IO Exam 1

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Brief (2000) concludes that research should serve public

"Question who you serve."

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

(1) science over rule of thumb

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

(2) scientific selection and training

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

(3) cooperation over individualism

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

(4) equal division of work best suited to management and employees (ex: workers who handled heavy iron ingots worked better with work rests)

Hawthorne effect conclusions

- Work-group norms affect productivity

Negative skewed

- tail points in negative direction; most scores are high

Field experiments

-Can be just as rigorous as laboratory experiments and offer the same level of control - The key is randomization

Hawthorne effect conclusions

-Informal organization affects productivity § Context matters

Hawthorne effect conclusions

-The workplace is a social system

Five steps in the empirical research process

1. Statement of problem

Five steps in the empirical research process

2. Design research study

Five steps in the empirical research process

3. Measurement of variables

Five steps in the empirical research process

4. Analysis of data

Five steps in the empirical research process

5. Conclusions from research

What is a theory

A Statement that proposes to explain relationships among phenomena of interest; its role is the integrate and summarize information and provide a framework for research

What is meta-analysis

A class of research methods that examines existing info from research studies that used primary methods -A single study's results are inconclusive -Multiple studies often have conflicting results -Meta-analysis standardizes variables and aggregates results of several studies to yield a more definite conclusion

What is meta-analysis

A quantitative secondary research method for summarizing and integrating the findings from original empirical research studies.

What is meta-analysis

A secondary Research Method

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

ADA, FMLA, ADEA, etc.

What is the APA

American Psychology Association- 1892; 54 divisions representing special-interest subgroups

What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?

Analyze team productivity and create training materials that can drive positive development

Hugo Munsterberg

Applied traditional psychological methods to industrial problems

Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)

Baritz believed I-O psychologists were complicit in manipulating workers

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

Best known for his book, The Principles of Scientific Management

Still Servants of Power Brief

Bias in I-O research has declined due to reduced dependence of managers on I-O psychologists

Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)

Brief (2000) notes that science is not "values free"

Objective Criteria

Can be "counted"

A correlation coefficient

Causality- correlations NEVER prove causality

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

Conducted time and motion studies -Broke a job down into measurable components and the time needed to perform each movement

Hugo Munsterberg

Considered by many as the father of I/O Psychology

Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management

Created controversy and was seen as "anti-worker"; inhumanely exploited workers for a higher wage

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

Developed ASVAB for military placement

A correlation coefficient

Direction- positive or negative

Walter Dill Scott

Established a research institute devoted to studying salesmanship - The Scott Company

Lab experiments are "true experiments"

Experimenter has a high degree of control over the conduct of the study, especially over those conditions associated with the observations of behavior

What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?

Help design, implement, and conduct performance evaluations and in addition to designing orientation programs for new hires

What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?

Help workforce balance work/family issue

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

I-O psychologists became legally bound to ensure that their tests and methods did not discriminate against minority groups o Adverse impact vs. differential validity

As scientists

I-O psychologists learn basic research techniques and processes, and use those processes to ask and learn about issues that face organizations.

Measurements of Experimental variables

IV and DV

Hugo Munsterberg

In 1911 he cautioned managers to be concerned with "all the questions of the mind...like fatigue, monotony, interest, learning, work satisfaction, and rewards."

What does an I-O Psychologist do in an organization?

Increase the fit between workforce and workplace during rapid change

Hugo Munsterberg

Initially popular, he was ostracized during WWI because of his support for the Kaiser o Died in 1916 (possibly stress related)

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

Interviews, application blanks, tests, etc.

The major journal for I-O Psychology and when it was first published

Journal of Applied Psychology In 1917

Walter Dill Scott

Known for applying psychological principles to advertising

Correlation coefficient

Magnitude- range (-1) through 0 to (+1)

Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)

Manager usefulness vs. manager bias

Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)

Mayo (Hawthorne Studies) felt that social scientists could help managers control workers by finding the roots of labor discord

Median

Middle number

Measurements of Non-experimental variables

Predictor and Criterion

Walter Dill Scott

Published two influential books: o The Theory of Advertising - suggestion and arguments as a way of influencing people

Still Servants of Power Brief (2000)

Reflections on Baritz' (1960) book

subjective criteria

Requires making a judgement

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

Selection, placement, promotion, discharge, etc.

What does SIOP mean? What division of APA is it

Society for Industrial Organizational Psychology; division 14 of the APA

Hugo Munsterberg

Studied work safety (e.g., trolley car operators) o Developed procedures for selecting safe drivers

Hawthorne effect conclusions

The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance

Brief (2000) - what/who are servants of power

They serve the organization

What characteristics were covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act addressed employment discrimination

What is the ultimate purpose of I-O research and practice

To measure and sees job performance; identify solutions to problems that improve the well-being and performance of organizations and their employees.

objective criteria

Usually taken from company records

normal distribution

a bell-shaped curve,

Hawthorne effect

a change in behavior following the onset of novel treatment, with a gradual return to the previous level of behavior as the effect of the novelty wears off

Qualitative Research

a class of research methods in which the investigator takes an active role in interacting with the subjects he or she wishes to study

Kurtosis

a measure of the combined weight of a distribution's tails relative to the center of the distribution.

Scientist-practitioner model

a model or framework for education in an academic discipline based on understanding the scientific principles and findings evidenced in the discipline and how they provide the basis for the professional practice

Army Beta

a nonverbal intelligence test developed during WW1 by I/O psychologists to assess illiterate recruits (after realizing 30% couldn't read English)

IV

a variable that can be manipulated to influence the values of the dependent variable; controlled or manipulated by the experimenter

Criterion

a variable that is a primary object of a research study; it is forecasted by a predictor variable; outcome of interest

Predictor

a variable used to predict or forecast a criterion variable; variable score used to anticipate the outcomes

DV

a variable whose values are influenced by the IV; the outcome of interested

Validity

accuracy of measurement

Army Alpha

an intelligence test developed during WW1 by I/O psychologists for the selection and placement of military personnel

Army Alpha and Beta

as a result of WW1, Robert Yerkes, APA president, helped develop The Army Alpha & Beta general intelligence tests to assess and place recruits - authorized for use 3 months prior to end of war....

mean

average

Quantitative Research

categorical variables can be included if "coded" to have numerical meaning

Walter Dill Scott

concerned with improving human efficiency at work

Reliability

consistency and stability of measurement

inductive research

data is collected first and used to develop theory (data INTO theory)

Qualitative Research

ethnography- the art and science of describing groups or cultures, includes emic (internal/a part of) and etic (external/objective observer) perspectives

objective criteria

ex: production, sales

Lab vs. field experiment

field research offers contextual data on settings, interactions, or individuals, controlled laboratory research is basic, repeatable, and efficient type of research that can be applied across a variety of disciplines.

Platykurtosis

flat distribution

Qualitative Research

more subjective and personally immersive, rather than detached

Walter Dill Scott

o Aids in the Selection of Salesman - techniques for selecting the best salesman

Walter Dill Scott

o Developed application blank for use in selection of salesman

Walter Dill Scott

o The psychology of advertising- aimed at improving human efficiency with tactics like imitation, competition, loyalty and concentration.

Quantitative Research

objects of study that inherently have numerical values associated with them, such as weigh

Correlation coefficient

r (-1 to +1) a statistical index that reflects the degree of relationship between two variables

objective criteria

set of factors used to asses job performance that are (relatively) factual in character

subjective criteria

set of factors used to assess job performance that are the product of someone (supervisor, peer, customer) judgement of these factors

Leptokurtosis

stacked distribution

Positively skewed

tail points in the positive direction; most scores are low

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

deductive research

theory is developed first and then tested through data collection

As practitioners

they consider how these questions and research may be applied to workplace settings.

I-O psychologists

trained in both, individuals typically choose one path or the other.


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