Intro to psychology final

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals _______________

Adjust their schemas to new information

Define Sternberg's triarchic theory

Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Practical intelligence

________ are the class of sex hormones that predominate in males.

Androgens

Mindfulness means

Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities

The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

DSM-5-The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

________ are the class of sex hormones that predominate in females.

Estrogens

Recognizing problems involves

Find and frame problems

Which of the following is the correct course of prenatal development?

Germinal period - weeks 1 and 2 Embryonic period - weeks 3 through 8 Fetal period - months 2 through 9

________ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

Which of the following infant reflexes disappears in the months following birth as infants develop voluntary control over many behaviors?

Reflexes: Automatically grasping something that touches the fingers, disappears in months following birth as infants develop voluntary control over many behaviors.

________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.

Schizophrenia

Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?

The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11½ for girls and 13½ for boys.

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is __________

To reduce our drives to return to homeostasis

In ________, social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Analytical intelligence

ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast

musical intelligence

ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone

mathematical intelligence

ability to carry out mathematical operations

Creative intelligence

ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

naturalist intelligence

ability to identify patterns in nature and understand natural and human made systems

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept

verbal intelligence

ability to think in words and use language to express meaning

spatial intelligence

ability to think three-dimensionally

interpersonal intelligence

ability to understand and interact effectively with others

Practical intelligence

ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into action

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains

archetypes

Concepts

are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

An individual's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how the individual feels about the world refers to

attitudes

Which of the following is one of the criteria that distinguish abnormal behavior from normal behavior?

behavior that is deviant

The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to be less likely to help when other people are present than when the observer is alone is known as the

bystander effect

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is trying to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reasoning. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Allison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit their behavior

______ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance.

deductive reasoning

Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Nelly's friends attempt to convince her to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her ________. Her decision not to take the drug is most likely dictated by her ________.

id; ego

Which of the following chemical substances plays a role in the state of feeling full?

leptin

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is driven by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen and search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

motivation

Developmental psychologists use the term "________" to refer to a person's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.

nature

A(n) ________ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

need

According to Freud, penis envy or the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following Psychosexual stages of development?

phallic

Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder

Heuristics

shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem but don't guarantee an answer

Algorithms

strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem

existential intelligence

the ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence

intrapersonal intelligence:

the ability to understand oneself

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of internal traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?

the psychological approach

Cognitive psychology

the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning.

Freud considered ________ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.

the sexual drive

cognition

the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing.

Define Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

verbal intelligence mathematical intelligence spatial intelligence bodily-kinesthetic intelligence musical intelligence interpersonal intelligence intrapersonal intelligence naturalist intelligence existential intelligence