Intro to Sociology Exam 1 Easterling (ORU)

Social Darwinism was based on the idea that societies would evolve according to the principle of:

"the survival of the fittest"

Each of the following is a step in the research process except:

Achievement of the overarching goal

Viewing things from an African perspective:

Afrocentrism

Comte's three stages of social thought did not include:

Astromystical

The discipline of sociology was given its name by French social theorist

August Comte

The social thinker who is widely regarded as the "Parent of Sociology" is:

August Comte

Specific statements that people hold to the true are known as:

Beliefs

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

Believing another country's style of dress is inferior

The concept that there are no better or worse, just different cultures, is known as:

Cultural relativism

The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that, together, form a people's way of life

Culture

Which of the following would likely reflect the 'social conflict theory' view of culture?

Culture is a system that benefits some people and disadvantages others.

The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they witness cultural practices different from their own (as when Napoleon Chagnon first encountered the Yanomamo) is known as:

Culture shock

The major difference between invention and discovery is:

Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture:

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others is known as:

Ethnocentrism

The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns is commonly known as:

Eurocentrism

Who characterized religion as "the sign of the oppressed creature" and "the opiate of the masses?"

Karl Marx

All of the following are examples of high culture EXCEPT which one?

Mechanical hobbies

The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom?

Nonmaterial culture

Fill in the blanks: ____ are rules for behaviors in certain situations, while _____ identify what should be judged as good or bad.

Norms; values

An important distinction between manifest and latent functions was made by sociologist

Robert K. Merton

What U.S. sociologist made a distinction between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?

Robert K. Merton

Durkheim theorized that people are less likely to commit suicide if they are:

Strongly bound to others

Which of the following is commonly associated with the structural-functional perspective?

Talcott Parsons

Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings:

Technology

The proposition that people understand the world through the cultural lens of language:

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

"Positivism" is

The assertion that science is the path to progress.

Sociology," according to Easterling, is:

The scientific study of social interaction and the products of social interaction.

Those collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper--or bad, undesirable, and improper--in a culture are known as:

Values

Weber's concept of social insight is known as:

Verstehen

The creature known as the "Rac" and treasured immeasurably by the Asu tribe is, in actuality:

a vehicle used for transportation and prestige known as the automobile or hot rod

When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States?

about 1900

Which type of suicide is particularly likely to occur during a time when society lacks clear-cut rules of social behavior?

anomic suicide

A structural-functionalist's opinion of the sacred cows in India is that they:

are a brilliant solution to many of India's problems and should not be tampered with in any way.

A denomination (church) tends to:

be well established in society

Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits:

burghers or bourgeoisie.

Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society:

counterculture

The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system:

cultural integration

The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, which may disrupt a cultural system:

cultural lag

An American sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Rwanda. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these African peoples in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are part. This is an example of:

cultural relativism

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next is known as:

cultural transmission

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

culture

The term "definitions of the situation" refers to:

different ways in which the various people in a particular setting interpret what is going on.

The major goal of sociology's pioneers, such as Comte and Durkheim, was to:

discover how society actually operates.

Elements or processes of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability are known as:

dysfunctions

Norms for routine, casual interaction are known as:

folkways

Norms governing everyday behavior whose violation raises very little concern are known as:

folkways

Prescriptive norms

forbid certain behaviors

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite:

high culture

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another is known as:

language

Unconscious, covert functions of institutions are known as:

latent functions

Open, stated, conscious functions of institutions are known as:

manifest functions

According to Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which of the following is notcorrect?

married people had higher suicide rates than unmarried people.

The tangible things created by members of a society are called:

material culture

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people, are known as:

mores

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that

mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to commonplace behavior within a culture

An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions is known as:

multiculturalism

Sociologist Robin Williams compiled a list of basic American values which included all the following except:

non-violence

Customs, beliefs, philosophies, and patterns of communication would be considered examples of:

nonmaterial culture

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is known as

nonmaterial culture + aterial culture

The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members are called:

norms

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population:

popular culture

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance are called:

sanctions

The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members are called:

sanctions

Which of the following terms refers to the various means by which members of a society encourage conformity to norms?

sanctions

A general type of informal religious organization that is not well integrated into the larger society is referred to as a(n):

sect

Suicide rates are generally higher among:

single people compared to married people.

Which sociological paradigm sees the social world as being in continual struggle?

social conflict perspective

An exaggerated description that one applies to every person in some category is referred to as a(n):

stereotype

Which sociological perspective views society as similar to a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival?

structural-functional perspective

The sociological paradigm that emphasizes the benefits of the family for society is called:

structural-functionalism

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population:

subculture

Anything recognized by the members of a society as having a particular meaning is known as a:

symbol

The sociological paradigm that focuses upon small groups or individuals rather than on the larger institutions of society is called:

symbolic interaction

Sociologists and anthropologists define culture as:

the beliefs, values, artifacts, and behavior of people.

Structural-functionalism compares society to:

the human organism

According to dramaturgical analysis, a man vacationing on the beach is most likely to be concerned with:

the impression he makes on others.

Cultural transmission is defined as:

the process by which culture is passed from one generation to the next.

In "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life," Goffman's model of social behavior could be most accurately compared to:

the stage and actors.

Culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living:

values

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as:

values

August Comte believed that society:

was a complex whole that was more than just the people it contained.