Intro to Psychology-Chapter 6 & 8 practice tests!!!
Cindy hates to clean up after dinner. One night, she volunteers to bathe the baby before cleaning up. When she finished with the baby and returns to the kitchen, her wife has cleaned everything up for her. Which one of the following statements is most likely true?
Cindy's wife has negatively reinforced her for bathing the baby.
A computer saleswoman gets commission on each sale
Continious Reinforcement
Matthew knows that if he cries when his mother puts him on a time-out, the time-out will be much shorter. This behavior is an example of punishment.
False, Matthew is being positive reinforced by his mother for crying.
Ethan is afraid of dogs. He walks six blocks out his way to school because a large black dog lives on his block. This behavior is an example of punishment.
False, it is an example of negative reinforcement because going out of his way helps him avoid the dog and avoid his fear.
Your mother says, "You didn't clean your room. Now you have to stay inside!" This situation is an example of negative reinforcement.
False, it is an example of punishment.
When you supply negative reinforcement, it usually results in a decrease in the undesired behavior.
False, negative reinforcement results in an increase in behavior.
Any time a stimulus results in a decrease in the probability of a behavior recurring, the reinforcement is negative.
False, the goal of reinforcement is to increase behavior.
A time-out (removing a disruptive child from class and placing him/her in a quiet place) is an example of negative reinforcement.
False, the purpose of a time-out is to eliminate a disruptive behavior.
A rat receives an electric shock to the brain every time it presses a bar. Before long the rat is pressing the bar fifty times an hour. This example demonstrates punishment.
False, the rat is being positively reinforced for pressing the bar.
Child who likes to hear the theme music from Jeopardy every night
Fixed Interval
Getting a paycheck at the end of 2 weeks
Fixed Interval
Getting the clothes out of the dryer after you hear the buzzer
Fixed Interval
Doing 20 push ups to help stay fit
Fixed Ratio
Feeding a puppy every time its when you command
Fixed Ratio
Frequent flyer program where one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles flown
Fixed Ratio
Getting a $.50 raise on your hourly raise each year
Fixed Ratio
Getting a nickel for every pop can that you return
Fixed Ratio
Going up a staircase to reach a landing with a nice view
Fixed Ratio
Paid 10 dollars for every 20 part-subs made
Fixed Ratio
Jonathan loves spicy food! Last week he ate at Tia Mexicana three times and literally perspired from the hot spices. Yesterday, as he drove past the restaurant, Jonathan began to perspire profusely.
UCS: spicy food UCR: perspiring CS: Tia Mexicana restaurant CR: perspiring
Marge fixed Mr. Lee her special recipe meatloaf—convinced that he would beg for more. Several hours later, Mr. Lee felt very ill. He immediately blamed it on Marge's meatloaf and told her he would never eat it again.
UCS: whatever actually caused the illness--bacteria, virus, etc. UCR: became sick CS: meatloaf CR: feel sick
Tiffany was playing with her cousin. Suddenly her cousin let out a horrifying scream and cried, "A bee!" She yanked Tiffany by the arm and dragged her brutally into the house. Now Tiffany is refusing to go outside to play, claiming she is afraid of "the bees."
UCS: yanked by the arm and being drug UCR: fear and pain CS: bees CR: fear
Calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet
Variable Interval
Random drug testing
Variable Interval
Speed traps on the highway
Variable Interval
Studying for a class that has pop quizzes
Variable Interval
Surfer waiting for the perfect wave to roll in
Variable Interval
A child wants to go fishing looks under rocks for worms
Variable Ratio
A strike in bowling
Variable Ratio
Child screams and cries in store to get what he wants-every so often it works
Variable Ratio
Playing Bingo
Variable Ratio
Selling cookies door-to-door
Variable Ratio
Slots machines are based on this schedule
Variable Ratio
Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach
Variable Ratio
Anya, a camp counselor, supervises a group of children in May and a different group of children in July later that year. She finds that she is having some difficulty remembering the names of the children in the July session. This example illustrates
proactive interference
Frederick refuses to take out the trash so his mother refuses to allow him to watch his favorite TV show in the evening. How has Frederick been conditioned?
punishment
If he doesn't do the dishes every night, Joseph knows he'll have to stay home all day Saturday and cut the grass. How has Joseph been conditioned?
punishment
Which one of the following examples would NOT be a semantic memory?
remembering when you took your first Spanish class
_____________ memory enables us, in part, to briefly see a "tail" of light following the path of a sparkler after waving one around on a dark night.
sensory
Dolphins are often trained to do tricks through the process of
shaping.
Suppose Ahmed looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later he tries to call again—but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limits of _____________ memory.
short-term
A mnemonic device is a __________________.
strategy that improves memory
After experiencing food poisoning from some rotten cheese, Vicki now has a profound dislike for that cheese. This example specifically illustrates
taste aversion
Suppose Sally's parents are exceptionally proud of her excellent GPA during her first semester of college. Her parents would be providing Sally with a primary reinforcer if they
took her out for dinner to her favorite restaurant
In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be retrievable.
true
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned response
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
Mr. Oksiuta goes to the humane society and adopts a brand new kitten named Gretta. He takes his wonderful fur ball home and presents her a delicious dish of yellowfin tuna and shrimp, which Mr. Oksiuta caught fresh from the sea with his bare hands. Upon presentation of her meal, Gretta begins salivating. For the next week, Mr. Oksiuta whistles right before he presents Gretta with her food. Eventually, Gretta begins salivating just from hearing Mr. Oksiuta's whistle alone 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus? 2. What is the unconditioned response? 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? 4. What is the conditioned response?
unconditioned stimulus: cat food unconditioned response: salivation neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: whistling sound conditioned response: salivation
It's winter time for Rylai! Although she lives in South Carolina, an unusually cold winter has caused a snowfall in January. Rylai goes outside and immediately regrets her decision. The extremely low temperature causes Rylai to shiver in an attempt to warm her body up. As this is happening, Rylai also sees her first snowfall as small crystal flakes drop from the sky. As the harsh winter continues, Rylai notices something else as the weeks progress-- sometimes when she wakes up in the morning and sees snow outside her window, she shivers even though its 75° in her room! 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus? 2. What is the unconditioned response? 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? 4. What is the conditioned response?
unconditioned stimulus: cold unconditioned response: shiver neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: sight of snow conditioned response: shiver
India was ecstatic when she learned her family was going to the state fair next weekend. When her family arrived at the state fair the temperature was in excess of 100° F, but India didn't care because she was finally there. India stopped and watched some clowns performing next to the carousel. As she watched the silly antics of the clowns with the carousel music playing in the background, India got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, she fainted from the heat. After that trip to the state fair, every time India hears carousel musical she feels a little dizzy.
unconditioned stimulus: extreme heat (temperature above 100) unconditioned response: fainting neutral stimulus ? conditioned stimulus: carousel music conditioned response: feeling dizzy
When Tom gets back to the dormitory after jogging around the campus, he likes to take a quick shower before going to class. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the showerhead and Tom experiences excruciating pain. After muttering a few obscenities, he continues showering. A few minutes later,Tom hears another toilet flush and he leaps out of the shower.
unconditioned stimulus: hot water unconditioned response: pain neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus: flushing of toilet conditioned response: jumping out of the shower
Fred's upstairs neighbors have a habit of engaging in noisy arguments. Fred quickly finds that when the neighbors are yelling, he can bang on the pipes of his apartment with a hammer and the neighbors quiet down. a) How is Fred being conditioned? b) How are his noisy neighbors being conditioned?
a) positive b) punishment
Andrew is upset because every time he goes to school, the 5th grade boys make fun of him. Andrew's mother has noticed that Andrew is complaining of being sick every morning and asking to stay home from school. a) How have the 5th grade boys conditioned Andrew? b) If his mother allows him to stay home, how will his mother condition his behavior?
a) punishment b) negative
Serika's parents were having a dinner party when Serika decided to throw a tantrum at the table because she didn't want to eat her dinner. Her parents immediately sent her to her room. Angry about being in her room, Serika proceeded to throw her toys about, stomp on the floor, and tear the sheets off the bed. Embarrassed by their uncooperative daughter, Serika's parents agreed to let her out of her room. a) How was Serika initially conditioned? b) When her parents let her out of her room, how was Serika conditioned? c) How were Serika's parents conditioned?
a) punishment b) positive c) negative
Maretta is carrying a heavy load of books to her car. She tries to reach into her pocket to find her keys, loses control of the books, and they fall, breaking her left toe. Following this unfortunate incident, Maretta buys herself a backpack. a) When the books fell, how was Maretta conditioned? b) When she uses the backpack, how is Maretta being conditioned?
a) punishment b) negative
______________results if you do not process information well enough to begin consolidation.
an encoding failure
Suppose Joe's wife, Kim, asks him to pick up the following items from the grocery store in the following order: milk, bread, apples, coffee, and salmon. Upon returning home, Joe realizes that he forgot to purchase one of those items. Consistent with the nature of the primacy and recency effects, the item Joe forgot to buy is MOST likely the
apples
Jamal finds that it is easier to remember his Social Security Number if he thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called ____________.
chunks
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
a couple continues to associate a certain popular song with their first date and refer it to our song
classical conditioning
you usually turn on the light in the fish tank before feeding your tropical fish now they come to the top of their tank to be fed whenever the light is turned on
classical conditioning
your dog runs into the kitchen whenever he hears the electric can opener he does this even if it is not his canned dog food being opened
classical conditioning
in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
Based on Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the ___________.
misinformation effect
Zeke, a toddler, starts to jump up and down after seeing his older sister do so. This example illustrates
modeling.
Anna ate something that upset her stomach. Anika suggested that she take a special mixture of peppermint tea and saltine crackers. Anna took the cure and felt much better. The next time Anna felt sick to her stomach, she fixed herself peppermint tea and crackers. How has Anna been conditioned?
negative
The hamsters on the eighth floor are getting on a fitness kick. When a horn sounds, they jump on their wheels and begin running. They know if they don't jump on the wheel, a blast of cold air will blow. How are the hamsters being conditioned?
negative
A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.
negative punishment
after your grandma buys a stock in a new computer company, the company fails and your grandma loses all her money
negative punishment
after your little sister sophie writes all over the newly painted walls your mom takes her art supplies away
negative punishment
because he is flirting with your best friend anna you dump your boyfriend
negative punishment
you fail two classes in college and lose your financial aid
negative punishment
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
you brush your teeth regularly to avoid the social embarrassment of bad breath
negative reinforcement
you get a flu shot in november to avoid catching the flu
negative reinforcement
you get to math class on time and avoid getting a detention from mrs. nutt
negative reinforcement
you have been camping and get lots of bug bites so you apply hydrocortisone cream to get away from itching
negative reinforcement
you make back up copies of your saturation paper in case your home computer crashes
negative reinforcement
you set the timer to avoid burning the cookies you are bringing to the rosary potluck
negative reinforcement
you switch on the air conditioning to escape the summer heat
negative reinforcement
your friend brittany is addicted to cigarretes and lights one to escape from discomfort of nicotine withdrawal
negative reinforcement
When Margaret smoked some marijuana to relieve her back pain, the pain subsided; now, whenever she feels such pains, she reached for her marijuana once more. This example illustrates
negative reinforcement.
A stimulus eliciting no response.
neutral stimulus
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant conditioning
a certain infant three weeks old wiggled and grunted when wet or hungry. the caregiver ignored these signals. only loud crying was rewarded by service. by age six months the baby howled furiously at every need or discomfort
operant conditioning
a child is punished for stealing a candy bar from a grocery store and he does not steal again
operant conditioning
a child learns to clean up his bedroom and is given an allowance by doing it properly
operant conditioning
a rat learns to press a lever in a skinner box for food pellets
operant conditioning
a student is suspended for 10 day for fighting in school
operant conditioning
a student receives an award for achieving outstanding grades during the year
operant conditioning
you and other students have learned to move on to your next class at the sound of the school bell
operant conditioning
your dog learns to fetch a stick by being given a dog biscuit every time he brings the stick back to you
operant conditioning
A rat receives an electric shock to his brain every time he presses a bar. Before long, the rat is pressing the bar fifty times an hour. How is the rat being conditioned?
positive
Tim is learning to play the trombone. His teacher notices that Tim likes baseball so she begins to give him a baseball card every time he successfully learns to play a new piece of music. How is Tim being conditioned?
positive
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior
positive punishment
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. Devin's fine, but new car dented. In future Devon will not "speed up" when there is a red light. (is this an example of: Positive R., Positive P., Negative R, Negative P.?)
positive punishment
after you speed through a stop sign and get a ticket your mom takes your license away
positive punishment
you make a comment at lunch and the popular girl makes a sarcastic remark at you
positive punishment
you try to comfort a distraught friend Beth only to be told mind your own business
positive punishment
your 2 year old cousin jack runs into the street and your aunt smacks his butt
positive punishment
your brother joe giggles in church and your dad glares at him and whispers be quiet
positive punishment
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive reinforcement
you come in on time after a date and your parents allow you to spend more time with your boyfriend mike
positive reinforcement
you complete this assignment and receive 25 points
positive reinforcement
you kick the vending machine and get your drink
positive reinforcement
you reach your sales quota for the magazine drive and get candy at break
positive reinforcement
you tell mr. powers he is a joke and he laughs
positive reinforcement
you wear no socks to school you get a reprimand from the Mrs. Jones
positive reinforcement
your backhand return of the ball in tennis is low and fast and your coach yells excellent
positive reinforcement
your pet rat bobby presses a lever and receives a food pellet
positive reinforcement
Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia?
Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.
Amanda cleans her room to keep her parents off her back
Negative Reinforcement
Reduce anxiety by smoking a cigarette
Negative Reinforcement
Taking and aspirin to relieve a headache
Negative reinforcement
A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food in her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable and needs to stop immediately, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food.
Positive Punishement
Embarrassing a student for giving a wrong answer
Positive Punishment
Sean spanks his child for playing in the street
Positive Punishment
An "A" on exam that you studied real hard for
Positive Reinforcement
Getting a pay check
Positive Reinforcement
In order to receive his allowance Travis cleans up his room regularly
Positive Reinforcement
John does not go to the dentist every 6 months for a check-up. Instead, he waited until a tooth really hurts, then goes to the dentist. After 2 emergency trips to the dentist, John now goes to the dentist every 6 months like he should
Positive Reinforcement
Police randomly stop driver sand give tickets to those who are not wearing their seat belts; as a result of this program seat belt use increases in town
Positive Reinforcement
Receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum
Positive Reinforcement
Santa wasn't doing well in her 6th grade math class. Her teacher told her parents that Santa handed in less than 50% of her assignments. Her parents told Santa that any day on which she did not hand in her homework she would be sent to bed right after dinner. As a result of this threat, Santa has handed in her assignment 97% of the time
Positive Reinforcement
A student jumps up and down, hand raised, yelling "me, me, me" until the teacher calls on her. The child jumps and yells even more in the future
Positive reinforcement
Paying your taxes because do not want to go to jail is an example of negative reinforcement.
True, paying your prevent the negative outcome of going to jail.
It's cold in your house so you turn up the heat. This example is a demonstration of negative reinforcement.
True, turning up the heat removes the aversive condition of being cold.
Your mother says, "If you clean your room, you will no longer have to stay inside." This situation is negative reinforcement.
True, you can avoid the aversiveness of staying in your room by cleaning your room. In the future you know you can avoid staying in your room by keeping it clean.
George had an unfortunate accident. While shaving one morning his electric razor shorted out and burned a large patch of whiskers off his chin. Now George displays a fear of electric toasters, coffee makers, and toaster ovens.
UCS: being burned UCR: fear CS: electrical appliances CR: fear
Serita had to give a speech for English class. She was so nervous she thought she was going to be sick. Shanelle was sitting in the front row wearing "Twilight" perfume (too much Twilight perfume). Even though her speech was over, for three days, whenever Serita smelled Shanelle's perfume, she felt extremely nervous and sick to her stomach.
UCS: being nervous UCR: feeling sick CS: Twilight perfume CR: feeling sick
After a cat is exposed to repeated pairings of an electrical shock and a yellow light, the cat's heart races whenever a yellow light is presented.
UCS: electrical shock UCR: heart races CS: yellow light CR: heart races
Jeremiah is six months old. His mother warms his bottles in the microwave. Whenever the bell on the microwave rings, Jeremiah begins to drool.
UCS: milk UCR: drooling CS: bell CR: drooling
When he was just a puppy, Barney's cruel owner took him out hunting and fired his shotgun right next to Barney's ear. Barney's new owner notices that whenever there's a thunderstorm, Barney hides under the bed and whimpers until the storm passes.
UCS: shotgun blast UCR: fear CS: thunderstorm CR: fear/hide under bed
As a young child, Ryan almost died when eating some wild berries. However, as an adult, he doesn't feel concerned about eating berries from a farm or supermarket. This example specifically demonstrates
discrimination
Some researchers argue that having a built-in readiness for certain conditioned stimuli makes particular sense from a(n) ______________
evolutionary
Maria still has very vivid memories of her first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of __________ memory known as a(n) __________ memory.
explicit; autobiographical
For spontaneous recovery, it is necessarily assumed that
extinction has occurred
For every 10 boxes of cookies that Mishka sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. Mishka is being reinforced on what schedule?
fixed ratio
Juvia's memory for the moment she heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers would be most appropriately termed a(n) ___________ memory.
flashbulb
Tia is 66 years old and had a stroke last year. If she is able to learn how to get to and return from a new mall using a specific route, this implies that her __________ probably is functioning normally.
hippocampus
An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. This procedure is repeated until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the unconditioned response is the
increased heartbeat
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________.
latent learning
When Edie studies her psychology terms, she tries to tie each concept in to something she already knows. She thinks about the meaning of the concept rather than just saying the words over and over. Which model of memory would best explain Edie's approach to encoding memories?
levels-of-processing
STOP FLUSHING!!!! Kanjuchi is an Oregon High School senior. She is pretty typical in that she has great difficulty getting up in the morning. Still, she forces herself out of bed and into the shower when her alarm goes off. Sometimes the water will turn scalding hot and Kanjuchi will begin screaming in pain. The reason for this is that her little brother, Tukufu, will flush the toilet. The pipes are connected which causes the change in water temperature. After enough occurrences of this happening, Kanjuchi has learned to quickly jump out of the shower when she hears the toilet flush. 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus? 2. What is the unconditioned response? 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? 4. What is the conditioned response?
unconditioned stimulus: hot water unconditioned response: pain sensation neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: sound of toilet flush conditioned response: jump out of shower
Nose Hair Double-Take Jamal goes in for his yearly eye check-up. As part of his examination, the doctor needs to shoot a puff of air into Jamal's eye to check for glaucoma. This quick puff causes Jamal's eye to reflexively blink a few times. However, the doctor has to get extremely close to Jamal with his head tilted up when he performs the test, and Jamal can quite clearly see the doctor's nose hair sprouting out of his nostril when this happens. Curiously, whenever Jamal goes to trim his own nose hair in the mirror, he sometimes can't stop blinking. 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus? 2. What is the unconditioned response? 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? 4. What is the conditioned response?
unconditioned stimulus: puff of air into eye unconditioned response: eye blink neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: nose hairs conditioned response: eye blink
Emma Watson is a beautiful girl, and as we all know, beautiful girls deserve beautiful flowers. Everyday Emma receives a bouquet of roses from the love of her life, Mr. Oksiuta. When she sniffs the roses, she feels a tingling sensation which she loves. Every time she gets roses, she also receives a card that says, "Love always, xoxoxoxo, Mr. O." After enough deliveries, just the sight of the card alone makes Emma tingle. Later on, Mr. O also includes a picture of his cat, Gretta, with the card. Interestingly, Emma begins tingling whenever she sees a cat, although the tingle is not quite as strong as the one produced by smelling the flowers.
unconditioned stimulus: smell of roses unconditioned response: "tingling" sensation neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: Mr. O's card conditioned response: "tingling" sensation higher-order neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: cats higher-order conditioned response: "tingling" sensation
John was really looking forward to lunch because his mother had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayonnaise she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, John felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich would make John nauseous.
unconditioned stimulus: spoiled mayonnaise unconditioned response: getting sick neutral stimulus ? conditioned stimulus: mention of tuna conditioned response: feel nauseous
You Paid For This? It's another lunch day at Oregon High School, which means chicken is on the menu. Aaron loves chicken, though, so he's a happy kid. As he's devouring "nuggets" of the dead bird, he suddenly gets sick and projectively vomits everywhere. It turns out the chicken wasn't cooked long enough. From that day on, just hearing that chicken is on the lunch menu during the daily announcements starts to make Aaron feel sick. 1. What is the unconditioned stimulus? 2. What is the unconditioned response? 3. What is the neutral stimulus that becomes the conditioned stimulus? 4. What is the conditioned response?
unconditioned stimulus: undercooked chicken unconditioned response: getting sick neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus: mention of chicken conditioned response: getting sick
Dennis buys a lottery ticket every Saturday, using the same set of numbers. Although he has only won $25 on one occasion, he keeps buying the tickets. In fact, he's a little afraid that if he doesn't buy a ticket, that would be the one that would win really big. The fact that Dennis seems addicted to buying lottery tickets is a common characteristic of which schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio
Punishment is MOST effective
when it occurs immediately after a behavior
