Intro to psychology: study guide 2

In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________.

are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory.

flashbulb

The case of H. M. shows that the ______ is integral in the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

hippocampus

In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, _________.

information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain

When given a list of grocery items to remember, Marissa can only recall the last several items on the list. Marissa's memory lapse is a good illustration of _______.

the recency effect

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from _________.

the tip of the tongue phenomenon

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________.

unconditioned response

Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?

Talyas ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called _________.

chunking

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

classical conditioning

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.

conditioned emotional

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.

conditioned taste aversion

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.

conditioned taste aversions

Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.

declarative memories

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a _________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

deeper, shallower

If one wanted to use the best method to get storage into long-term memory, one would use _________.

elaborative rehearsal

The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

encoding

Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of _________.

encoding specificity

Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of _________ memories

episodic

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called:

extinction

Which of the following is NOT an example of a test using recall?

matching

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

learning

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called _________.

long term memory

In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Denver repeated the list to herself over and over again until she got all of the items from the store that she needed. Denver's method of memorizing the grocery list involved the process of _______.

maintenance rehearsal

_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

memory

Decay is the fading of:

memory trace

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n):

neutral stimulus

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.

pavlov

Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates _________.

proactive interference

Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.

receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage

A multiple-choice test requires the use of what type of retrieval process?

recognition

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is:

reflex

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

retrieval

Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was able to use _______ to help him remember his friend's phone number.

retrieval cue

Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa's memory is suffering from _________.

retroactive interference

Clive Wearing has a rare memory problem. Even after meeting with his wife, he says that he has never seen another human being or had a thought in his life. Clive is suffering from:

retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.

selective attention

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to short-term memory?

selective attention

Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of _________.

semantic memory

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

sensory memory

The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________.

sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

spontaneous recovery

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of:

stimulus generalization

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________.

stimulus generalization

Kevin, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Kevin's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory?

storage

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of:

vicarious conditioning

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________.

visual is to auditory

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _________.

within the first hour after learning new material