Introduction to Oceanography- 1

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The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately : D

A- 2, 172 meters (7, 126 feet) B- 11, 022 meters (3, 6161 feet) C- 8, 40 meters (2, 756 feet) D- 3, 682 meters (12, 080 feet)

Earth is about: C

A- 46 billion years old B- 460, 000 years old C- 4.6 billion years old D- 4.6 million years old

The four main classifications of marine sediments include: A

A- All of these B- lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment C- cosmogenous sediment D- biogenous sediment

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface is : B

A- Atlantic Ocean B- Pacific Ocean C- Arctic Ocean D- Indian Ocean

which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?? :A

A- Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust B- continental crust and oceanic crust have the same thickness and densities C- Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust D- Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust

Moving from an ocean ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere: B

A- remains the same B- increases the proportion to the distance from the ridge C- decreases in proportion to the distance from the ridge D- randomly varies

Wegener used all of the following to provide evidence for continental drift except: A

A- seafloor magnetic patterns B- shape of continental margins C- age of selected continental rocks D- location of coral reef fossils

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of the Earth's: B

A- seaknolls B- undersea volcanoes C- tablemounts D- oceanic ridges

Passive continental margins are characterized all of the following EXCEPT: D

A- shallow coastal waters B- very little volcanic and earthquake activity C- broad continental shelves D- deep-sea trenches

Oceanic crust is primarily: C

A- siltstone B- granite C- basalt D- clay minerals

The correct order of seafloor features from coast to mid-ocean ridge is: D

A- slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plane B- abyssal plane, rise, slope, shelf C- rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf D- shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plane

Older atmosphere destroyed in associated with: C

A- spreading centers B- fracture zones C- deep sea trenches D- hdyrothermal events

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: D

A- subduction zone B- convergent plate boundary C- transform fault boundary D- divergent plate boundary

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to: B

A- the presence of seamounts B- the presence of active margins C- the absence of convergent active margins D- it's smaller size compared to other ocean basins

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called: D

A- volcanogenic B- cosmogenous C- hydrogenous D- biogenous

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to: A

A- water vapor released during volcanic out-gassing B- comets from outer space C- water vapor produced from reptilian respiration D- released liquid water from the core

Which of the following is true about the lithosphere? B

A- The lithosphere is composed only of metamorphic rock B- the lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle C- The lithosphere is composed only of metamorphic rock D- The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and outer core

Evidence for continental drift includes: A

A- all of the above B- matching sequence of rocks and mountain chains C- the distribution of organisms D- the fit of the continents

Tectonic plates are pieces of the _____ that float on the more fluid _____ below.

A- asthenosphere; lithosphere B- lithosphere; asthenosphere C- mantle; crust D- crust; lithosphere

Coral reefs that initial develop along the margin of an island of an island or content and eventually form a ring after the central volcano creates a(n): A

A- atoll B- barrier reef C- seamount D- patch reef

Which of the following is characteristics of oceanic-continental convergent palate boundaries? B

A- basalt flows B- andesitic volcanoes C- fracture zones D- hot spots

All of these are lithogenous sediments except? B

A- beach sand B- diatom ooze C- glacial deposits D- clays

Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included: A

A- carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane B- nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide C- water vapor, helium, oxygen, and argon D- oxygen, helium, and hydrogen

Which of the following contains silica (SiO₂)? D

A- coccolithophores B- corals C- phosphorites D- radiolarians

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is more important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: B

A- combines with iron in volcanic rocks B- can form ozone and block some UV radiation C- reduces atmospheric temperature D- was very abundant in the Earth's early atmosphere

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is more steeply sloping called the: A

A- continental slope B- continental rise C- abyssal plain D- mid-ocean ridge

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the: D

A- crest of a mid-ocean ridge B- continental rise C- continental shelf D- abyssal plane far from a continent

Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following EXCEPT: B

A- deep sea trenches B- broad continental shelves C- chains of islands D- thin sediment accumulation

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: A

A- different densities of the elements that make up of the earth B- decrease of temperature downward toward the core C- presence of water at Earth's surface D- gravitational force created by the rotating Earth

The method most frequently used to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

A- drilling B- satellite observation C- direct observation D- sound waves (especially seismic reflecting profiling)

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: A

A- erosion by turbidity currents B- deposition of terrestrial sediment C- scouring by glaciers during the last ice age D- Earthquake activity

The Scientific Method includes all of the following EXCEPT: B

A- evaluation data B- validation of data C- hypothesis formation D- data collection

New lithosphere is produced in associated with: C

A- fracture zones B- transform faults C- oceanic ridges D- deep-sea trenches

Plate tectonics and evolution, which held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are example of: C

A- guesses B- hypothesis C- theories D- laws

The San Andreas Fault: A

A- is a transform fault B- is a subduction zone C- is located on the Juan de Fuca Plate D- is associated with deep focus earthquake

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A

A- large particles such as gravel B- clay sized particles C- manganese nodules D- silt-sized particles

Pelagic clay contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column are: C

A- less than 30% neritic material B- more than 30% hydrogenous material C- less than 30% biogenous material D- more than 30% biogenous material

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: B

A- longitude B- latitude C- plants and animals that live in that area D- Earth's geologic history

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? C

A- low pressure and colder temperatures B- lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures C- lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures D- low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures

The study of historical of continental shapes and positions is called: B

A- paleomagnetism B- paleogeography C- paleoclimatology D- sedimentology

Sediments found on continental margins are called: D

A- pelagic B- estuarine C- oceanic D- neritic

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are: C

A- pelagic ooze B- deep sea fans C- turbidity currents D- graded bedding

Seafloor magnetic patterns are best described as: D

A- perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges B- parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges C- perpendicular to, but symmetric about mid-ocean ridges D- parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: B

A- poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past B- plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations C- plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar climates D- plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)? C

A- radiolarians B- glauconcite C- foraminiferans D- diatoms


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