Introduction to Psychology Second Test

A rat presses on a level, only to find that the electric shock under his feet is terminated. The rat continues to press on the lever. This is an example of: a) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement

a

According to Skinner's view of operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come _____ after the response: a) after b) before c) the same time as d) before, during, or after

a

Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called: a) positive reinforcement b) positive conditioning c) primary reinforcement d) operant reinforcement

a

An example of ____ would be if a child is given time-out away from toys and videos because she had a temper tantrum: a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement

a

Continuous reinforcement is "better" when it comes to ____; partial reinforcement is "better" when it comes to ____: a) initial learning of a behavior; resistance to extinction b) spontaneous recovery; initial learning of a behavior c) resistance to extinction; spontaneous recovery d) resistance to extinction; initial learning of a behavior

a

Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and: a) are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties b) are less reinforcing than primary reinforcers c) lose their reinforcing value over time d) are more reinforcing than primary reinforcers

a

The addition of a/an _____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a/an _____ stimulus results in negative reinforcement: a) desirable; painful or annoying b) primary; secondary c) operant; classical d) higher-order; lower-order

a

According to Thorndike's law of effect: a) the frequency of an action is decreased when followed by pleasant consequences b) the frequency of an action is increased when followed by pleasant consequences c) the frequency of an action is increased when followed by unpleasant consequences d) the frequency of an action is increased with repetition

b

An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called: a) a negative operant b) punishment c) negative reinforcement d) a discriminiative stimulus

b

An event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated is called: a) a positive operation b) reinforcement c) an operational directive d) a discriminative stimulus

b

Primary reinforcers: a) need to be learned b) usually satisfy a biological need c) decrease the probability of a response d) never include negative reinforcement

b

Which of the following is an example of Thorndike's law of effect: a) a chicken keeps poking a bar with its beak even though it is repeatedly shocked immediately b) a teenager's grades improve when he receives money for good grades c) a ball keeps rolling downhill because of the pull of gravity d) a cat keeps clawing the sofa despite being squirted with water every time it does it

b

An example of _____ would be that you did not like to study for psychology, so you decide that you will only go to the mall ( a behavior that you enjoy) after you have spent two hours studying" a) Thorndike's law of effect b) Skinner's law c) the Premack principle d) stimulus generalization

c

Continuous reinforcement occurs when: a) all responses are rewarded b) every incorrect response is ignored c) every correct response is rewarded d) all responses are conditioned

c

George wants his son to stop pulling the dog's tail, so George spanks his son every time his son pulls the dog's tail. What kind of operant conditioning is George using: a) negative punishment b) negative reinforcement c) positive punishment d) positive reinforcement

c

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called: a) self-efficacy b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) learning conditioning

c

Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue: a) decreases; decreases b) increases; decreases c) decreases; increases d) increases; increases

c

Partial reinforcement occurs when: a) a reward is only partially reinforcing b) rewards are alternated with punishment c) some, but not all, correct responses are rewarded d) some correct and some incorrect responses are rewarded

c

Taking away a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called: a) secondary punishment b) primary punishment c) negative reinforcement d) primary reinforcement

c

For most nonhuman organisms, offering food after a desired response is usually a _____ reinforcer: a) negative and secondary b) positive and secondary c) negative and primary d) positive and primary

d

For most people, money and praise are _____ reinforcers: a) primary b) anticipatory c) unnecessary d) secondary

d

Generally, classical conditioning is _____; operant conditioning is _____: a) active; passive b) active; voluntary c) passive; involuntary d) passive; active

d

Negative reinforcement is _____ the sane as negative punishment: a) always b) mostly c) sometimes d) never

d

Tarani's father offered her a trip to Disney World if she got a 3.5 grade point average this year. In this example, the trip to Disney World is: a) a negative reinforcer b) a punishment c) a primary reinforcer d) a secondary reinforcer

d

When you take aspirin to remove a headache, the removal of pain is: a) ineffective b) secondary reinforcement c)positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement

d

When your young son picks up a spoon, you calp. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon towards his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth, you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you are: a) using a variable reinforcement technique b) reinforcing learned helplessness c) excited to see your son has not spilled any food d) using shaping to teach your son to eat with a spoon

d

______ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas _____ decreases the likelihood: a) operant conditioning; classical conditioning b) higher-order conditioning; operant conditioning c) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement d) reinforcement; punishment

d