism. Ambitious dreams of social transformation - nationalization of Chilean copper, coal, steel, most banks, land reform - outran Popular Unity's electoral strength. Imposed price freezes and wage increases to raise living standard of Chilean poor, triple-digit inflation roared. Wealthy Chileans fought the initiatives of Popular Unity, sometimes with CIA support.

Juan and Eva Peron

A controversial couple of Argentina who took over after WWII. They appealed to the lower class, raised salaries of working class. But under them the government controlled the press and denied civil liberties. Juan was a nationalist army officer who, as secretary of labor, won a strong following among Argentine workers. Fearing Peron's influence, the government removed him, but on October 17, 1945, a large demonstration of workers met in Buenos Aires to demand his return. He won the election in 1946. October 17th is considered Peron day. Rio Pact. Eva (Evita) was married to Juan. She had been poor and had come to Buenos Aires for a better life. She felt she understood the people.

Tupamaros

A group in Uruguay which tried to precipitate a revolution like Che in Bolivia. Inspired by example of Cuban Revolution. Recognize absence of revolutionary conditions in Uruguay. Carried out daring plans to impress the public like digging a tunnel to free captured comrades in a prison. 1967 the Uruguayan president declared martial law to fight Tupamaros. Annihilated them in 1973. By the end of the 1970s, Uruguay had more political prisoners, relative to its size, than any other country in the world.

Populism

A leadership style, one that focused on mass politics and winning elections. To win elections in the postwar period, the nationalists adopted populist political tactics, such as flying candidates around the country for huge rallies and making use of radio. Attract working-class voters with a vision of radical improvement of living conditions, without scaring off middle-class. The populists bashed the old rural oligarchies and their imperialistic accomplices outside the country

Frida

A movie about Frida Kahlo played by Salma Hayek.

La violencia

A period which lasted from the 1940s to 50s. Conflicts erupted across the Colombian countryside after the assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, famous populist leader. Less about politics than about socioeconomic conflict in the countryside. People flocked to the cities in fear. Crime was very common.

Arpoador

A place in Rio de Janeiro and the story ends with "the day would shatter with the waves on the crags of Arpoador"

FARC

A rural guerilla army with roots in La Violencia of the 1950s, them and ELN forced landowners to pay "war taxes" so landowners created their own forces.

Latinos

A term pretty much only used in the US. It brings together Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Bolivians by the Spanish language

Maquiladora

A transnational operation, an assembly plant using lots of cheap labor, mostly women, to put together imported parts. Workers meant very little to the employer, mainly just used for cheap labor. Low tariffs > maquiladora production.

Cuban Revolution

After years of inequality, people believed it was time to shuffle the social deck and pull down the well-to-do and powerful who have enjoyed their privileges for so long while others suffered. Started with failed attack on Moncada army Barracks on July 26th, 1953. Fidel Castro in the Sierra Maestra in 1956. Rebels take Havana, 1959

Bebel

American born Brazilian pop singer often associated with Bossa Nova which is a type of Samba.

Oscar Romero

Archbishop of the Salvadoran church. He spoke against the army after anticommunist death squads targeted priests and nuns that worked with the poor. Anticommunists viewed this as dangerous and in 1980, a political assassin killed him in front of the altar as he gave mass.

Montoneros were urban guerrillas in

Argentina

The Dirty War refers to a period of military dictatorship in

Argentina

1986 World Cup

Argentina won the 1986 world cup, Maradona scored the winning goal

"Che" Guevara

Argentine medical student who believed the battle against capitalist imperialism was his battle. Included all countries of Latin America as victims of the imperialist system and thought they could only free themselves by acting together. Hearing of inspiring reforms in Arbenz's Guatemala, he participated. In opposing the US, the internationalist Che and the nationalist Castro saw eye to eye.

Neoliberalism

Just called neo because it is new. Familiar emphasis on free trade, export production, and the doctrine of comparative advantage. Their ideas produced grossly unequal economic growth that eventually caused lots of backlash. "Familiar emphasis on free trade, export production, and the doctrine of comparative advantage".

The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962, under U.S. President

Kennedy

"Goal of the Century"

Maradona's goal in the 1986 World Cup against England.

Gael Garcia Bernal (1978)

Mexican actor, interviewed for People magazine. His embodiment of Mexico is consistently deterritorialized in his performances of characters from diverse national and cultural origins. Plays characters of multiple Latin American countries. Room for a Latino leading man in the US film industry was never really created. Presents a very peculiar form of masculinity that is both "feminine" and "phallic" that contrasts with the performances of maleness that defined Mexican stars of the Golden Age. By going against masculine steotypes, he is an empty icon, whose symbolic value lies not in his Mexican origin, but in his trans-Hispanic performances.

Salma Hayek (1966)

Mexican actress who was considered a "sexy latina". Coaches wanted her to weaken her accent but she refused. She has an equivocal relationship with "Mexicanness" in two ways, her Lebanese descent and her intersection with Latino iconicity in the US yet remains strongly committed to representing Mexico. She took roles generally racially defined for someone else. She broke the stereotypes in her role in telenovela "Teresa", so she never appeared in another major Mexican television role. Went to the US in 1991 to study acting. Her movies were not very popular in Mexico showing her embodiment of "Mexicanness" lacks the use-value of cinematic identities of the 1940s and 50s in Mexico. She is seen as not only "Mexican", but also "Latina".

In anticipation of the 1968 Olympic Games, there was a protest and then a massacre in the Tlatelolco district of

Mexico City

Carlos Salinas

Mexico's neoliberal president earned universal disgrace for the massive corruption of his administration. The years 1994-95 saw the worst economic crisis to occur in Mexico in decades.

Rigoberta Menchú

Quiche Mayan woman whose mother and brother were tortured by the Guatemalan army. Community wanted to raise its crops and follow traditional customs. Brothers joined the guerillas. 1992 Nobel Peace Prize, wrote books depicting the horrors people faced with the military perpetuating 95 percent of the deaths.

Jacobo Arbenz

Second reformist president in Guatemala, he started to confiscate large estates and divide them up for peasant cultivators. His government also expropriated land from United Fruit, along with Guatemala's foreign-owned railway. Cries of communism now became intense, both in the US and Guatemala. Most Guatemalan generals were far more conservative than Arbenz. US proxy force invaded from Honduraz, and instead of fighting the invasion, the Guatemalan army joined it, ousting Arbenz.

Salvador Allende

Socialist communist coalition candidate for Chile who won in 1970. Marxist who was not an advocate of armed revolution, committed to Chilean constitutional traditions.

Neoliberals

Sold off, or privatized, the state-run corporations and public services that nationalists had created all over Latin America... slashed import tariffs... deregulated capital flows, removing nationalism-inspired limits on profit that multinational corporations could freely take out of a country each year reduced subsidies that made basic foodstuffs and public services available to the poor.

Telenovela

Television serial drama or soap opera produced primarily in Latin America.

Amazonia

The Amazon rainforest is largest tropical forest in the world. Was untouched by people other than indigenous people until the 1960s. Then the Brazilian military government developed a project where there was logging, and mining, and it ruined the environment. Pollution occurred and contaminated the waterways. Indigenous people then died of diseases. The Brazilian and Ecuadorian governments wanted to exploit the resources of Amazonia.

Clarice Lispector

b. 1920, Ukraine d. 1977, Rio de Janeiro · Born in Ukraine; family was Jewish and suffered in pogroms · Immigrated to Brazil as a child · Her novels and short stories concerned widely acclaimed · First novel, Near to the Wild Heart, published in 1943, when she was in her early twenties Themes and Impact · Novels and short stories concerned with themes of adolescence, femininity, alienation, introspection · "Family Ties" published in book of short stories by same name in 1960 · Clarice and her introspective and lyrical style impacted narrative fiction in Brazil for a generation · 1960, Lacos de familia, Family Ties (short story collection)

Gabriel García Marquez

b. 1927, Aracataca, Colombia d. 2014, Mexico City · Raised by maternal grandparents in Aracataca · Grandfather was a colonel in the Liberal army Early writing career · Marquez started writing career as a journalist · Living in Bogotá during the Bogotazo, riots in 1948 after assassination of Eliecer Gaitan · Began writing career during La Violencia · Receiving Nobel Prize for literature, 1982 · Associated with magical realism, though this is not the style of "One of These Days" · 1967, publication of Cien años de soledad, One Hundred Years of Solitude

According to Dependency Theory, Latin American countries were

harmed by multinational corporations

Diego Maradona is a retired

soccer player and coach

Liberation Theology

· 1968, conference of Latin American Bishops in Medellin, Colombia · Focus on the poor · Liberation from "institutionalized violence" of poverty Communism challenged not only individual liberties but also older, even more traditional values like patriarchy and social hierarchy.

"Hand of God" and "Goal of the Century"

· 1986 World Cup, Mexico City · Quarter Final match: Argentina vs. England · 51st minute - Maradona scored goal with his hand, "hand of God" · 55th minute - Maradona scored "goal of the century" · Argentina went on to win the final match against West Germany

Neoliberal stars

· 2 types of post-Mexican film icons · Hayek: committed to "representing Mexico" in the global arena and the presentation of Latino identity for American audiences (148) · Garcia Bernal: embodiment of Mexico is deterritorialized, not define by national or group identity (148)

Military Rule in Argentina, "Dirty War" (1976-83)

· Admiral Massera, President Videla, General Agosti The Desparecidos and the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo

"Family Ties"

· Central concerns of story transcend regional and national concerns · Brazil is not key to the story, through Arpoador, a place in Rio de Janeiro figures into metaphorical language that is used at the end · Story centers around conversation between mother and her adult daughter and the lack of meaningful connection between them Arpoador: Peninsular, between Ipanema and Copacabana beaches, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

La violencia in Colombia: 1948-1958

· Civil war between Conservatives and Liberals · Set off by assassination of Liberal presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948 · Over 200,000 killed · Mass displacement in the countryside

Marxism and Latin America

· Cuban revolution inspired movements in other parts of Latin America · Cuban government did not offer much assistance to Marxist revolutionaries in other parts of Latin America · The Soviet Union never played a major role in Latin America outside of Cuba · But, the Cold War political climate caused the US to fear Soviet involvement

Reaction

· In the name of national security, military leaders took a more active role in governance · Latin American armed forces were often supported by the US · Military Juntas, committees composed of generals and admirals, began to rule in many countries · By the mid 1970s, authoritarianism had swept through South America and constitutional civilian governments survived in only a few countries - Brazil, coup 1964 - Argentina, coup 1976

Military Rule in Brazil (1964-85)

· João Goulart (1918-76), President of Brazil from 1961-64 · Coup d'état, 1964

Central America

· Nicaragua - Revolutionaries: FSLN (Sandinistas) - Counterrevolutionaries: Contras · El Salvador - Revolutionaries: FMLN - Archbishop Óscar Romero - Massacre at El Mozote · Guatemala - Military rule 1954-1996 - Brutal civil war - Genocide against Maya people · Rigoberta Menchú Tum, b. 1959 Guatemala, 1992: received Nobel Peace Prize

Military Rule in Chile (1973-1990)

· Salvador Allende (1908-1973), President of Chile, 1970 - Sep 11, 1973 · National Soccer Stadium, 1973, after coup