intro to philosophy quiz/test questions

The first Greek philosopher to reject materialism and advocate a spiritual basis for reality was

Pythagoras

A cosmological argument attempts to answer what question?

Why is there a universe at all?

Who is/was a major proponent of the Kalam argument?

William Lane Craig

paley compares the universe to

a watch

Which one of the following objections does David Hume raise against the teleological argument?

all of the above

Socrates attempted to escape from prison, but failed.

false

Socrates taught that people often have perfect knowledge of the Good, but fail to do it

false

Socrates taught that we should not continually examine our lives, for this will distract us from the pursuit of success.

false

The hard determinists are only claiming that their behavior is determined, but they are making no claims about your behavior

false

The sophists were more concerned to find the truth than to win arguments.

false

The text criticized the cosmological argument by denying the premise that every event has a cause

false

The text described Søren Kierkegaard's religious position as "one of history's most brutal attacks on existentialism."

false

While some Catholic scholars have attempted to prove the existence of God, the official position of the Roman Catholic church is that such attempts are impious

false

if an inductive argument is strong, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false

false

the Greeks believed in a flat earth

false

The position that holds that objective reason is simply inappropriate for religious belief is called

fideism

According to your text, philosophy is a practice of

giving reasons in support of one's beliefs and actions

Socrates two philosophical concerns were

human nature and ethics

Some argue that the relevance of quantum physics to human freedom is that it shows that

idk- not everything in the universe is determined

The text criticized James's position by suggesting that

it is impossible to will ourselves to believe a proposition

W. K. Clifford's story of the shipowner was intended to make the point that

it is wrong always and for anyone to believe anything on insufficient evidence

The philosophical debate over freedom of the will would fall under the category of

metaphysics

Being a male is a _______ condition for being a father

necessary

Socrates taught that one becomes virtuous by

obtaining knowledge of what is truly good

"Reality is one, continuous, indivisible, motionless, and imperishable" describes the view of

parmenides

Kierkegaard said that the individual comes into relation with God when the individual's

passion is brought to the point of despair

Which of the following two philosophers are dualists?

plato and John locke

the two kinds of rationality, discussed in your text, are

practical and theoretical

Søren Kierkegaard's position on faith and reason could be summarized as

reason within the limits of religion alone

another name for abduction is

reasoning to the best explanation

Pascal, Kierkegaard, and James agree that

sometimes we are justified in believing on insufficient evidence

According to your text, the difference between ancient Greek philosophy and the outlook of other civilizations was that Greek philosophy

sought knowledge for its own sake

A good inductive argument is an argument which is

strong

Immanuel Kant claimed that the principle of universal causality was based on

synthetic a priori reasoning

The "ten leaky buckets" argument claims that

ten bad arguments do not make a good argument

According to the text, what scientific evidence provides support for the cosmological argument?

the Big Bang

One of the "Ten Commandments of Philosophy" is "Divide and Conquer," which refers to

the analytic method of examining a problem or theory

Both John Calvin and Karl Barth believed that faith, being transrational, is higher than reason

true

During the time of the sophists, Athens flourished economically and culturally

true

Hume claimed that the teleological argument leads to the conclusion that the world's designer is imperfect

true

Hume criticizes the teleological argument by saying that we cannot argue from the parts to the whole

true

Philosophical questions about the mind would fall under metaphysics

true

Protagoras taught that all opinions are true.

true

Pythagoras was led to his view of reality by his musical studies.

true

Socrates taught that no one voluntarily chooses to do good over evil.

true

The compatibilist differs with the hard determinist over whether or not any of our actions can be said to be free

true

The cosmological argument is an example of an a posteriori argument

true

The determinist would say that a decision made after deliberation is caused by whichever desire is the strongest

true

The hard determinist claims that if he knew every detail of the universe at this point in time, he could predict what decisions you would make in the future

true

The irrationalist position was held by both David Hume and Søren Kierkegaard

true

The libertarian believes that if our choices are inevitable, then there is no moral responsibility

true

The libertarian claims that free actions are causally undetermined

true

The older generation of sophists advised worship of the gods for pragmatic and socially prudent reasons.

true

The opposite of a contingent being is a necessary being

true

The slippery slope argument ignores the fact that there sometimes can be a moderate position between two extremes.

true

The sophist Thrasymachus taught that might makes right.

true

The straw man argument involves misrepresenting an opponent's position

true

The teleological argument is an argument from analogy

true

W. K. Clifford argued that believing has moral ramifications

true

according to Pythagoras, numbers constitute the essence of reality

true

expressions of the teleological argument can be found in Plato and the Bible

true

According to Thales the ultimate explanation of all things was

water

Which statement best describes a cosmological argument?

2 and 3

For Socrates, the relationship between the morally Good and God is

God chooses the Good because it is good

How does David Hilbert's imaginary hotel relate to the Kalam argument?

Hilbert's Hotel undermines the idea of an actual infinite. While infinitely is possible conceptually, if that concept were brought into the real world, it would lead to several absurdities. Therefore, an infinite series of events is impossible

The two types of ethical relativism are

conventional and subjective

"Philosophical study is dialectic" means that it is like a

conversation in which opposing viewpoints guide us to better answers

What is the name of the following argument form? (1) "Either P or Q. (2) Not Q. (3) Therefore, P.

disjunctive syllogism

A crucial feature of Hume's argument is that he denies that there is any evidence of design whatsoever

false

According to Bertrand Russell, the task of philosophy is to preserve common sense and the majority opinion within the community

false

According to your text, an argument in philosophy is a verbal fight

false

According to your text, philosophy is a pure, theoretical activity and is not concerned with our passionate moral commitments

false

An a posteriori argument is one that follows (or is posterior to) an act of faith

false

Anthropomorphism is the attempt to use evolutionary theory to explain the origins of the human species

false

As far as we know, none of the ancient Greek philosophers accepted women as equal to men

false

David Hume wrote his critique of the teleological argument as a direct response to Paley's published argument

false

In Pascal's wager there is not even a finite gain to be had in not believing in God and there is nothing lost in believing in God

false

Milesian philosophers sought to explain reality in terms of spiritual and religious causes.

false

One of William Paley's arguments quoted in the text is that humans were made to search for purpose, thus there must be a God to provide that purpose

false

One of the "Ten Commandments of Philosophy" is "Stick to your opinions, no matter what."

false

According to James, an essential condition for an act of faith to be a reasonable option is when

the decision one way or the other is unaviodable

according to Heracleitus, the logos is

the divine law of order and reason

Which one of the following was NOT a problem for interactive dualism discussed in the text?

the fact that mental states seem private and incorrigible

The determinist responds to the argument from deliberation by saying that

the feeling of deliberation occurs when we are caught between two conflicting desires

Dualistic interactionism claims that

the mind and body are different substances that causally interact

Zeno rejected

the notion that anything is divisible into its parts

According to the text, the Darwinian theory does not altogether destroy the argument from design because the theist can respond that

the process of evolution is the means God used to achieve his purpose for the world

In discussing the merits of religious rationalism and fideism, the text pointed out that

the rationalist has the advantage that his or her evidence can be publicly discussed and evaluated

Anaximander is noted for anticipating which modern scientific theory?

the theory of evolution

William Paley's argument seeks to show that

the universe is similar to a human artifact in that it is a mechanism that requires a designer

In the "Allegory of the Cave," the problem the prisoners had was

they mistook the shadows for reality

A contingent being is one which depends on something else for its existence

true

A version of the First Cause argument was given by St. Thomas Aquinas

true

According to René Descartes, the pineal gland is where the mind and body interact

true

According to the determinist, the fact that we feel ourselves to be free does not imply that we are free

true

According to the text, the philosopher associated with the argument from contingency is Samuel Clark

true

According to your text, the hallmark of philosophical method is argument

true

An a priori argument is one that rests on premises that can be known independently of experience

true

Anaxagoras taught that in everything there is a portion of everything.

true

Anaximenes believed that the ultimate reality was air.

true