Intro to Pathology Week 2

Gas Gangrene

1. Caused by the anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium. 2. The tissue makes a crackling sound because of gas bubbles in the tissues. 3. It follows the contamination of a wound with spores of the pathogenic Clostridium. The essential factor necessary for spore germination is decreased oxygen. This is usually present in a severe lacerated wound that contains dead tissue - particularly dead muscle that has lost its blood supply. The organisms produce a foul smelling toxin in the muscles and will shred the tissue.

Pathological atrophy

1. Is a decrease as a result of a insult (injury, disease) 2. Not a normal body process 3. Due to inadequate nutrition, disease, pressure, loss of nerve supply, lack of endocrine stimulation. Examples: muscles of a paralyzed limb; wasting away of the body during starvation.

Cloudy Swelling

1. Is the most common and least damaging type of degeneration. This is seen in most infections, burns, malnutrition and shock. 2. Organs most often involved are the liver and kidneys, less often the heart. 3. It is caused by an increase in the water content in the affected cell. 4. The cells appears swollen, opaque and cloudy.

Moist Gangrene or Wet Gangrene

1. It is what it says: Moist or wet 2. It is the result of tissue necrosis and bacterial infection. 3. Generally due to obstruction of venous outflow from the area. 4. The skin is moist and black and has a foul odor present. 5. Usually effects the extremities or internal organs. 6. Spreads fast.

dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis)

1. Results from interference in the arterial supply of a part without the invasion of saprophytes. 2. The tissue shrinks and turns green to black and mummifies. 3. Spreads slowly

Carotenemia & Anthracosis

2 Examples of Exogenous pigmentation

Physiological & Pathological

2 types of Regeneration

Physical & Pathological

2 types of atrophy

Anthracosis

A carbon pigmentation deposited in the lungs when inhaling coal dust over a long period of time.

Anthracosis

A chronic condition of the lungs caused by the inhalation of dust particles is known as

Atrophy

A decrease in a body part or organ that was previously normal size. (Remember the prefix and suffix list in anatomy? trophy = nourishment: A = without)

Atrophy

A decrease in a body part or organ that was previously of normal size

Gout

A disease of uric acid metabolism. Excessive uric acid (sodium urate) crystals accumulate in tissues and joints arising in joint pain. Commonly seen in the foot but may also affect the kidneys. It is agitated by eating red meat or organ meat. Early diagnosis prevents chronic gout.

Growth

A fundamental physiologic function of all living tissues. It is dependent for normal progression upon proper interaction of hereditary and environmental influences. Occasionally, as a result of undue influence of heredity or environmental factors, structural and/or functional disorders are present at birth.

Malformation or Anomaly

A malformation or anomalyi s an abnormality and/or deformity in development with a marked deviation from normal growth or development. It is a deviation from what is regarded as normal.

Degeneration

A regressive tissue change characterized by swelling of the cells and chemical changes within the cells cytoplasm. These changes leads to the appearance within the cell of substances normally absent or normally present in very small to undetectable amounts.

Endogenous pigmentation

A tissue discoloration due to pigments that are normally present in the body.

Aplasia

Absence of a structure, tissue or organ It is the most extreme developmental defect. If it involves a vital organ, death may occur in utero or shortly thereafter.

Steatosis (fatty liver)

Alcoholism, starvation, heavy metal poisoning and anoxia are etiologies for:

Amyloid disease

Amyloid = waxy, starch like It is a disease in which a waxy, starch like glycoprotein accumulates in tissues and organs impairing their function. Amyloid is formed in the body and deposited in various organs. Deposition of this substance can be wide spread, depending on the specific disease process and involve the kidney, liver, spleen, adrenal glands and other organs. The accumulation of amyloid may represent a primary disease (amyloidosis)

Pigmentation

An increase in the amount or irregular distribution or pigments (color).

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of a body part due to an increase in the functional demands made on it is called

Hyperplasia

An increase in the size of a body part due to an increase in the number of cells is called

Hyperplasia

An increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells. This differs from hypertrophy which deals with the increase of the body parts or organs as a whole, NOT the increase in number of the actual cells.

Polydactylism

Congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers of toes.

Metaplasia

Conversion (or change) of normal tissue into an abnormal tissue for that location. Replacement of one type of normal tissue by another type of normal tissue in an area of the body where the second (replacement) tissue does not normally occur. The abnormality is that of location. Usually due to chronic stress or injury Example: One type of epithelial tissue may be replaced by another type of epithelial tissue.

Spina Bifida

Developmental anomaly characterized by a defective closure of the boney encasement of the spinal cord, the vertebral column. The improper union of parts of the vertebral column One or more of the vertebrae fail to fuse, leaving an opening in the vertebral column.

Phocomelia

Developmental anomaly characterized by the absence of the upper part of the limbs so that the feet or hands are attached to the trunk by short irregular stumps. Resembles fins or flippers of a seal

Cleft

Divided

Ischemic necrosis

Dry gangrene may also be referred to as:

Physiological regeneration

Duplication of cells due to natural wear and tear such as the outer lining of the skin (epidermis); the formation of permanent teeth after the loss of baby teeth.

Pathological regeneration

Duplication of tissues destroyed by disease or some other type of injury such as traumatic in or a condition like coronary infarction.

Melanin, Freckles and Jaundice or icterus

Examples of Endogenous pigmentation

Hypoplasia

Failure of the kidneys to develop to normal size would be an example of

Joints

Gout is a disease of the:

Red & Green

If you were color blind, which two (2) colors would you be unable to distinguish between?

Hypoplasia (Plasia = formation/development of a particular organ or body part)

Incomplete or underdevelopment of a body part, organ or tissue Example: Renal hypoplasia: failure of the kidneys to develop to normal size, usually unilateral

Compensatory hypertrophy

Is an enlargement due to a failure of similar tissues in the body. Usually occurs in paired organs such as the kidneys. When one kidney is removed or destroyed, the remaining kidney becomes larger (hypertrophied) to compensate for the non-functioning one. This can also occur in the heart when a greater load is placed upon the heart muscles in a valvular heart disease where the heart muscle increases in thickness.

Hypertrophy

Is the opposite of atrophy. It is an increase in the size of a body part that was previously of normal size due to an increase in the functional demands made on it.

Regeneration

Is the replacement of tissue by the exact type of tissue.

Physical atrophy

It is a decrease that occurs as a normal body process. Examples: the thymus gland in children decreases in size as they grow; the mammary glands after lactation; the tonsils, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue after middle life; and more or less generalized atrophy of all organs that occur with age.

Endogenous pigmentation

Melanin plays a role in:

Hyper

More

Pathological atrophy

Muscles of a paralyzed limb and wasting away of the body during starvation would be an example of:

Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis)

Necrosis associated with bacteria which invade the tissue. It is often seem in the extremities. Has three types Moist Gangrene or Wet Gangrene, Gas gangrene, Dry or ischemic gangrene.

Physiological hypertrophy

Occurs when there is a physiological demand for greater function of an organ or tissue, and is met by an increase in the size of the organ or part affected. Examples: the development of muscles due to exercise; the enlargement of the pregnant uterus and an increase in the size of the mammary glands during lactation.

Cloudy Swelling

Of the following, which is the most common form of degeneration?

Regeneration

Replacement of tissue by the exact same type of tissue is referred to as

Physiological atrophy

Shrinkage of the mammary glands after lactation is an example of:

Amelia

The absence of one or more limbs is referred to as

Calcification

The accumulation of calcium salts in tissues. It is the aftermath of disease and is most common in tuberculosis (the tubercle becomes calcified). It can also be seen in arteriosclerosis (calcification or hardening of the arteries)

Gas Gangrene

The anaerobic bacteria Clostridium causes:

Melanin

The brownish/black pigment in the epidermis (skin)

Color blindness

The inability to distinguish between certain colors Does not mean they only see black and white; are unable to distinguish between reds and greens. Sex - linked inheritance Most affected are males

Pathological hypertrophy

The increase occurs secondary to structural disease. Examples: enlarged heart due to high blood pressure

Necrosis

The pathological death of a tissue which is part of the living body is called:

Necrosis

The pathological death of cells, tissues or an organ which are part of the living body is called:

Necrosis

The pathological death of cells, tissues organs which are part of the living body.

Infiltration

The process of a substance passing into a cell and being deposited within the substance of a cell, tissue or organ. It is an accumulation of a substance(s) that are not normally present or is present in an excess amount. It is an intracellular change.

Infiltration

The process of a substance passing into and being deposited within the substance of a cell, tissue or organ is called:

Metaplasia

The replacement of one type of normal tissue by another type of normal in an area of the body where the second tissue does not exist describes:

Pathology

The study of the changes of structure and function of the tissues of the body as a result of disease is:

caseous necrosis

The term caseous refers to cheese like. It is soft, friable, and has a gray - white appearance. It is relatively specific for mycobacterial infection and mycobacterial tuberculosis in particular.

Exogenous pigmentation & Endogenous pigmentation

There are two types of Pigmentation

Compensatory hypertrophy

This occurs when one kidney is removed or destroyed and the remaining one gets larger.

Vascular nevus (Birth Mark)

This results from a blood vessel malformation of the skin; it may be raised or flat and it often involves the face.

Sporadic

This type of disease occurs occasionally in a random isolated manner

Moist gangrene

This type of gangrene is due to obstruction of venous outflow from an area

Dry gangrene

This type of gangrene results from interference in the arterial supply of a body part without the invasion of saprophytes.

Nosocomial

This type of infection occurs as a result of a treatment in a hospital

Physiological, Pathological and Compensatory

Three types of Hypertrophy

Exogenous pigmentation

Tissue discoloration due to pigments which are not normally present in the body describes

Down's syndrome

Trisomy 21 - there are 3 #21 chromosomes 1 in 800 births Characteristics include: Mental retardation Simian crease: (Eyes appear slanted because of an extra fold of skin at the upper medial corner of the eye.) Flat facial profile Abundant neck skin Congenital heart defects Gap between the 1st and 2nd toes Intestinal stenosis (narrowing) Predisposition to leukemia

Caseous necrosis Gangrene (gangrenous necrosis)

Types of Necrosis

Vascular nevus

We know them as birth marks. Blood vessel malformation of the skin. It is congenital. May be raised or flat. Often involves the face. Red/purple/pink colored patches

Mechanical injury Extreme heat or cold Loss of nerve supply Chemical or bacterial poisons The most common cause - lack of blood supply

What causes Necrosis?

Prevalence

Which of the following refers to the number of new and old cases of a disease during a particular period:

Lack of vitamin D

Which of the following would cause Rickets?

Fatty Degeneration or Steatosis

abnormal accumulation of fat or lipid w/in the cell The most common organ affected is the liver. Alcoholism is the most common etiology, but others include starvation, heavy metal poisoning, chronic passive congestion, prolonged fevers and anoxia (lack of sufficient oxygen for normal function) Grossly the fatty liver is yellow, soft and greasy The microscope shows individual cells with the normally pink cytoplasm all but cleared out by fat, giving the cells and "empty" appearance. This change is potentially reversible, but may progress to scarring and cirrhosis if the source of damage is not addressed.

Amelia

absence of one or more limbs

Pigmentation

an increase in the amount or irregular distribution or pigments

Cleft palate and lip

congenital abnormality due to the failure of closure of certain facial parts during embryonic development

Freckles

localized areas where melanin is increased

Trophy

nourishment

Exogenous pigmentation

tissue discoloration due to pigments that are not normally present in the body. These come from the outside the body such as breathing (pneumoconiosis)

Jaundice or icterus

yellow discoloration in the skin, eyes, nails due to the retention of bilirubin (the pigment portion of bile).

Carotenemia

yellow discoloration of the skin from eating large amounts of carotene containing food such as carrots. This is easily confused with jaundice (endogenous pigmentation)