Intro To Social Research 337 Mid-Term Exam Chapter 4

Which of the following employs the nomothetic model of explanation? - An examination of all the considerations that resulted in 85% of the senior class members being hired for the jobs of their choice - An attempt to understand all the reasons concerning why five former presidents of the United States ran for office - An isolation of the three most important reasons as to why men were selected to all the leadership positions at a former women's college that went coed - Listing the reasons give by first-year students for selecting the college they currently attend

An isolation of the three most important reasons as to why men were selected to all the leadership positions at a former women's college that went coed

The final stage of the research process is:

Application

Which of the following hypotheses best fits the criteria of causality? - Males have higher suicide rates than females - As income increases, age tends to increase - As education increases, murder rates decrease - As education increases, income tends to increase

As education increases, income tends to increase

Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Being arrested is a necessary cause for having a criminal trial - A child's birth is a sufficient cause for having a cigar - A child's birth is necessary cause for having a cigar - Being arrested is a sufficient cause for having a criminal trial

Being arrested is a necessary cause for having a criminal trial

There is a strong correlation between the number of firefighters that show up at a fire and the amount damage produced by the fire. The size of the fire influences both the number of firefighters and the amount of damage. This illustrates that the relationship between the number of firefighters and the amount of damage is:

Caused by a third factor

Which of the following studies uncover only net changes? - Cohort and trend studies - Trend and panel studies - Cohort and panel studies - Cohort and cross-sectional studies

Cohort and trend studies

Rose is conducting a study where she intends to follow a random selection of teenagers over a fiver year period. Each year she will randomly sample 500 individuals from a total of 50 high schools. What form of research is performing?

Cohort study

A single U.S. Census is a:

Cross-Sectional study

The 2000 Census is a _____ study that when used with another decennial census could be considered a _____ study.

Cross-sectional; trend

The topic of surrogate mothers interested Professor Snyder. Snyder read the available materials on the topic and wanted to develop an age, education, and income profile of women who serve as surrogate mothers in the United States. To develop this profile, Snyder should undertake a(n):

Descriptive study

Professor Root was studying the arrest rates for driving under the influence in urban and rural areas of Ohio. It was found that the arrest rate was higher in the rural areas. Professor Root concluded that people who live in rural areas are more likely to drive while intoxicated than are people who live in urban areas. Root's conclusion illustrates the:

Ecological fallacy

Ruth puzzles over a report that claims that women are more likely to vote for Democrats than men. She puzzles because her best friend, Joan, always votes Republican. Ruth is guilty of using which of the following false criteria for nomothetic causality?

Exceptional cases

If a researcher wanted to know why there was a noticeable increase in the number of burglaries in the town of Southpaw during 2005, the researcher would design a(n):

Explanatory study

Professor Dooley examined the literature on AIDS and could find nothing that examined children's attitudes toward parents and friends with AIDS. To examine this topic, Dooley should undertake a(n):

Exploratory study

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cross-sectional study? - It is conducted at only one point in time - It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory - It concentrates on changes that take place in a specific sample over a period of time - It provides a means for studying a large population at the same point in time

It concentrates on changes that take place in a specific sample over a period of time

A _____ is probabilistic and usually incomplete.

Nomothetic explanation

For a nomothetic causal relationship to exist, there must be evidence:

Of an empirical correlation between the variables, one variable precedes the other in time, and a third variable did not cause the change observed in the first two variables

Professor Sheckler is looking to study the career trajectories of a specific group of college students, following the same individuals through their senior year and then five years afterwards. What form of research methodology would he be using?

Panel study

Professor Stone designs a study examine the effect of teenage pregnancy of on the career choices of the teens. Stone interviews a sample of teenage women during their pregnancy, after the birth, and one year later. Stone is using a:

Panel study

The use of a selection of newspaper articles on racial discrimination as a unit of analysis would be an example of:

Social artifact

In cases where one variable seems to cause another, yet the relation between the two makes no sense, there is a:

Spurious relationship

Descriptive studies DO NOT:

Tell why something occurred

In Sweden, there is a very strong correlation between the number of storks and the number of babies born. However, both of these variables are associated with region (rural vs. urban). This illustrates:

That there is no causal relationship between the number of storks and the number of babies

If a researcher were conducting a study of women's attitudes toward abortion, the unit of analysis would be:

The individual

A researcher examined newspaper editorials from papers published in major U.S. cities to determine what issues concerned readers. The unit of analysis in these cases are:

The newspaper editorials

Tyler finds out that in burglary cases male and female jurors are equally likely to vote to acquit. Tyler should conclude that:

There is no relationship between gender and verdict in burglary cases

Analytical success in idiographic explanation can be proven with a(n):

There is no statistical test to prove the achievement of success

What stage of research design is the researcher dealing with when he or she is facing the question "from whom or what information would be gathered"?

Units of analysis

Professor King examined all the reasons given by 100 couples for their marriages. In the final research report, King listed all the reasons given by the 200 people for their marriages. Professor King is:

Using an idiographic explanation for marriage

Explanatory studies are designed to find answers to which of the following questions? - What is the educational profile of people who change careers in midlife? - Why are people changing careers in midlife? - How many people change careers in midlife? - Does the occupational prestige of a career tend to increase for midlife career changers?

Why are people changing careers in midlife?