IO Exam 1
Brief (2000) concludes that research should serve public
"Question who you serve."
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
(1) science over rule of thumb
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
(2) scientific selection and training
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
(3) cooperation over individualism
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
(4) equal division of work best suited to management and employees (ex: workers who handled heavy iron ingots worked better with work rests)
Hawthorne effect conclusions
- Work-group norms affect productivity
Negative skewed
- tail points in negative direction; most scores are high
Field experiments
-Can be just as rigorous as laboratory experiments and offer the same level of control - The key is randomization
Hawthorne effect conclusions
-Informal organization affects productivity § Context matters
Hawthorne effect conclusions
-The workplace is a social system
Five steps in the empirical research process
1. Statement of problem
Five steps in the empirical research process
2. Design research study
Five steps in the empirical research process
3. Measurement of variables
Five steps in the empirical research process
4. Analysis of data
Five steps in the empirical research process
5. Conclusions from research
What is a theory
A Statement that proposes to explain relationships among phenomena of interest; its role is the integrate and summarize information and provide a framework for research
What is meta-analysis
A class of research methods that examines existing info from research studies that used primary methods -A single study's results are inconclusive -Multiple studies often have conflicting results -Meta-analysis standardizes variables and aggregates results of several studies to yield a more definite conclusion
What is meta-analysis
A quantitative secondary research method for summarizing and integrating the findings from original empirical research studies.
What is meta-analysis
A secondary Research Method
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
ADA, FMLA, ADEA, etc.
What is the APA
American Psychology Association- 1892; 54 divisions representing special-interest subgroups
What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?
Analyze team productivity and create training materials that can drive positive development
Hugo Munsterberg
Applied traditional psychological methods to industrial problems
Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)
Baritz believed I-O psychologists were complicit in manipulating workers
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
Best known for his book, The Principles of Scientific Management
Still Servants of Power Brief
Bias in I-O research has declined due to reduced dependence of managers on I-O psychologists
Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)
Brief (2000) notes that science is not "values free"
Objective Criteria
Can be "counted"
A correlation coefficient
Causality- correlations NEVER prove causality
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
Conducted time and motion studies -Broke a job down into measurable components and the time needed to perform each movement
Hugo Munsterberg
Considered by many as the father of I/O Psychology
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management
Created controversy and was seen as "anti-worker"; inhumanely exploited workers for a higher wage
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Developed ASVAB for military placement
A correlation coefficient
Direction- positive or negative
Walter Dill Scott
Established a research institute devoted to studying salesmanship - The Scott Company
Lab experiments are "true experiments"
Experimenter has a high degree of control over the conduct of the study, especially over those conditions associated with the observations of behavior
What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?
Help design, implement, and conduct performance evaluations and in addition to designing orientation programs for new hires
What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?
Help workforce balance work/family issue
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
I-O psychologists became legally bound to ensure that their tests and methods did not discriminate against minority groups o Adverse impact vs. differential validity
As scientists
I-O psychologists learn basic research techniques and processes, and use those processes to ask and learn about issues that face organizations.
Measurements of Experimental variables
IV and DV
Hugo Munsterberg
In 1911 he cautioned managers to be concerned with "all the questions of the mind...like fatigue, monotony, interest, learning, work satisfaction, and rewards."
What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?
Increase the fit between workforce and workplace during rapid change
Hugo Munsterberg
Initially popular, he was ostracized during WWI because of his support for the Kaiser o Died in 1916 (possibly stress related)
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Interviews, application blanks, tests, etc.
The major journal for I-O Psychology and when it was first published
Journal of Applied Psychology In 1917
Walter Dill Scott
Known for applying psychological principles to advertising
Correlation coefficient
Magnitude- range (-1) through 0 to (+1)
Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)
Manager usefulness vs. manager bias
Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)
Mayo (Hawthorne Studies) felt that social scientists could help managers control workers by finding the roots of labor discord
Median
Middle number
Measurements of Non-experimental variables
Predictor and Criterion
Walter Dill Scott
Published two influential books: o The Theory of Advertising - suggestion and arguments as a way of influencing people
Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)
Reflections on Baritz' (1960) book
subjective criteria
Requires making a judgement
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Selection, placement, promotion, discharge, etc.
What does SIOP mean? What division of APA is it
Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology; division 14 of the APA
Hugo Munsterberg
Studied work safety (e.g., trolley car operators) o Developed procedures for selecting safe drivers
Hawthorne effect conclusions
The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance
Brief (2000) - what/who are servants of power
They serve the organization
What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act addressed employment discrimination
What is the ultimate purpose of I-O research and practice
To measure and sees job performance; identify solutions to problems that improve the well-being and performance of organizations and their employees.
objective criteria
Usually taken from company records
normal distribution
a bell-shaped curve,
Hawthorne effect
a change in behavior following the onset of novel treatment, with a gradual return to the previous level of behavior as the effect of the novelty wears off
Qualitative Research
a class of research methods in which the investigator takes an active role in interacting with the subjects he or she wishes to study
Kurtosis
a measure of the combined weight of a distribution's tails relative to the center of the distribution.
Scientist-practitioner model
a model or framework for education in an academic discipline based on understanding the scientific principles and findings evidenced in the discipline and how they provide the basis for the professional practice
Army Beta
a nonverbal intelligence test developed during WW1 by I/O psychologists to assess illiterate recruits (after realizing 30% couldn't read English)
IV
a variable that can be manipulated to influence the values of the dependent variable; controlled or manipulated by the experimenter
Criterion
a variable that is a primary object of a research study; it is forecasted by a predictor variable; outcome of interest
Predictor
a variable used to predict or forecast a criterion variable; variable score used to anticipate the outcomes
DV
a variable whose values are influenced by the IV; the outcome of interested
Validity
accuracy of measurement
Army Alpha
an intelligence test developed during WW1 by I/O psychologists for the selection and placement of military personnel
Army Alpha and Beta
as a result of WW1, Robert Yerkes, APA president, helped develop The Army Alpha & Beta general intelligence tests to assess and place recruits - authorized for use 3 months prior to end of war....
mean
average
Quantitative Research
categorical variables can be included if "coded" to have numerical meaning
Walter Dill Scott
concerned with improving human efficiency at work
Reliability
consistency and stability of measurement
inductive research
data is collected first and used to develop theory (data INTO theory)
Qualitative Research
ethnography- the art and science of describing groups or cultures, includes emic (internal/a part of) and etic (external/objective observer) perspectives
objective criteria
ex: production, sales
Lab vs. field experiment
field research offers contextual data on settings, interactions, or individuals, controlled laboratory research is basic, repeatable, and efficient type of research that can be applied across a variety of disciplines.
Platykurtosis
flat distribution
Qualitative Research
more subjective and personally immersive, rather than detached
Walter Dill Scott
o Aids in the Selection of Salesman - techniques for selecting the best salesman
Walter Dill Scott
o Developed application blank for use in selection of salesman
Walter Dill Scott
o The psychology of advertising- aimed at improving human efficiency with tactics like imitation, competition, loyalty and concentration.
Quantitative Research
objects of study that inherently have numerical values associated with them, such as weigh
Correlation coefficient
r (-1 to +1) a statistical index that reflects the degree of relationship between two variables
objective criteria
set of factors used to asses job performance that are (relatively) factual in character
subjective criteria
set of factors used to assess job performance that are the product of someone (supervisor, peer, customer) judgement of these factors
Leptokurtosis
stacked distribution
Positively skewed
tail points in the positive direction; most scores are low
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
deductive research
theory is developed first and then tested through data collection
As practitioners
they consider how these questions and research may be applied to workplace settings.
I-O psychologists
trained in both, individuals typically choose one path or the other.
