Intro to MGMT Exam 1
Task significance
How important is the job?
Skill variety
How many skills and talents are needed?
Autonomy
How much independence does the jobholder have?
T or F: Path-goal theory holds that subordinates with an eternal locus of control will be more satisfied with a directive style
T
T or F: The anchoring effect describes when decision makers fixate on initial information as a starting point and then, once set, fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
T
T or F:A group's performance potential depends to a large extent on the individual resources its members bring to the group
T
What is a decision?
a choice among two or more alternatives
The ________ style of leadership describes a leader who tends to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees
democratic
Descriptive perspective
describes how decision making does occur
Normative perspective
describes how decision making should occur
Goal-setting theory says that _________
difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performances than do easy goals
According to the path-goal theory, a leader who lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks is termed _________
directive
Innovation
doing things differently, exploring new territory, and taking risks
_________________ combines linear and nonlinear thinking styles
effective decision making
Which of the following statements is true concerning problem identification?
effectively identifying problems is not easy
The type of conflicts that support group goals and improve performance are called _______
functional conflicts
What managers do
functions: plan, organize, lead, control skills needed: conceptual, human, technical
Why focus on teams?
groups and teams are increasingly the engine of knowledge work in a my-raid industries from science to banking
Policy programmed deicison
guidelines for making a decision
In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job __________
has a substantial impact on the lives or work other people
Rules of thumb the managers use to simplify decisions making are known as _________
heuristics
Perception
how individuals detect and interpret environmental stimuli
T or F: Due to its emphasis on objectivity and specificity, the goal-setting theory holds across cultures
F
T or F: Making jobs smaller and more specialized is the most effective way of motivating employees
F
T or F: Non-programmed decision making relies on procedures, rules, and policies
F
Expectancy
(effort-performance linkage) the perceived probability that an individual's effort will result in a certain level of performace
Instrumentality
(performance - reward linkage) the perception that a particular level of performance will result in the attaining a reward
Motivation
-the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal - an interaction between the person and a situation; it is not a personal visit
Suggestions for motivating employees
1) combine tasks to create more meaningful work 2) create natural work units to make employees' work important and whole 3) establish client relationships to increase skill variety, autonomy, and feedback 4) expands jobs vertically by giving employees more autonomy 5) open feedback channels to let employees know how they're preforming and whether they are improving
8 steps to "rational" decision making
1) identify problem 2) identify decision criteria 3) allocate weights to the criteria 4) develop alternatives 5) analyze alternatives 6) select alternatives 7) implement selected alternative 8) evaluate decision effectiveness
Converting individual resources into a team product requires......
1) individual member motivation 2) effective team information processing
Even when we assume a manager aims to make rational decision that maximizes value for the organization, the decision maker often......
1) lacks important information 2) lacks quality and quantity of information b/c time and cost constraints 3) lacks memory to retain enough usable information in memory 4) cannot fully process the information to calculate the optimal choice
Team leader's job
1) managing the team's external boundary 2) facilitating the team process
Team leadership skills
1) patiently sharing information 2) trusting others and giving up authority 3) understanding when to intervene
Studying organizational behavior helps managers understand...
1) the behaviors of others in the organization 2) the interactions with people outside of the organization and other organizations
Feedback
Do workers know how well they are doing?
Task identity
Does the job produce a complete work?
T or F: Despite the best efforts of researchers, it proved impossible to identify one set of traits that would always differentiate leaders from nonleaders
T
T or F: Groupthink has the ability to undermine critical thinking in the group and harm the quality of decision making.
T
Which of the following is an example of a formal group?
a functional department in an organization
Nonlinear thinking style
a person's preference for internal sources of information and processing this information with internal insights, feelings, and hunches
Linear thinking style
a person's preference for using external data and facts and processing this information through rational, longer thinking
What is a difference between a policy and a rule?
a policy establishes general parameters for the decision maker
Programmed decision
a repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach
The equity theory proposes that _______
an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects and inequity
Escalation of commitment refers to ____________
an increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong
Sophie is in charge of recruitment at her company. During a particular interview, the first thing Sophie noticed about the applicant was the he was improperly attired. Though the candidate possessed the necessary qualifications and effectively answered all her questions, Sophie rejected him. This is an example of the ___________
anchoring effect
In comparison to larger groups, small groups _______
are faster at completing tasks
Organizing
arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goal
Valence
attractiveness of the reward to the individual
According to the JCM, which job characteristic leads to an employee experiencing responsibility for outcomes of his her work?
autonomy
Teams perform better than the _______ member, but rarely perform better than the _______ member
average; best
Job Design thoery
characteristics of jobs create psychologically meaningful experiences that, in turn, motivate employees
Leadership Roles
coach, liaison with external constituencies, conflict manager, and trobleshooter
Leadership effectiveness is driven by a _________, not just personality traits
collection of behaviors
An organization brings together members from various departments such as marketing, accounting, human resources, and finance to form a team. This is an example of a __________
cross-functional
Non-programmed decisions
decisions that are unique and nonrecurring, involving custom-made solutions
Planning
defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities
Personality
encompasses the relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavioral patterns a person has
Overconfidence bias
erroneously believing that our judgments are more accurate than actually
Which of the following is true about job enlargement and job enrichment?
expanding the scope of knowledge used in a job leads to more job satisfaction, enhanced customer service, and fewer errors
Key pieces of expectancy theory
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
Rule programmed decision
explicit statement about what should (not) be done
_________ should be assigned to tasks where there are few benefits from pooling member's resources
individuals
The __________ of conflict management argues that some conflict is absolutely necessary for effective organizational performance
interactionist view
Which of the following statements is true about group decision making?
it generates more complete information and knowledge
A low-to-moderate level of task conflict consistently has a positive effect on group performance. What is the reason for this?
it stimulates discussion of ideas that help groups be more innovative
Technical skills
knowledge and proficiency in a specific field
___________ involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectievly
management
Great Person theory
leaders possess special personality traits that set them a part from others, and these are what are responsible for their positioins
Transactional leadership
leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements
Transformational leadership
leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interest b altering their ideals, values, interests, which leads them to perform better than initially expected
Leaders assume different _______ at different times depending on the situation
leadership styles
Which of the following is the type of power a person has because of his or her position in the formal organizational hierarchy?
legitimate power
On decision-making tasks that benefits from pooling member's diverse knowledge, teams tend to _________
leverage their resources
Nominal group technique
members write down ideas and take turns reading their ideas aloud, they find a common surface and expand on it, then rank top ideas, the rankings are used to determine the most favored ideas
Controlling
monitoring, comparing, and correcting work
Unstructured problems
new or unusual problem for which information is ambiguous or incomplete
Does a "good decision" imply a good outcome?
no, because of outcomes are probabilistic (not certain)
Great person theory is ____________-
not supported by research
Cognitive Bias
observer effects which lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, or illogical interpretation
The evidence supporting the superiority of transformational leadership over the transactional style is ________
overwhelmingly impressive
Expectancy theory
people exert greater effort toward activities for which they expect greater rewards
In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.
performance-reward linkage
Types of programmed decision
procedure, rule, policy
What is leadership?
process of influencing others to achieve goals
Good management is measured in terms of as employee ________ and ________
productivity; loyalty
Structured problems align well with which type of decisions?
programmed
Managers are asummed to use _________ if they make logical and consistent choices to maximize value
rational decision making
Decision makers choose a "________" alternative given their decision criteria
reasonable
Leaders can ________ and _____ with vision
redefine goals; transform
Values
refer to stable life goals that people have, reflecting what is most important to them
___________ is the power that arises because of a person's desirable resources or personal traits
referent power
The key to good management is the quality of the ___________ between a manager and his or her employees
relationship
Teams often have greater _______ than individuals
resources
Managers cannot possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, they tend to _________, rather than _________
satisfice; maximize
Leaders _______ approaches and behaviors that fit the situation and their followers
select
Procedure programmed decision
series of sequential and interrelated steps
Structured problems
straightforward, and easily defined -- information about the problem is available and complete
"_________" group discussions help because they give members a chance to think, to share, to listen, and to build on each other's ideas
structured
According to the path-goal theory, a leader who is friendly and shows concern for the needs of subordinates is termed ________
supportive
Which of the following is included in the class of contingency variables termed "environment" by the path-goal theory?
task structure and formal authority system
Research evidence suggest that teams typically you perform individuals when ________
tasks require multiple skills, judgement, and experiece
When finding and staffing the "best" person for task is difficult, tends to be better to assign a ______, rather than an individual
team
On complex tasks that require broad and deep expertise, _____ have the chance of tackling the problems
teams
Conceptual skills
the ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization
Human skills
the ability to work well with other people
The goal-setting theory has the most value when__________
the goals are made public
Expert power
the influence a leader can exert as a result of his or her expertise, skills, or knowledge
Path-goal contingency theory
the leader's job is to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide direction or support to ensure the goals are compatible with organizational goals
Legitimate power
the power a leader has as a result of his or her position
Reward power
the power a leader has to give positive benefits or rewards
Coercive power
the power a leader has to punish or control
Referent power
the power of a leader that arises because of a person's desirable resources or admired personal traits
Who are leaders?
those who can influence others to reach goals
A leader, such as Bill Gates of Microsoft, who can inspire followers about their own self-interests and can have a profound effect on their performance, is known as a)n_
transformational leader
What is a team/group?
two or more people who work interdependently over some time period to accomplish common goals
In the expectancy theory, _______ is the importance that the individual places on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
valence
Availability Heuristic/bias
weigh information that comes easily to mind (availability)
Goal Setting Theory
when people accept and are committed to goals, specific and difficult goals increase the intensity and persistence of effort
Leading
working with and through people to accomplish goals