Intro to psychology: study guide 2
In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________.
are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
Your memory of the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York's Twin Towers on September 11, 2001 would be most appropriately termed a(n) _________ memory.
flashbulb
The case of H. M. shows that the ______ is integral in the formation of new long-term declarative memories.
hippocampus
In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, _________.
information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain
When given a list of grocery items to remember, Marissa can only recall the last several items on the list. Marissa's memory lapse is a good illustration of _______.
the recency effect
Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from _________.
the tip of the tongue phenomenon
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________.
unconditioned response
Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?
Talyas ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory
Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called _________.
chunking
Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?
classical conditioning
Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.
conditioned emotional
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.
conditioned taste aversion
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
conditioned taste aversions
Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.
declarative memories
In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a _________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).
deeper, shallower
If one wanted to use the best method to get storage into long-term memory, one would use _________.
elaborative rehearsal
The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use.
encoding
Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of _________.
encoding specificity
Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of _________ memories
episodic
When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called:
extinction
Which of the following is NOT an example of a test using recall?
matching
________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
learning
The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called _________.
long term memory
In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Denver repeated the list to herself over and over again until she got all of the items from the store that she needed. Denver's method of memorizing the grocery list involved the process of _______.
maintenance rehearsal
_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
memory
Decay is the fading of:
memory trace
A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n):
neutral stimulus
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
pavlov
Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates _________.
proactive interference
Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________.
receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage
A multiple-choice test requires the use of what type of retrieval process?
recognition
An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is:
reflex
Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?
retrieval
Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was able to use _______ to help him remember his friend's phone number.
retrieval cue
Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa's memory is suffering from _________.
retroactive interference
Clive Wearing has a rare memory problem. Even after meeting with his wife, he says that he has never seen another human being or had a thought in his life. Clive is suffering from:
retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.
selective attention
Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to short-term memory?
selective attention
Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of _________.
semantic memory
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
sensory memory
The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________.
sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
spontaneous recovery
Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of:
stimulus generalization
The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest had blonde hair best illustrates ________.
stimulus generalization
Kevin, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Kevin's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory?
storage
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome
When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of:
vicarious conditioning
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________.
visual is to auditory
In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _________.
within the first hour after learning new material