Intro to Mass Media
"Organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world" (Reese, 2001).
FRAMES
Which of the following terms refers to a contentious political process by which elites control "common sense"?
HEGEMONY
How did Norris maintain her power, control, and authority?
By speaking for 1 min, 16 s of the total 1 min 56 s of the story and by allowing Barry to be heard for only 12 s.
The ability to launch websites guarantees the ability to launch well-funded economically viable news sites.
FALSE
"As an expression of power, wars happen when policy actors successfully align their goals with"?
FAVORABLE CULTURAL CODES
Why, according to Pinker, is freedom of assembly so important?
It establishes mutual knowledge.
What is the value of examining media policy as fetishism?
It helps us to understand how we are disconnected from our true sources of power and creativity and helps us to think of ways of reconnecting ourselves to a capacity for change.
Which of the following, according to Paul Baran, is the greatest damage done by advertising?
It teaches "the essential meaninglessness of all creations of the mind."
Which of the following refers to seeing media technology as a super-powerful social force while reducing the importance of other factors, including economics and public policy.
TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
Which of the following is NOT one of hyper-commercialism's new frontiers?
TELEVISION
How much more coverage did the news of Anna Nicole Smith's death receive than the news of the IPCC report confirming man's impact on global warming?
TEN TIMES AS MUCH
Which mode of reception describes the triggering the viewer's preexisting stock of knowledge and affective responses by semantic and visual representations?
THE ASSOCIATIONAL MODE OF RECEPTION
Which of the following works provides an account of the corruption of journalism by moneyed interests?
THE BRASS CHECK
Which of the following contributes to the decreased sense of personal efficacy?
THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN THE PROBLEM AND THE READER
What according to Harvey is the root of the crisis of capitalism?
THE EXCESSIVE POWER OF CAPITALISM
Which of the following is at the core of all policy considerations that continue to prioritze deregulation over democracy?
THE MARKET
News organizations that accept and therefore encourage political withdrawal by emphasizing trivia and "lifestyle reporting" have, according to Susan Douglas, opted for ____________.
THE NARCISSISM BIAS
"Reformers saw clearly that no issue could mobilize the public if ______________."
THE POWER OF THE PRESS WAS TURNED AGAINST IT
Which of the following is linked more fundamentallyto the news media's failure to deliver high-quality news service?
THE PRACTICES OF NEOLIBERALISM
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons FrameWorks designs, conducts and publishes communications research?
TO HELP CORPORATION MANIPULATE PUBLIC OPINION
According to McManus, since the mid-1980s evidence has been accumulating that journalism in the United States is undergoing a fundamental change-a move away from reliance on craft norms defining what is newsworthy and how to report, toward a journalism based on serving the marketplace.
TRUE
By definition capitalist control over media poses a serious problem for democratic press theory.
TRUE
According to McChesney, journalists who raise issues no official source is talking about are
accused of unprofessional conduct and attempting to introduce bias into the news.
According to McChesney, "It would be difficult to exaggerate the power of the NAB as a lobby; in addition to having money it also controlled access to the airwaves for ___________."
advertisers citizens POLITICIANS none of the above
According to McManus, "Because the market depends not on altruism but on self-interest, Smith (1909) and his followers specified three conditions that must be met if the "invisible hand" of capitalism was to spin the lead of self-interest into the gold of mutual benefit: (a) rational, self-interested behavior on the part of buyers and sellers; (b) real choice among competing products; and (c) buyer knowledge of product quality." Which of these conditions are in fact met by the market-based model?
ational, self-interested behavior real choice buyer knowledge NONE OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following is NOT one of the four markets at the heart of McManus' model of commercial news production?
citizens trade their attention for political power
In the 1940s, Mary Parker Follett (1942, pp. 101-6) articulated a distinction between "coercive" and "coactive" power. Match them to their corresponding descriptions.
coercive - power over coactive - power with
We've drifted almost without realizing it from having a market economy to becoming ___________.
MARKET SOCIETIES
Which of the following did Kensicki identify as a cause of media-induced apathy?
NO MENTION OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM
"Democratic theory posits that society needs journalism to perform three main duties." Which of the following are among those duties?
Present a wide range of informed positions on key issues.
The powerful conventions of ___________ in the media often make us an uncritical, assenting audience.
REALISM
What does Des Freedman mean by fetishism?
Shaping and distorting our relationships to products and processes with which we are involved at all levels.
What, according to McChesney, is the truth about neoliberalism?
Small government, free markets, competition, and entrepreneurial risk-taking. LARGE GOVERNMENT DOLING OUT CRUCIAL CONTRACTS, MONOPOLY LICENSES, AND SUBSIDIES TO HUGE FIRMS IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED INDUSTRIES Large government operating with the operation of the free market. none of the above
Anything that "stands in the way of increased profits" — "like the environment" — stands "defenseless before the interests of _____________."
a defied market
Which rich-people friendly take on the world "has never been confirmed by the facts"?
economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world."
One of the functions of professionalism in journalism is to provide
ideological discipline so practitioners will not question the presuppositions upon which their work is based.
When we use the term 'bias' we are instead referring to ________.
informational bias
Which of the following demonstrates that the Internet is not the democratic panacea that many believe it to be?
large traditional news organizations with a strong market position and extensive and established news production infrastructure have responded to the current climate by investing heavily in online platforms empirical evidence shows that people use the Internet mostly for entertainment purposes and online they are more likely to seek out only those fragments that are of particular interest to them rather than the pursuit of news and current affairs information more generally issues of the digital divide are still very much with us ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following normative orders must individual journalists contend with?
political norms economic norms journalistic norms ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following is a watchdog function of the news?
revealing what local government is doing revealing what private interests are doing the motivation behind the actions of local government and private interests ALL THE ABOVE
Which of the following fundamental assumptions of current journalism education does McManus' model contest?
the way to improve practice is to inculcate craft norms in journalism students
"Recent research has again and again ___________ the notion that the intent of the free press clause in the First Amendment was to empower individuals in the marketplace to do as they pleased, regardless of the implications for society as a whole," points out McChesney.
upheld explored REPUDIATED none of the above
Media literacy enables citizens to "explain ________s, such as, for example, the comparative _______ of a Black working class on U.S. television (Jhally & Lewis, 1992), and the consequences of those _______s."
valence hegemony ABSENCE none of the above
"Similarly, an analysis of the news should be concerned not only with the way stories are constructed, but also with _______ (Herman & Chomsky, 1988)"
valence hegemony WHO IS AND WHO IS NOT ALLOWED TO SPEAK all of the above
Balance is often times ''a surrogate for ________''
validity checks
US Senators who voted to keep big oil subsidies in 2011 had received ___ times more in Big Oil campaign cash than those who voted to end them.
5
How many book-length reports did the Hutchins Commission produce?
6
According to Alisa Miller, what percentage of the news was devoted to the U.S. in February of 2007?
79%
Which of the following characteristics do successful social movements share?
A big idea A commitment to work together Action ALL OF THE ABOVE
Marie Wilson states the problem of media representation quite succinctly:
"YOU CAN'T BE WHAT YOU CAN'T SEE"
Which of the following is one of the negative effects of contemporary news media practices?
"put democracy itself at risk" "undermined social capital" "create a lack of individual efficacy" ALL OF THE ABOVE
Janine Jackson concluded, after chronicling the many ways in which advertising corrupts media, at some point it becomes logical, if not imperative, to
"reconsider the whole idea of commercial sponsorship as a way to fund media."
During the constitutional debates and later when Congress passed its first copyright was considered was considered a necessary evil that had to be carefully held in check. Some called it a _____________ because the much higher book prices brought by monopolistic control made books far less accessible to the population.
"tax on knowledge"
"By 2001, one Wall Street analyst estimated the spectrum that had been given to the commercial broadcasters as having grown in value to __________."
$365 billion
"In November 2002, the FCC's Spectrum Policy Task Force, in a bow to this lobby, recommended that incumbent licensees be granted permanent, private-property-like rights in the frequencies they currently borrow. ... this is a 'bribe,' which 'confers a massive and undeserved financial windfall -- up to _________ on a few lucky industries.'"
$500 billion
How much did the U.S. spend on the military in 2011 according to Leonard?
$726 billion
What does a prison cell upgrade cost in Santa Barbara, CA?
$82 A NIGHT
The combined coverage of Russia, China and India constituted what percentage of the U.S. news in February of 2007?
1%
What percentage of Americans want corporations out of government?
85%
Most chemicals today are made from oil — that's why they are called petro-chemicals. Switching just 20% of them to bio-based materials would create over _____ new jobs.
100,000
How many Americans gave 60 percent of the Super PAC money spent in the election cycle Lessig refers to?
132
Women make up 51 percent of the U.S. population, yet compromise only
17 PERCENT OF CONGRESS
There were 689 U.S. cities with competing dailies in 1910; by 1990 the figure had fallen to ___.
21
As James Rorty wrote some seventy years ago, __________ represents "Our Master's Voice," the voice of the wealthy, and the culture it dominates will always ultimately be biased to serve the interest of the privileged few.
ADVERTISING
What does Lessig call the system with lobbyists at the center which feeds on polarization and dysfunction?
AN ECONOMY OF INFLUENCE
What according to Harvey is one of the American cultural origins of the crisis of capitalism?
AN EMPHASIS ON HOME OWNERSHIP
Which of the following could be substituted for anticommunist ideology in order to update Chomsky's propaganda model of the news?
ANTI-TERRORIST IDEOLOGY
Which of the following is not one of the ways that local television soundbites tend to depict African American politicians?
ARTICULATE
Which concept of liberty is involved in the answer to the question "What, or who, is the source of control or interference that can determine someone to do, or be, this rather than that?"
Absolute Negative Qualified POSITIVE
Which concept of liberty is involved in the answer to the question, "What is the area within which the subject - a person or group of persons - is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons?"
Absolute NEGATIVE Qualified Positive
Why, according to Jennifer Pozner, are more and more minutes of the news devoted to gossip and celebrity news?
BECAUSE ITS CHEAP
In the early decades of the twentieth century, the political culture of the United States was radical enough and the dissident media vibrant enough to produce what Richard Hofstadter characterized as an "age of _______________."
BOARD SOCIAL SPECULATION
What, according to Alice Walker, is the most common way people give up their power?
BY THINKING THEY DON'T HAVE ANY
Which faith offers a particularly instructive example of an alternative discourse producing nonadversarial models of social organization?
Bahá'í
Advertising accentuates _____.
CLASS BIAS
As a driving force in our media system, advertising has brought _____ into our journalism and culture in a manner unforeseeable in classical democratic theory and incompatible with traditional notions of a free press.
COMMERCIAL VALUES
Which of the following dominates the American public's main sources of news and information?
CORPORATIONS
What two things does language have to do?
Convey some content and negotiate a relationship type.
Each model of democracy places different demands on the news media. Which of the following models of democracy demands journalism foster public discussions characterized by rationality, impartiality, intellectual honesty and equality?
DELIBERATIVE
Which of the following phenomena help individuals to at most cultivate a confident social understanding of the world and at minimum a sense of tranquility over the unknown?
Devising criticisms and complaints directed toward the news. Lay theories. Ignorant othering. ALL OF THE ABOVE
The ways we think and talk about a subject influence and reflect the ways we act in relation to that subject is the basic premise of what theory?
Discourse
Surveys suggest that the reading public expects (and accepts) "slanted" _______, but_is indignant about perceived bias in _______.
EDITORIALS/STRAIGHT NEWS REPORTING
Which of the following has led to the homogenization of news content?
EMPHASIS ON MARKETIZATION
An __________ is the effect of a transaction between two individuals on a third party who has not consented to, or played any role in, the carrying out of that transaction
EXTERNALITY
The Internet has, according to McChesney, spawned a new group of commercially viable media companies to compete with existing firms.
FALSE
"Bachrach and Baratz (1970) argued that power over others can also be exercised in more subtle ways that involve "the mobilization of bias" within a social or political system in a manner that prevents some people or groups from advancing their own self-identified interests." Which theory is "the mobilization of bias" synonymous with?
FRAMING
How does Jennifer Pozner describe the news practice that results from the influence of Fox News?
Fair and balanced Right wing bias Ideological reporting WHO GETS TO SHOUT THE LOUDEST
Which of the following is a negative consequence of the loosened ownership caps in the 1996 Telecommunications Act?
Fewer media companies owning the nation's TV stations Decreased number of points of view Stifled democratic debate ALL OF THE ABOVE
So we take all the money spent on stuff that makes life better and all the money spent on stuff that makes life worse and we add it together into one big number. What do we call that one big number?
GDP
Advertising in and of itself acts as a significant ______ in our society.
IDEOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL FORCE
Which phrase describes the process by which an audience member creates a mental image of who he or she envisions as the "average American" and that person's interest in the news and subsequent understanding of the world, compares him or herself to that image, and then casts him or herself as more interested and informed than are others?
IGNORANT OTHERING
"A case in which we don't blurt out what we mean in so many words. We veil our intentions in innuendo hoping for our listener to read between the lines and infer our real intent."
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
The marketization of everything sharpens the sting of _______ and its social and civic consequences.
INEQUALITY
As Noam Chomsky (1989) noted in Necessary illusions: Thought control in democratic societies, "Citizens of the democratic societies should undertake a course of ________________ to protect themselves from manipulation and control, and to lay the basis for meaningful democracy."
INTELLECTUAL SELF-DEFENSE manufacturing consent antibiotics all of the above
In a neoliberal free market economy, what determines the right of news to exist?
ITS ABILITY TO PAY ITS WAY
Which of the following reminds us that media concentration can pose a direct threat to democratic rule?
In Weimar Germany a handful of mighty press barons fostered Hitler's advance to power. Venezuela's private media system explicitly lied and distorted the news to encourage the removal of Hugo Chavez from office. The Washington Post attempted to orchestrate a coup in 1915 all of the above A AND B
Scholars have identified three deep-seated biases that are built into the professional codes that journalists follow and that have decidedly political and ideological implications. Which of the following is NOT one of those biases?
LABOR
According to McChesney, journalism fails in all three of its main duties because of the system of profit-driven journalism in a _____________ market that began to emerge over a century ago.
LARGELY NONCOMPETITIVE
Which phrase describes the process by which individuals construct informal, common-sense explanations for particular social behaviors?
LAY THEORIZING
Democracy does not require perfect equality, but what it does require is that citizens share in a common _____.
LIFE
How did former FCC Chairman Mark Fowler suggest television should be regulated?
Like a major transmitter of culture. Like a dangerous source of propaganda. Correct! LIKE ANY OTHER HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE Like a corruptor of children's minds.
"Like Hertog and McLeod (2001) we emphasize a broader cultural approach to frames, which they regard as 'structures of meaning made up of a number of concepts and the relations among those concepts' (p. 140). Underlying _____ structure those concepts and guide the processing of new content."
MASTER NARRATIVES
According to McChesney, "the crucial tension lies between the role of the _____ as profit-maximizing commercial organizations and the need for the media to provide the basis for informed self-government.
MEDIA market government none of the above
According to McChesney, "virtually all theories of self-government are premised on having an informed citizenry, and the creation of such an informed citizenry is the ______'s province" (p. 17).
MEDIA market government none of the above
Which of the following is not one of the five core truths?
Media systems are naturally run by profit-making concerns in the marketplace, often supported by advertising placed by other profit-making firms.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which economists measure growth?
More of the hungry being fed
____________ is based on the intuition that we do not know the meaning of a concept unless we have a method of measurement for it. It is commonly considered a theory of meaning which states that "we mean by any concept nothing more than a set of operations; the concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations" (Bridgman 1927, 5).
OPERATIONALIZE
What phrase describes the reduction of potential anxieties that may arise due to a sense of disorder and uncertainty in the world outside one's immediate social environment?
Ontological security
What would "be better than being president of the United States"?
Owning more than 35% of the magazine circulation. Owning 25% of the national radio market. Owning a monopoly newspaper in a major city. NONE OF THE ABOVE
Each model of democracy places different demands on the news media. Which of the following models of democracy demands journalism let the citizens set the agenda; mobilize the citizens' interest, engagement and participation in public life; focus on problem solving as well as problems?
PARTICIPATORY
Power as domination is associated with which of the following models of power?
POWER OVER
Each model of democracy places different demands on the news media. Which of the following models of democracy demands journalism act as a watchdog or as a burglar alarm exposing wrong doings?
PROCEDURAL
According to the film's analysis of the corporation's personality disorder, the corporation is a ______________________.
PSYCHOPATH
The ultimate closing of the loop came when journalists, after having helped brand the policy, labeled the frame as _____: 'the struggle that most Americans call the war on terrorism' (Hoagland, 2002).
PUBLIC OPINION
Match the models of democracy with their central mechanisms for securing the primacy of the common good.
Procedural democracy - FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS Competitive democracy - COMPETITIVE ELECTIONS Participatory democracy - CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC LIFE Deliberative democracy - DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONS AMONG ALL SECTIONS OF THE PUBLIC AND THIER REPRESENTATIVES
What has been the key ingredient inserted into debates regarding action, often in order to inspire inaction?
SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY
Stromback identifies three functions of journalism that democracy requires. Which of the following is not one of those functions?
SOURCE OF ENTERTAINMENT
Private ownership of media, in nonegalitarian societies, is not content-neutral or viewpoint-neutral; the best ideas do not automatically rise to the top.
TRUE
According to Lewis and Jhally, what should media literacy education do?
Teach students to engage media texts. Teach them to engage and challenge media institutions. Help people to become sophisticated citizens rather than sophisticated consumers. ALL OF THE ABOVE
According to Pickard, what was "the most significant outcome to emerge from the Hutchins report"?
That the media should remain self-regulated.
According to McChesney, what power have dominant media firms used "shamelessly to trivialize, marginalize, and distort opposition to the status quo"?
The power to influence Congress. The power to influence the FCC. THE POWER TO CONTROL NEWS COVERAGE AND DEBATES OVER MEDIA POLICY No answer text provided.
Which of the following make up the circuit of cultural production?
The production of the text The text itself The reception of the text ALL OF THE ABOVE
What do dominance, communality, and reciprocity represent?
The three major human relationship types.
What enables the mainstream news media to orchestrate everyday consciousness?
Their pervasiveness Their accessibility Their centralized symbolic capacity ALL OF THE ABOVE
What does Freedman attribute our sense of helplessness to shape media policies to?
To the sense that media policy making is separate from us and from media content.
To determine the underlying meanings of a text, which of the following does a critic take into account?
Visual codes Verbal codes Rhetorical codes ALL OF THE ABOVE
When do critical junctures in media and communication tend to occur?
When there is a revolutionary new communications technology that undermines the existing system. When the content of the media system, especially the journalism, is increasingly discredited and seen as illegitimate. When there is a major political crisis in which the existing order is no longer working and there are major movements for social reform. WHEN ANY OF THE TWO ABOVE EXIST
Which of the following reflect Smythe's criticisms of the social responsibility theory of the press?
abetted the public relations program of big business masking the media industry's true economic motives formally equivalent in class and political economic terms to the press doctrine of the Soviet Union ALL OF THE ABOVE None of the above
"On balance," writes McChesney, "the media system has become ... a significantly ___________ force."
democratizing egalitarian ANTIDEMOCRATIC none of the above
According to McManus, "Key decisions occur at each of three stages of production." Which of the following is NOT one of those stages?
discovery selection reporting NONE OF THE ABOVE
Jhally and Lewis point out that "the goals of a loosely regulated, commercial media have no ______ imperatives."
educational cultural informational ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following is NOT one of the negative effects of the ruthless drive to slash oberating costs?
ewer beats less investigative reporting more syndication overall homgenation all of the above NONE OF THE ABOVE
What was the most significant outcome of the War on Terror construction?
giving a rhetorical (if not empirical) rationale for the invasion of Iraq
According to Kensicki, Entman further integrates public opinion and causality into the explication of frames by suggesting that frames do which of the following?
increase the salience of particular aspects of a story by promoting a specific "problem definition" by suggesting what the issue is ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following is a possible path to regulating social behavior?
markets laws architecture cultural norms ALL THE ABOVE
"The genius of professionalism in journalism is that it tends to make journalists _______________ they routinely make."
oblivious to the compromises with authority
"In this context, the term ___________ becomes somewhat misleading;" McChesney argues, "it means, more often than not, government regulation that advances the interests of the dominant corporate players."
ree market DEREGULATION media regulation none of the above
In the end, adherence to the norm of balanced reporting leads to informationally biased coverage of global warming. This bias, hidden behind the veil of journalistic balance, creates both discursive and real political space for _______?
the US government to shirk responsibility and delay action regarding global warming.
Which of the following is a consequence of the depreciation of the current business model of journalism and the increasing commercial pressures on the industry. has contributed to
the devaluing of the pursuit of news journalism that is in the public interest the decline of original newsgathering and investigative reporting the decline of local news ALL OF THE ABOVE
What is the problem?
the goal
Which of the following is NOT one of the five responsibilities of the press identified in the Commission's general report?
the press should be a profitable enterprise.