Introduction to Microbiology

How does bacteria get energy?

A wide variety of sources; some being photosynthetic.

Metabolically inert Cannot reproduce outside living cells. Require actively growing cells

Acellular Infectious Agents

Can be unicellular or multi

Algae

Is photosynthetic

Algae

categorized by pigment, storage products, and comp of cell wall

Algae

Organisms to degrade environmental waste

Biodegradation application of microbiology.

Introduce genes of one organism to an unrelated organism to confer new properties on the organism.

Biotechnology and genetic engineering aspect of microbiology.

Who created the taxonomic system?

Carlolus Linnaeus

Fermentation of milk to produce products.

Food production applications of microbiology

Multicellular, complex

Helminths

What are present and future challenges ?

Infectious disease remains a threat, along with emerging disease.

What defines spontaneous generation?

Life arose from non-living matter

Which of the following are microscopic fungi?

Molds, yeasts, and protists.

Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease?

Pasteur. Koch studied causative agents of disease

Which theory was disproved by scientists like Redi & Pasteur?

Theory of Spontaneous Generation.

Found near surface waters

algae

A(n) ____ is a term used for any disease-causing microorganism

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

Which of the following are eukaryotes?

Algae, fungi, helminths, and protozoa

Which of the following is an application of microbiology?

All of the above (food production, biodegradation, biosynthesis, biotechnology).

Who is credited with creating the first "microscope" and observing microbes?

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek.

Both single celled

Bacteria and Archaea

no membrane bound organelles

Bacteria and archaea

Ethanol, antibiotics, dietary amino acids.

Bacteria synthesizes many products

What are the 3 domains?

Bacteria, Eucarya, and Archaea

Nitrogen fixation, cellulose degradation

Environmental applications of microbiology.

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Finally disapproved spon. gen. with his "swan neck" experiment. Led to theory of biogenesis.

What did John Needham do?

Found that broth gave rise to microbes even when boiled and sealed with cork. Proved spontaneous generation. flawed.

What did Francesco Redi do?

Found that worms rotting on meat came from eggs and not spontaneous generation

The scientific name of an organism includes its

Genus & Species

What does the scientific name of an organism include?

Genus and species

The principle that certain microbes cause diseases is called the ____ Theory of Disease

Germ

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a compound called ____.

Peptidoglycan

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as ____, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

Protists

found in water and land. Some animal hosts

Protozoa

Why are there emerging infectious diseases?

Vaccination rates declining. Antibiotic resistance. Mobile populations carrying pathogens around globe.

Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents?

Viruses, Viroids, and prions.

Which of the following about microorganisms is true?

We could not survive without them

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?

Yogurt, cheese, beer

Has a rigid cell wall with peptidoglycan

bacteria

are prokaryotic

bacteria and archaea

binary fission

bacteria and archaea

rigid cell wall

bacteria and archaea

Ulcers, previously thought to be caused by stress, are often caused by

bacterial infection

How does bacteria multiply?

binary fission

Staphylo means

bunch of grapes

Peptidoglycan is found in the ____.

cell walls of bacteria

strepto means

chain

Vibrio/vibrios

curved rod

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part indicates the ____ and gives information about the shape of the organism

genus

Spirochete/spirotchetes

helical

Include nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes

helminths

rudimentary nervous system& digestive

helminths

Why do we care about microbiology?

huge impact on human existence modern sanitation, vaccination & antimicrobial treatments

A testable explanation for an observation is called a

hypothesis

_____ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in world wars I and II and the Korean war combined.

influenza

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal ____.

microbiota

Compared to other range types of of plants and animals, microbes as a group are

more diverse

Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as ___.

probiotics

Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled ____ that divide via the process of ____ ____

prokaryotes, binary fission

Is bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

prokaryotic

Microscopic, single-celled eukaryotes

protozoa

Bacillus/Bacilli

rod shaped, cylindrical

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would

run out

What is the only shared feature of all microbes?

small size

Coccus

spherical

Spirillum/spirilla

spirals

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?

spontaneous generation

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?

they damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

True or false. We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.

true

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes

viruses

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ___.

composed of cells

includes molds: multicellular, grow as long filaments, sexual and asexual spores

fungi

The outbreak of measles within the last few years is due to

a decline in vaccination of children in the previous years.

May be caused by microbes. examples are stomach ulcers.

Chronic diseases

membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryotes

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?

Contradicted Needham. No bacteria in his broth after boiling. His experiment differed by broth boiled longer, and sealed flasks by melting neck. Disproved spon. gen. Still needed more evidence.

plemorphic

no defined shape

___ is credited with disapproving spontaneous generation and using broth in swan-neck flasks

Louis Pasteur

Study of organisms too small to be seen by the human eye

Microbiology

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?

Microorganisms are cheaper to study Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties Microorganisms multiply quickly Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.

The Germ Theory of Disease states that ___.

Microorganisms cause certain diseases

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties of other organisms.

Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 are true?

Most americans died of influenza than WWI & II and the korean, vietnam, and iraq war combined

What did Leewenhoek do?

Observed what he called "little animalcules" First observer of microorganisms Created the first microscope.

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?

Shapes and sizes Energy sources used Method of multiplication Prokaryotic cell structure.

What were past microbiology triumphs?

Smallpox eradicated Plague deaths <100 per year Polio nearly eliminated by vaccine.

What came after spontaneous gen was disapproved?

The golden age of microbiology.

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

They ended an argument that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

True or False: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients

True

Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of a bacteria called a(n)

endospore

contains internal organelles that are single or multicellular

eukaryotes

The work of Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ___.

explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur

Diverse single celled and multi

fungi

Gain energy from organic materials mostly on land

fungi

Put the steps of the scientific method in order. Earliest on top

1. make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. Collect data from the experiments and draw a conclusion 4. Communicate the methods, results, and conclusions

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular ____ and the multicellular filamentous ____.

Yeasts; molds

The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the ____, ____, and ____.

Virus, Viroids, and Prions

Is bacteria single or multicellular?

single

includes yeasts- unicellular, budding or sexual spores

fungi