Bloodborne Pathogens

____ Million people carry HCV in the USA. About ____________ new cases each year and ______________________ deaths occur each year.

-4.1 Million -26,000 -8,000-10,000

About ____% of exposed people develop a chronic infection. ___% are able to clear the virus by naturally building immunity

-80% -20%

_____% adults who contract HBV clear the virus from their systems within a few months and develop immunity. About ___% become chronic the virus stays in the blood, infecting liver cells damaging them over time.

-90% -10%

Transmission through a number of pathways:

-An accidental puncture by a sharp object contaminated with the pathogen. "Sharps" include objects such as: o Needles o Scalpels o Broken glass o Razor blades -Open cuts or skin abrasions coming in contact with contaminated blood or body fluids -Sexual contact -Indirect transmission (a person touches dried or caked blood and then touches eyes, mouth, nose, or an open cut) (HBV only)

HIV

-Attacks body's ability to protects itself against disease and causes AIDS -1.1 Million people in the US are living with HIV/AIDS. Approximately 50,000 people become infected with HIV each year. About 14,000 people every year die from AIDS

HIV symptoms

-Fever -Fatigue -Weight loss -Rash *only blood test can determine the infection*

Hep B Vaccine

-Given in 3 doses over a period of 6 months -Booster not recommended -Must be offered free to employees who face occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens -If employee does not want vaccine, a vaccine declination must be signed

HBV Symptoms:

-Jaundice -Yellowing eyes -Tiredness -Loss of appetite -Nausea -Dark urine -Clay colored bowel movements -Joint pain -Abdominal discomfort

HBV is primarily spread through

-Sexual Contact -Sharing needles/syringes -Sharps exposures on job -Infected mother to baby

bloodborne pathogens are NOT transmitted by the following:

-Touching an infected person by using the same equipments, materials, toilets, water fountains, showers, -Coughing and sneezing

Only a fraction of less than ____% of the people contact the virus from providing medical care

1%

Other potentially infectious materials:

1. Bodily fluids - semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood, and all body fluids in situations where it is difficult or impossible to differentiate between body fluids 2. Any unfixed tissue or organ (other than intact skin) from a human (living or dead) 3. HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV - or HBV- contains culture medium or other solutions, and blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.

HBV affects over ______ million people in the U.S

1.5 million

Since ______ HVS Infections have decreased because of HBV vaccinations

1982

Each year, about ________ people die as a result of liver disease caused by HBV

5,000

HBV is 100 times easier to catch then HIV and can live outside of the body for at least ____ days and longer.

7 days

About ________ people/year become infected with HBV

70,000

Handwashing Facilities

A facility providing an adequate supply of running potable water, soap and single use towels or hot air drying machines.

Universal precautions

An approach to infection control. According to the concepts of Universal Precautions, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens

Contaminated sharps

Any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes and exposed ends of dental wires.

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC)...

As of June 1994, there were 401, 749 confirmed cases of AIDS in the U.S., and approximately 300,000 people become infected with hepatitis B annually. It is estimated that a further 1.5 million people in the U.S. are infected with HIV, and that most are between the ages of 25 and 49 and are active members of the workforce.

Engineering controls

Controls that isolate or remove the blood borne pathogens hazard from the workplace (e.g., sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such as shares with engineered sharps injury protections and needless systems)

Work Practice Controls

Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed. (e.g., prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique)

The chain of infection

For disease to be spread it requires that all the following conditions be present: - An adequate number of pathogens, or disease causing organisms -A reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and multiply (e.g. blood) -A mode of transmission from he source to the host -An entrance through which the pathogen may enter the host. -A susceptible host (who is not immune)

HIV virus is _______________ and dies within ___________ outside the body. The amount of HIV present in the body fluid and the conditions determine how long the virus lives

Fragile, Seconds

HBV

Hepatitis B Virus

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Indirect contact

Involves the transfer of an infectious agent through contaminated object or person. For example, a caregiver doesn't was hands in between caring for someone with infected body fluids and other patients. For Example, parenteral contact with a needle stick

Contaminated Laundry

Laundry which has been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain sharps.

Regulated waste

Liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious material in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated sharps; and pathological and micro-biological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials.

Airborne transmission

Occurs when droplets or small particles contain infectious agents that remain effective over time and distance in the air. Tuberculosis is commonly spread through this type of transmission. Bloodborne pathogens are typically not spread this way.

Direct contact

Occurs when micro-organisms are transferred from one infected person directly to another person. For example, infected blood from one person enters a care giver's body through an open cut.

HCV is primarily spread through

Parenteral contact: -Illegal injection drug use -Transfusion or transplant from infected donor -Tattoos can be spread through -birth to HCV-infected mother -multiple sex partners

Blood borne pathogens

Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Parenteral

Piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier though such events as needle sticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions.

Effective infection control strategies

Prevent disease transmission by interrupting one or more link in the chain of infection

How is HIV spread?

Primarily spread by sexual contact with an infected person or by sharing needles and/or syringes. Babies may become infected before/during birth or through breast-feeding.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Put on: 1. Gown 2. Mask 3. Goggles 4. Gloves Take off: 1. Gloves 2. Goggles 3. Gown 4. Mask

Occupational exposure

Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parental contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties

Hepatits B Virus

Reproduces in the liver causing inflammation and possible cirrhosis or liver cancer

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Reproduces in the liver causing inflammation and possibly cirrhosis or liver cancer. Disease can incubate for decades

Exposure incident

Specific eyes, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties.

Contaminated

The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.

Decontamination

The use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy blood borne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling use , or disposal.

Sterilize

The use of physical or chemical procedure to destroy ALL microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores.