Introduction to Microbiology
How does bacteria get energy?
A wide variety of sources; some being photosynthetic.
Metabolically inert Cannot reproduce outside living cells. Require actively growing cells
Acellular Infectious Agents
Can be unicellular or multi
Algae
Is photosynthetic
Algae
categorized by pigment, storage products, and comp of cell wall
Algae
Organisms to degrade environmental waste
Biodegradation application of microbiology.
Introduce genes of one organism to an unrelated organism to confer new properties on the organism.
Biotechnology and genetic engineering aspect of microbiology.
Who created the taxonomic system?
Carlolus Linnaeus
Fermentation of milk to produce products.
Food production applications of microbiology
Multicellular, complex
Helminths
What are present and future challenges ?
Infectious disease remains a threat, along with emerging disease.
What defines spontaneous generation?
Life arose from non-living matter
Which of the following are microscopic fungi?
Molds, yeasts, and protists.
Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease?
Pasteur. Koch studied causative agents of disease
Which theory was disproved by scientists like Redi & Pasteur?
Theory of Spontaneous Generation.
Found near surface waters
algae
A(n) ____ is a term used for any disease-causing microorganism
pathogen
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?
pathogens
Which of the following are eukaryotes?
Algae, fungi, helminths, and protozoa
Which of the following is an application of microbiology?
All of the above (food production, biodegradation, biosynthesis, biotechnology).
Who is credited with creating the first "microscope" and observing microbes?
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek.
Both single celled
Bacteria and Archaea
no membrane bound organelles
Bacteria and archaea
Ethanol, antibiotics, dietary amino acids.
Bacteria synthesizes many products
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Eucarya, and Archaea
Nitrogen fixation, cellulose degradation
Environmental applications of microbiology.
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Finally disapproved spon. gen. with his "swan neck" experiment. Led to theory of biogenesis.
What did John Needham do?
Found that broth gave rise to microbes even when boiled and sealed with cork. Proved spontaneous generation. flawed.
What did Francesco Redi do?
Found that worms rotting on meat came from eggs and not spontaneous generation
The scientific name of an organism includes its
Genus & Species
What does the scientific name of an organism include?
Genus and species
The principle that certain microbes cause diseases is called the ____ Theory of Disease
Germ
Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a compound called ____.
Peptidoglycan
Algae and protozoa are also referred to as ____, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.
Protists
found in water and land. Some animal hosts
Protozoa
Why are there emerging infectious diseases?
Vaccination rates declining. Antibiotic resistance. Mobile populations carrying pathogens around globe.
Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents?
Viruses, Viroids, and prions.
Which of the following about microorganisms is true?
We could not survive without them
Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?
Yogurt, cheese, beer
Has a rigid cell wall with peptidoglycan
bacteria
are prokaryotic
bacteria and archaea
binary fission
bacteria and archaea
rigid cell wall
bacteria and archaea
Ulcers, previously thought to be caused by stress, are often caused by
bacterial infection
How does bacteria multiply?
binary fission
Staphylo means
bunch of grapes
Peptidoglycan is found in the ____.
cell walls of bacteria
strepto means
chain
Vibrio/vibrios
curved rod
For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part indicates the ____ and gives information about the shape of the organism
genus
Spirochete/spirotchetes
helical
Include nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes
helminths
rudimentary nervous system& digestive
helminths
Why do we care about microbiology?
huge impact on human existence modern sanitation, vaccination & antimicrobial treatments
A testable explanation for an observation is called a
hypothesis
_____ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in world wars I and II and the Korean war combined.
influenza
Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal ____.
microbiota
Compared to other range types of of plants and animals, microbes as a group are
more diverse
Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as ___.
probiotics
Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled ____ that divide via the process of ____ ____
prokaryotes, binary fission
Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
Microscopic, single-celled eukaryotes
protozoa
Bacillus/Bacilli
rod shaped, cylindrical
Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would
run out
What is the only shared feature of all microbes?
small size
Coccus
spherical
Spirillum/spirilla
spirals
The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?
spontaneous generation
Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?
they damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes
True or false. We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.
true
Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes
viruses
Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ___.
composed of cells
includes molds: multicellular, grow as long filaments, sexual and asexual spores
fungi
The outbreak of measles within the last few years is due to
a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years.
May be caused by microbes. examples are stomach ulcers.
Chronic diseases
membrane bound nucleus
Eukaryotes
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?
Contradicted Needham. No bacteria in his broth after boiling. His experiment differed by broth boiled longer, and sealed flasks by melting neck. Disproved spon. gen. Still needed more evidence.
plemorphic
no defined shape
___ is credited with disapproving spontaneous generation and using broth in swan-neck flasks
Louis Pasteur
Study of organisms too small to be seen by the human eye
Microbiology
Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?
Microorganisms are cheaper to study Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties Microorganisms multiply quickly Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.
The Germ Theory of Disease states that ___.
Microorganisms cause certain diseases
Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties of other organisms.
Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 are true?
Most americans died of influenza than WWI & II and the korean, vietnam, and iraq war combined
What did Leewenhoek do?
Observed what he called "little animalcules" First observer of microorganisms Created the first microscope.
In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?
Shapes and sizes Energy sources used Method of multiplication Prokaryotic cell structure.
What were past microbiology triumphs?
Smallpox eradicated Plague deaths <100 per year Polio nearly eliminated by vaccine.
What came after spontaneous gen was disapproved?
The golden age of microbiology.
Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?
They ended an argument that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.
True or False: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients
True
Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of a bacteria called a(n)
endospore
contains internal organelles that are single or multicellular
eukaryotes
The work of Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ___.
explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur
Diverse single celled and multi
fungi
Gain energy from organic materials mostly on land
fungi
Put the steps of the scientific method in order. Earliest on top
1. make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. Collect data from the experiments and draw a conclusion 4. Communicate the methods, results, and conclusions
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular ____ and the multicellular filamentous ____.
Yeasts; molds
The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the ____, ____, and ____.
Virus, Viroids, and Prions
Is bacteria single or multicellular?
single
includes yeasts- unicellular, budding or sexual spores
fungi
