Intro to Physical Anthropology Chapter 5
This image shows primate dentitions of the mandible (lower jaw). During lab, your instructor shows you a primate skeleton with teeth that look like the image on the right (b). What can you conclude based on this dentition? -This primate was eating mostly leaves or similar plant matter -The dental formula of 2.1.2.3 distinguishes this specimen from an Old World monkey -The morphology of the molars indicated the primate was an ape, not a monkey -The large, sharp canines would have prevented the primate from closing its mouth properly
-The morphology of the molars indicated the primate was an ape, not a monkey
Catarrhines have a ________ dental formula and are generally _____ than platyrrhines. Prehensile tails are only found in ______ species. -platyrrhine -larger -2.1.2.3 -2.1.3.3 -catarrhine -smaller
2.1.2.3; larger; platyrrhine
What is the maximum number of molars found in each quadrant of primates' dentitions?
3
The graph below depicts the conversation of primate populations in the wild. On the basis of this graph, what can you conclude? -South America has the most primates that are not endangered or are of least concern -Madagascar has the most endangered primate populations -Africa has the greatest proportion of vulnerable primates -Asia has the biggest proportion of primate populations that are vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered
Asia has the biggest proportion of primate populations that are vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered
Which of the following is true regarding predation of primates? -It is unclear how often primates are preyed upon in the world -The best estimate of predation rate of primates in 50% -Primates' use of tools frightens away predators -The lack of evidence of predation is because primates are not preyed upon
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -It is unclear how often primates are preyed upon in the world INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -The best estimate of predation rate of primates in 50% -Primates' use of tools frightens away predators -The lack of evidence of predation is because primates are not preyed upon
The basal metabolic rate is the rate at which an animal expends energy to stay alive when at least. What does this graph indicate about basal metabolic rate? The dashed line represents a direct linear relationship, whereas the solid line represents the actual relationship between body weight and basal metabolic rate. -Large animals have higher basal metabolic rates than small animals -Large animals have slower growth rates than smaller animals -Large animas use less energy per unit of body weight -Large animals are more likely to eat meat to obtain more calories
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Large animals have higher basal metabolic rates than small animals -Large animas use less energy per unit of body weight INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Large animals have slower growth rates than smaller animals -Large animals are more likely to eat meat to obtain more calories
Which of the following statements are true regarding strepsirrhines? -Strepsirrhines eat only insects -Most strepsirrhines are arboreal -Strepsirrhines rely more on olfaction than haplorrhines -Strepsirrhines tend to have large body sizes -Many strepsirrhines are nocturnal
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Most strepsirrhines are arboreal -Strepsirrhines rely more on olfaction than haplorrhines -Many strepsirrhines are nocturnal INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Strepsirrhines eat only insects -Strepsirrhines tend to have large body sizes
Where do the world's nonhuman primates live? Select all that apply. -South America -Asia -Australia -Africa
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -South America -Asia -Africa INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Australia
Which of the following statements are true regarding behavior of primates? -Territorial primates use vocalizations to announce their presence -Nonterritorial primates have home ranges that overlap with those of neighboring primate groups -All nonterritorial species avoid other nonterritorial species when they meet -Territorial species aggressively defend the borders of their territories from outsiders -If nonterritorial species mingle together, it is usually a function of group defense
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Territorial primates use vocalizations to announce their presence -Nonterritorial primates have home ranges that overlap with those of neighboring primate groups -Territorial species aggressively defend the borders of their territories from outsiders INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -All nonterritorial species avoid other nonterritorial species when they meet -If nonterritorial species mingle together, it is usually a function of group defense
Which of the following are primate traits? -They have a greater reliance on vision than other mammals -Most primates have fingernails rather than claws -The juvenile period is shorter than in other mammals -They have relatively larger brains than most mammals
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -They have a greater reliance on vision than other mammals -Most primates have fingernails rather than claws -They have relatively larger brains than most mammals INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -The juvenile period is shorter than in other mammals
Which of the following are a main threat to primate species in the wild? -disease -primates (nonhuman) hunting other primates -pet trade -agriculture -"bushmeat" trade
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -disease -pet trade -agriculture -"bushmeat" trade INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -primates (nonhuman) hunting other primates
Which of the following contribute to an animal's nutritional requirements? -the reproductive effort required of males -how much energy an animal expends while moving -how much energy an animal expends while at rest -how fast the animal grows
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -how much energy an animal expends while moving -how much energy an animal expends while at rest -how fast the animal grows INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -the reproductive effort required of males
Which of the following statements about catarrhines is true? -Catarrhines only live in South America -Catarrhines include lorises -Catarrhines include apes -All catarrhines have tails
Catarrhines include apes
Primates are hunted by many predators, such as lions, pythons, eagles, leopards, and others. In response, primates have developed various responses for defense against predation. Identify the defensive strategies that have been observed in primates. -associate with members of other primate species -turn to humans for protection -flee or take cover -give alarm calls
DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OBSERVED IN PRIMATES: -associate with members of other primate species -flee or take cover -give alarm calls NOT A DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OBSERVED IN PRIMATES: -turn to humans for protection
Most primates live in social groups of some form because of the benefits that grouping provides. However, various costs are associated with living in groups. Identify the effects of living in groups. -protection from disease -increased threats from conspecifics -protection from predators -less competition over food
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL GROUPING: -increased threats from conspecifics -protection from predators NOT EFFECTS OF SOCIAL GROUPING: -less competition over food -protection from disease
About one-third of all primate species are now threatened in the wild. true or false
False
All primates have tails. true or false
False
Tarsiers are strepsirrhines. true or false
False
Match the characteristic to the correct suborder of primates. -large brains -independently moveable ears -longer life spans -large, complex social groups -well-developed sense of smell -large eyes
HAPLORRHINE: -large brains -longer life spans -large, complex social groups STREPSIRRHINE: -independently moveable ears -well-developed sense of smell -large eyes
Which of the following primate groups belong to strepsirrhines? Which belong to haplorrhines? Drag the primate family to the appropriate group. -Cercopithecidae -Hominidae -Tarsiidae -Hylobatidae -Galagidae -Cebidae -Lemuridae -Lorisidae
HAPLORRHINES: -Cercopithecidae -Hominidae -Tarsiidae -Hylobatidae -Cebidae STREPSIRRHINES: -Lemuridae -Lorisidae -Galagidae
Match the traits that generally characterize either hylobatids or hominins. -strictly arboreal -smaller body size -arboreal and terrestrial -varied social organization or social systems -larger body size -pair-bonded social groups
HYLOBATIDS: -strictly arboreal -smaller body size -pair-bonded social groups HOMININS: -arboreal and terrestrial -varied social organization or social systems -larger body size
Below is a map of the world. Drag and drop each primate to the geographical region it inhabits. -ring-tailed lemur -orangutan -howler monkey -gorilla
I inserted the boxes and #s to show droppable areas 1. howler monkey 2. gorilla 3. ring-tailed lemur 4. orangutan
All primates supplement their diets with multiple types of food, but rely on a primary food group to ensure survival. Match each dietary term to the food group that associated primates rely most heavily on. -Frugivore -Gummivore -Folivore -Insectivore
Leaves and grass (Folivore) Ants, grasshoppers, and termites (Insectivore) Tree sap and plant gum (Gummivore) Fruit (Frugivore)
In the mating season, male squirrel monkeys gain weight and become "fatted" and then compete actively for access to females. Based on this behavior, it is likely these monkeys are part of large ___________ groups.
Multimale, multifemale
Below is a list of traits, some of which apply to primates and some of which do not. Match the traits to primates and to non-primates. -stereoscopic vision -prehensile hands and feet -reliant on olfaction -large litters -small brain size -small litters
Non-primates: -reliant on olfaction -large litters -small brain size Primates: -stereoscopic vision -prehensile hands and feet -small litters
While watching TV with your mom, you see an advertisement for a show depicting polygyny. Your mom says that polygyny isn't natural. What evidence do you give your mom that her statement is false? -Males and females in polygynous systems are not very sexually dimorphic and generally have equal social status -Polygyny among primates is associated with the unnatural practice of infanticide -One-male, multifemale groups are quite common as a system of social organization in primate species -Anthropologists agree that polygyny is a valid social organization for apes, but not for humans
One-male, multifemale groups are quite common as a system of social organization in primate species
The following graph shows the relationship between agriculture; expansion and forest cover in the nootropics, Africa, and Southeast Asia. How does this relationship affect primate populations?
Primates are negatively affected by deforestation because most primates live in forested areas
The map shown here depicts the distribution of living and fossil primates worldwide. Based on this map, can you conclude about where primates live? -Both living and fossil primates ranged widely in Asia -Primates do not live in the wild in Australia -Living primates inhabit a much wider region than their fossil ancestors -Fossil primates were found in more equatorial areas than living primates
Primates do not live in the wild in Australia
The graph shown here depicts the "time budget," or the amount of time devoted to different activities, of various primate species. What can you conclude from this graph? -Primates' dietary activities vary little from species to species -Dusky titi monkeys spend more time in pursuit of insects than other food sources -Squirrel monkeys spend more time moving around their home range than do the other primates -Brown capuchins are primarily frugivores
Squirrel monkeys spend more time moving around their home range than do the other primates
Which of the following traits characterize primates and which do not? -claws -tails -specialized molars -highly developed vision -unspecialized olfactory apparatus -fingernails -specialized olfactory apparatus -prehensile hand
TRAITS THAT CHARACTERIZE PRIMATES: -highly developed vision -unspecialized olfactory apparatus -fingernails -prehensile hand TRAITS THAT DO NOT CHARACTERIZE PRIMATES: -claws -tails -specialized molars -specialized olfactory apparatus
Primate dentition gives insight into the foods that primates eat. One of the ways that anthropologists describe primate dentition is through a dental formula. Identify the statements that are true about dental formulas. -The dental formula is usually not the same for upper and lower jaws -The dental formula is listed in this order: incisors, canines premolars molars -The dental formula shows that dentition is bilaterally symmetrical -The dental formula is more or less the same for all primates
TRUE STATEMENTS ABOUT DENTAL FORMULAS: -The dental formula is listed in this order: incisors, canines premolars molars -The dental formula shows that dentition is bilaterally symmetrical NOT TRUE STATEMENTS ABOUT DENTAL FORMULAS: -The dental formula is usually not the same for upper and lower jaws -The dental formula is more or less the same for all primates
This graph depicts the relationship of body size and diet among primates. Based on this graph, what can be concluded?
The smallest primates (1kg or less) tend to consume insects and tree gum.
Destruction of the _________ where many ________ nonhuman primates live is primarily caused by _________.
Tropical forests; arboreal; humans
Nonhuman primates are mostly found in tropical regions. true or false
True
Sociality among primates is primarily due to either feeding competition or predation. true or false
True
Territoriality among primates is usually a function of defending resources and mates. true or false
True
There has been some success in attempts to save endangered primate populations. true or false
True
The following image depicts a tarsier eating from its primary food group. Drag the dietary term that best describes it to the image. -folivore -frugivore -gummivore -insectivore
insectivore
Apes have a number of unique traits that distinguish them from cercopithecoids, including ________.
larger brains
The infraorder Lemuriformes includes _______, which are found only in _______ and the Comoro Islands off the coast of __________. -China -Galagos -Asia -Madagascar -lemurs -Africa -Lorises
lemurs; Madagascar; Africa
All New World monkeys ___________. -have prehensile tails -live in the Americas -are diurnal -are larger than Old World monkeys
live in the Americas
Platyrrhines are _______ World monkeys, whereas _______ World monkeys are part of the Catarrhines. Platyrrhines have ________ nostrils, whereas Catarrhines have ________ nostrils.
new; old; round; narrow
The image below shows the different dentitions and digestive tracts associated with various dietary specializations observed among primates. Match the dentitions and digestive tracts with the corresponding diet by dragging the dietary terms to the correct locations on the image. -Gummivore -Insectivore -Folivore -Frugivore
see numbers in picture 1. Frugivore 2. Gummivore 3. Folivore 4. Insectivore
The images below depict different types of primate social groups. Larger symbols are adults, smaller symbols represent their offspring. Drag and drop the appropriate term for each type of social group on to the image below. -one-male, multifemale -pair-bonded -multimale, multifemale -solitary -polyandry
see picture for numbers 1. solitary 2. pair-bonded 3. polyandry 4. one-male, multifemale 5. multi male, multifemale
Below are drawings of the fire different types of social groups that primates form. Larger symbols are adults, smaller symbols represent their offspring. Click on the very unusual social grouping that is found among the New World callitrichids and rarely with any other primate group.
see picture for numbers 3. Callitrichids, including marmosets and tamarins, are one of the few primates that have a social group where a single adult female shares a home range with multiple adult males.
The images below show a variety of haplorrhines and strepsirrhines. Click only the images of haplorrhines.
see picture for numbers. 1. Muriqui and 4. Baboons are haplorrhines
