Introduction to Philosophy - Final Exam Study Guide
The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to______. A) Aristotle B) Socrates C) John Locke D) Plato
Socrates
Which Greek philosopher never wrote anything? A) Socrates B) Aristotle C) Plato D) Pythagoras
Socrates
A question and answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as__________. A) An assertion B) The Socratic Method C) The Socratic Jest D) A debate
Socratic Method
If the cat is on the mat she is sleeping. The cat is not sleeping; therefore she is not on the mat is a valid form of arguing. A) True b) False
True
If the cat is on the mat she is sleeping. The cat is not sleeping; therefore she is sleeping is a valid form of arguing. A) True b) False
True
Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion (must) be true are______. A) deductive B) inductive C) explanatory D) cogent
deductive
Immanuel Kant's ethical theory is called A) deontological ethics B) ontological ethics C) virtue ethics D) existentialist ethics
deontological ethics
Subjective relativism is the theory that morality A) is absolutely written in stone and we cannot alter it B) depends solely upon what the individual happens to think C) is relative to an absolute D) derives from the will of God
depends solely upon what the individual happens to think
The fallacy of _____ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome. A) slippery slope B) false dilemma C) equivocation D) straw man
slippery slope
According to Aristotle, the virtuous human being is the one who A) strikes the mean B) does he's duty C) maximizes the good for the most D) serves his own best interest
strikes the mean
If inductive arguments succeed in lending support to their conclusions, they are said to be A) valid B) weak C) strong D) sound
strong
According to Plato, education entails A) Learning information B) A matter of transformation or conversion C) memorizing facts D) all of the above
A matter of transformation or conversion
What is not outside of the cave? A) The Sun B) Artifacts C) Ideas D) shadows of the "things themselves"
Artifacts
_______. is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value. A) Epistemology B) Axiology C) Metaphysics D) Philosophy of science
Axiology
Who asked, "is it better to be slaves of God with a role in the universe or to be free people left to create a role for ourselves? A) Darrow B) Baggini C) Edwards D) Camus
Baggini
Baggini asks what could seem more unlikely than that a supreme being would need to create human beings solely so that it A) Can have creatures to serve it B) Can save the world C) Can fulfill its destiny D) Can bless human beings
Can have creatures to serve it
Anselm defines God as the greatest existing being A) True B) False
False
Aquinas believes that it is possible for something to move itself A) True B) False
False
Aquinas maintains that God must move himself in order to move anything else A) True B) False
False
It is possible someone could hand you the meaning of life as a gift certificate A) True B) False
False
The fallacy of arguing that since there are only two alternatives to choose from, one of them must be right is called A) Equivocation B) Composition C) Division D) False Dilemma
False dilemma
Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is______. A) the universe B) God C) nature D) an infinite series
God
How did Tolstoy's life change after his crisis of meaning? A) His income increased dramatically B) He distrusted everyone C) He became religious D) He became an agnostic
He became religious
What was Schopenhauer's attitude toward life? A) He thought life was uncertain but worthwhile B) He thought life was hard but ultimately hopeful C) He thought life was bereft of meaning D) He believed in an afterlife in which all misery vanishes
He thought life was bereft of meaning
Life's value or meaning must be distinguished from A) Internal meaning B) External meaning C) Health and Happiness D) None of the above
Health and Happiness
The following is a hypothetical imperative A) You shall not kill B) Go to lunch C) If you want a good job, you should go to college D) Do not commit adultery
If you want a good job, you should go to college
What does the notion of "meaning in life" refer to? A) External meaning B) God's plan C) Internal meaning D) Meaning in an afterlife
Internal meaning
Science generally subscribes to A) Materialism B) Immaterialism C) belief in the supernatural D) the idea that the ideas or forms have a purely intelligible nature
Materialism
Pessimists regarding life's meaning believe that life can have no meaning if A) God Exists B) External meaning in nonexistent C) Neither external nor internal meaning exists D) Internal meaning is nonexistent
Neither external nor internal meaning exists
Another term for pessimism is A) Optimism B) Internal meaning C) Nihilism D) External meaning
Nihilism
The Greek word for education is A) Logos B) Paideia C) Sophia D) All of the above
Paideia
Before Tolstoy's Christian conversion, what was his perspective on the meaning of life? A) Optimistic B) Pessimist C) Skeptical D) Definitive
Pessimist
Some thinkers say that many deniers of meaning in life really seem to be rejecting only the idea that life has A) Internal meaning B) External meaning C) Pessimistic meaning D) Secular meaning
Pessimistic meaning
Before Tolstoy experienced his Christian conversion, he was A) Loathed by neighbors and friends B) Estranged from his wife and children C) Prosperous and famous D) Financially desperate
Prosperous and famous
Most of those who take the externalist approach to meaning view the matter from a standpoint of A) Secularism B) Atheism C) Religion D) Pragmatism
Religion
People who believe humans can have a purposeful life only if God created them with a purpose are A) Always religious B) Never Religious C) Religious and nonreligious D) Sectarian
Religious and nonreligious
Who said, "The longer you live the more clearly you fell that, on the whole is a disappointment, nay , a cheat"? A) Darrow B) Tolstoy C) Hesse D) Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer
The Greek word of end or purpose is A) Telos B) Theoria C) Cosmos D) On
Telos
In societal terms, the fire represents A) The glow of worldly success B) the basic needs of the human situation C) the basic metaphysical elements of the world D) something not at all tempting for human beings
The glow of worldly success
What are the two principal answers to whether life has any meaning for us? A) The external view and the internal view B) The pessimist's view and the optimist's view C) The religious view and the liberal view D) The theistic view and the agnostics view
The pessimist's view and the optimist's view
Who does Plato believe should rule the ideal society? A) The philosopher king B) The masses C) The wealthy D) Manipulators
The philosopher king
Who said "I saw that the life of the working masses was life itself and that the meaning given to this life was truth, and I accept it? A) Schopenhauer B) Baggini C) Tolstoy D) Tillich
Tolstoy
An argument of this form—If p, then q; p; therefore, q—is called modus ponens. A) True B) False
True
Edwards says that if life is meaningful, then it is meaningful no matter how long or short it is A) True B) False
True
Often the motive for reflection on the meaning of life is a disturbing thought or event A) True B) False
True
There are many people who seem to lead meaningful lives without relying on belief in an external being or force to confer meaning. A) True B) False
True
Ethics is about A) what we actually do B) what we should do C) what we possibly can do D) what it is impossible to do
What we should do
What is the best way to describe the "trauma scenario"? A) a relatively successful education of the soul B) a"half-way" education C) a "failed" or "abortive" education D) none of the above
a "failed" or "abortive" education
What is the best way to describe the "seduction scenario"? A) a relatively successful education of the soul B) a"half-way" education C) a "failed" or "abortive" education D) none of the above
a"half-way" education
Relativism is consistent with A) the notion of an absolute morality B) moral objectivism C) always doing one's duty D) affirming the Nazi morality
affirming the Nazi morality
According to Aristotle happiness is A) an end in itself B) the chief good C) a flourishing human existence D) all of the above
all of the above
According to Plato, the ideas or forms are A) Invisible B) Immaterial C) Eternal D) All of the above
all of the above
Which theory is non-consequentialist? A) deontological ethics B) a duty based ethics C) Kant's ethics D) all of the above
all of the above
A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is______. A) a statement B) an arguement C) a conclusion D) a reductio
an argument
The relationship between the objects an inhabitants in the cabe is A) a sound one B) upside down C) asymmetrical D) one of equality
asymmetrical
If one can speak of a "goal" of existential ethics it would be A) authenticity B) doing one's duty C) living solely for oneself D) striving for the golden mean
authenticity
Common character of ideas are that they are A) One B) Perfect C) both a and b D) neither a nor b
both a and b
Kant is the following A) moral absolutist B) a moral objectivist C) both a and b D) neither a nor be
both a and b
From the standpoint of those in the cave the philosopher A) is view as a savior B) is viewed as ridiculous C) is viewed as dangerous D) both b and c
both b and c
The so-called fire-dwellers are A) all intentional manipulators B) both intentional and non-intentional manipulators C) not manipulators at all
both intentional and non-intentional manipulators
Feminist ethics emphasizes which virtue A) courage B) duty C) care D) impartiality
care
According to an ethics of care, we should care about those who are A) our strangers B) closest and most dependent upon us C) everyone in our society D) most in need
closest and most dependent upon us
An imperative means a A) command B) strong recommendation C) prohibition D) something important
command
What would an ethical egoist do if the Nazis came looking for Ann Frank? A) conceal her location even to the point of risking punishment B) say it's all relative and not be able to arrive at an answer C) express care about her condition D) do whatever it takes to enhance their own well-being
do whatever it takes to enhance their own well-being
Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that A) is worshipped B) is embodied C) exists only in the understanding D) exists without flaws
exists only in the understanding
The word "telos" in Greek means "habit" A) true B) false
false
Utilitarianism is a theory which is non-consequentialist A) true B) false
false
When it comes to money, Aristotle thinks the virtue is A) generosity B) wastefulness C) stinginess D) none of the above
generosity
Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is______. A) simpler B) more natural C) older D) greater and much more complex
greater and much more complex
Aristotle thinks the highest good is A) happiness B) pleasure C) work D) all of the above
happiness
Moral as opposed to nature evil is due to A) natural disasters B) human beings C) unknown causes D) God himself
human beings
The shadows on the back of the cave wall can be thought of A) copies of the artifacts B) derivative of the artifacts C) images of the artifacts D) all of the above
images of the artifacts
According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is A) finite B) possible C) impossible D) necessary
impossible
Cultural relativism is the theory that morality A) does not at all depend upon the culture you live in B) is something absolute C) it is important to respect other cultures D) is simply a by-product of our cultural upbringing
is simply a by-product of our cultural upbringing
What would a utilitarian do if the Nazis came looking for Ann Frank? A) tell them the truth as to her whereabouts B) lie and conceal her location C) egotistically look after one's own self interest D) say it's all relative and not be able to arrive at an answer
lie and conceal her location
Science from a moral standpoint is A) on good footing B) limited or blind to the ethical dimension of life C) our only hope in navigating through the world D) quite competent in answering moral questions
limited or blind to the ethical dimension of life
The study of correct reasoning is called A) value theory B) cognition C) axiology D) logic
logic
Ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to A) serve the interests of others B) be altruistic C) look afler his or her own self-interest D) psychologically focus on the self
look afler his or her own self-interest
The main principle of utilitarianism is A) do your duty at all cost B) never go against the categorical imperative C) maximize the good for the most people D) maximize the good for yourself
maximize the good for the most people
The philosopher must return to the cave because A) He or she hates being alone outside of the cave B) must repay their debt to society and rule over the city C) outside of the cave is pure illusion D) they fear true reality and flee back to the comfort of the fire and shadows
must repay their debt to society and rule over the city
Science sees A) only shadows of ideas B) the sun itself C) the ideas themselves D) the "Good"
only shadows of ideas
According to Mill, the following is a higher pleasure A) making money B) buying nice clothes C) satisfying our sexual desires D) reading a great novel
reading a great novel
Aesthetic relativism denies that there are any absolutes when it comes to A) right and wrong B) true and false C) the beautiful and the ugly D) niceness versus meanness
the beautiful and the ugly
Concerning the topography of the cave, the fire serves as A) the condition for the possibility of deception B) truth itself C) the idea of the good D) the ultimate goal of education
the condition for the possibility of deception
The way in which Aristotle determines the goal of human life is called A) the Categorical Imperative B) virtue ethics C) moral absolutism D) the function argument
the function argument
In metaphysical terms the fire represents A) fire B) the physical sun C) A sort of flashlight D) all of the above
the physical sun
According to the allegory, the sun represents A) the real physical sun B) visible light C) the source of truth D) something intrinsically material
the source of truth
Virtue ethics mainly concerns itself with A) the particular acts of a person B) whether a person did the right thing or the wrong thing C) the whole person regarding their character D) none of the above
the whole person regarding their character
Paley says that every indication of contrivance and design that exists in the watch exists in______. A) God B) infinity C) the works of nature D) time
the works of nature
According to Kantian theory, A) we need to do the good for the most people B) feelings and happiness are what matter most C) we are not a thing but a person d) humans should act on the basis of instinct
we are not a thing but a person
If you were a proponent of an ethics of care, it would be most important to help out A) wounded veterans B) your own mother or father C) those starving in Afiica D) people in your wider community whom you really do not know
your own mother or father
If God were all-powerful and all—knowing, but not all-good, we would have a god that is A) the tradition notion of God B) a divine being that is doing his best to stop evil, but cannot pull it off C) a supremely evil being D) a god that is unaware of the pain and suffering that is occurring in the world
A supremely evil being
Questions concerning the beautiful and the ugly follow under the domain of___________. A) Logic B) Metaphysics C) Epistemology D) Aesthetics
Aesthetics
Hume's critique of the teleological argument maintains that A) what is true of part of the universe is not necessarily true of the whole universe B) the universe if just as much like a self-functioning organism as it is like a machine C) a number of divine beings could have collaborated in creating the world D) all of the above
All of the above
One of the benefits of philosophy is that it____________. A) Helps you sort through your basic convictions B) Gets you on the path to pursuing truth for its own sake C) Liberates your mind from the enslavement of the opinions of others D) All of the above
All of the above
Which constitutes a theodicy? A) Free will defense B) Evil is an illusion C) Good can be drawn out of evil D) all of the above
All of the above
According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has_________ is his or her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure. A) Philosophical ambition B) Wisdom C) Exceptional desires D) An unhealthy soul
An unhealthy soul
The fallacy of arguing that since one has not proven something true is must therefore be false is called A) Equivocation B) Composition C) Division D) Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to ignorance
The four main division of philosophy are metaphysic, logic, axiology, and__________. A) Reason B) Epistemology C) Philosophy of religion D) Deduction
Epistemology
A theodicy means a rejection in the believe in God in the face of evil A) True B) False
False
According to Aquinas, nothing can cause God but God himself A) True B) False
False
If none of the tradition arguments for the existence of God are convincing, then this demonstrates that God does not exist. A) True B) False
False
If the cat is on the mat she is sleeping; the cat is not on the mat; therefore she is not sleeping is a valid form of argument. A) True B) False
False
The period of ancient philosophy that immediately follows that of Plato and Aristotle is called A) Pre-Socratic philosophy B) Ethics C) Hellenistic philosophy D) None of the above
Hellenistic philosophy
The following would pass the test of the Categorical Imperative A) Lying to others B) Helping others when you can C) Stealing property D) Committing suicide
Helping others when you can
Who is the utilitarian associated with crass hedonism? A) Jeremy Bentham B) John Stuart Mill C) Immanuel Kant D) Aristotle
Jeremy Bentham
Gaunilo's critique of Anselm is called the A) Lost or perfect island critique B) fallacy of division C) straw man critique D) none of the above
Lost or perfect island critique
The study how we know ultimate reality is known as__________. A) Ethics B) Epistemology C) Quantum physics D) Metaphysics
Metaphysics
In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the_______. A) Middle statement B) Persuaders C) Premises D) Substatements
Premises
The fallacy of trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support. A) equivocation B) composition C) begging the question D) false dilemma
begging the question
They systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions is called_____________. A) The argumentative method B) The philosophical method C) Propositional logic D) Syllogistic reasoning
The philosophical method
A moral theory explains A) why an action is right or wrong B) why one moral event caused mother C) where a moral agent got his or her values D) why people do what they do
Why an action is right or wrong
The basic mood of the philosopher is A) Wonder B) Curiosity C) Joy D) Neutrality
Wonder
The following is a categorical imperative A) You shall not kill B) Do not eat peanut butter if you have an allergy C) If you want to succeed, you must try your best D) Never text in class or surf the internet if you expect to pass this class
You shall not kill
When it comes to fear, what is the vice A) cowardliness B) rashness C) courage D) both a and b
both a and b
The view that people are naturally selfish is called A) psychological egoism B) relativism C) utilitarianism D) ethical egoism
psychological egoism
According to Anselm, God is a A) fiction of the understanding B) a possible being C) a necessary being D) all of the above
a necessary being
The ontological for the existence of God is A) a posteriori B) a priori C) neither a nor b D) both a and b
a priori
Moral objectivism is the belief that morality is A) something we simply make up B) something personal to every individual C) is relative D) real and not something simply made up
real and not something simply made up
According to Kant, the Categorical Imperative is A) act as if you can universalize your principle to all human beings B) maximize the good for the most people C) strike the mean in everything you do D) act always in your selfinterest
act as if you can universalize your principle to all human beings
Utilitarian thinkers can be divided into A) consequentialists and non-conseqentialists B) ethical and moral C) relativists and absolutist: D) act-utilitarians and rule-utilitarians
act-utilitarians and nile-utilitarians
Existentialist thinkers believe that A) life is absurd B) there are no rules to tell us how to live C) life is endless struggle D) all of the above
all of the above
When we arrive at a conclusion based on similarities between two things, we are engaged in A) analogical induction B) sound deduction C) valid inference D) enumerative induction
analogical induction
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true because most people agree with it is called A) appeal to popularity B) the fallacy of equivocation C) the genetic fallacy D) begging the question
appeal to popularity
The fallacy of rejecting a statement because it stems from a wrong inference from the parts to the whole is called a______. A) appeal to ignorance B) equivocation C) composition D) appeal to person
compostion
Word such (consequently, therefore) and (as a result) are______. A) premise indicator words B) conclusion indicator words C) statements D) persuaders
conclusion indicator words
Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are A) deontological B) virtue oriented C) consequentialist D) egoistic
consequentialist
If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as______. A) modus tollens B) modus ponens C) hypothetical syllogism D) reductio ad absurdum
reductio ad absurdum
According to Aristotle, all human beings A) desire to be happy B) want to do their duty C) pursue pleasure D) none ofthe above
desire to be happy
The fallacy of accepting a statement based on a wrong inference from the whole to the parts is called______. A) appeal to ignorance B) division C) composition D) appeal to person
division
According to Kant, the most important thing is to A) do what makes you happy B) do your moral obligation C) maximize the good for the most people D) act on your own self interest
do your moral obligation
When we arrive at a generalization on a number of samples we are offering A) analogical induction B) sounds deduction C) valid inference D) enumerative induction
enumerative induction
Divine command theory states that A) ethical principles come from God B) ethical principles do not come from God C) ethical principles come from human reason one D) none of the above
ethical principles come from God
In Greek arete means A) happiness B) struggle C) excellence D) function
excellence
According to existentialism, what has priority? A) essence B) existence C) duty D) all of the above
existence
In the myth of Sisyphus, the tragic hero A) as to carry a boulder up a mountain B) must tread water for all eternity C) always do the right thing according to a universal rule D) carry a Lady Ga Ga lunch box to school everyday
has to carry a boulder up a mountain
Arguments that are supposed to give (probable) support to their conclusions are A) valid B) sound C) inductive D) deductive
inductive
Craig says an actually infinite number of things A) is possible B) is meaningless C) exists somewhere D) is impossible
is impossible
Critics of Kant would say that he A) is too permissive in his moral views B) fails to address our most important moral concerns C) is too inflexible in his moral principles by not allowing exceptions D) does not really care about human relations
is too inflexible in his moral principles by not allowing exceptions
Impartiality means that A) in ethics there simply are no parts, it is concerned with the whole of human life B) you absolutely must throw someone out of the lifeboat to save everyone else C) moral principles are relative D) moral principles apply to everyone equally
moral principles apply to everyone equally
One of the main criticisms of utilitarianism is that it is A) too absolutist B) relativistic C) cannot account for our moral life D) opens the door to actions that we might deem immoral
opens the door to actions that we might deem immoral
Utilitarianism A) places all the emphasis on the outcome of the action B) places zero emphasis on the outcome of the action C) only considers whether the action is intrinsically right or wrong D) focuses mainly on the character of the person
places all the emphasis on the outcome of the action
Feminist ethics A) takes our feelings seriously B) thinks we should care for strangers more than our love ones C) thinks men are smarter than women when it comes how to live life D) none ofthe above
takes our feelings seriously
What would Kant do if the Nazis came looking for Ann Frank? A) tell them the truth as to her whereabouts B) conceal her location C) courageously mislead them D) express care about her condition
tell them the truth as to her whereabouts
Aquinas defines change as A) locomotion only B) the reduction of something's potentiality to actuality C) constantly happening everywhere D) it cannot be defined
the eduction of something's potentiality to actuality
The fallacy of arguing that someone's claim is false because of its source or origin is called_____. A) appeal to popularity B) the fallacy of equivocation C) the genetic fallacy D) begging the question
the genetic fallacy
According to J S Mill, happiness consists of A) bodily pleasures B) contemplation C) the higher pleasures in life D) doing your duty
the higher pleasures in life
For Kant A) the consequences of the action are what matter most B) the good that results from the action is what mattes most C) the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of the action is what counts D) there can be exceptions to the moral law
the intrinsic rightness or wrongness of the action is what counts
The fact that inductive arguments are inherently open to exceptions or refutation is known as______. A) reduction and absurdum B) cross-examination C) the principle of falsifiability D) enumerative induction
the principle of falsifiablity
Moral absolutism is the belief that A) there are no exceptions to moral rules B) there can be exceptions to moral rules C) there is absolutely no right or no wrong D) everything is relative
there can be no exceptions to moral rules
An ethics of care focuses on A) the d on complete strangers B) our most distant relations C) those personally closest to us D) all of the above
those personally closest to us
Rowe's story of the dying fawn in the forest is meant to show that there is A) unnecessary evil in the world B) necessary evil in the world C) moral evil in the world D) a god
unnecessary evil in the world
A sound argument must have (1) true premises and (2) A) inductive analogies B) valid logic C) strong conclusions D) cogent disjunctions
valid logic
For Aristotle vice is A) failing to do one's duty B) acting selfishly C) veering into excess or defect D) none of the ablve
veering into excess or defect
Aristotle's ethical theory is called A) virtue ethics B) deontological ethics C) consequentialist ethics D) ethical egoism
virtue ethics
Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist A) you gain nothing B) you win nothing and lose everything C) you lose because you abandon reason D) you win infinite happiness
you win infinite happiness
