I/O Exam One

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal legislation that prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, which define what are known as protected groups. Prohibits not only intentional discrimination but also practices that have the unintentional effect of discriminating against individuals because of their race, color, national origin, religion, or sex.

Which of the following countries has a collectivist culture? a. United States b. German c. Japan d. France

Japan

TIP (The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist)

Quarterly newsletter published by the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology; provides I-O psychologists and those interested in I-O psychology with the latest relevant information about the field.

Dr. Brown is conducting a scientific experiment and has randomly assigned the participants into two training groups, which receive training programs. What type of research design is Dr. Brown using? a. Quasi-experimental design b. Experimental design c. Non-experimental design d. Survey design

Quasi-experimental design

Qualitative Methods

Rely on observations, interviews, case studies, and analysis of diaries or written documents and produce flow diagrams and narrative descriptions of events or processes.

Hawthorne Studies

Research done at the Hawthorne, Illinois, plant of the Western Electric Company that began as attempts to increase productivity by manipulating lighting, rest breaks, and work hours. This research showed the important role that workers' attitudes played in productivity.

All of the following studies examined productivity in the workplace except: a. time and motion b. revery obsession c. Hawthorne studies d. Stanford-Binet

Stanford-Binet

time and motion studies

Studies that broke every action down into its constituent parts, timed those movements with a stopwatch, and developed new and more efficient movements that would reduce fatigue and increase productivity.

"West versus the Rest" mentality

Tendency for researchers to develop theories relevant to U.S. situations, with less concern given to their applicability in other countries.

American Psychological Association (APA)

The major professional organization for psychologists of all kinds in the United States.

Human Relations Movement

The results of the Hawthorne studies ushered in this movement, which focused on work attitudes and the newly discovered emotional world of the worker.

statistical control

Using statistical techniques to control for the influence of certain variables. Such control allows researchers to concentrate exclusively on the primary relationships of interest.

vertical culture

a culture that accepts and depends upon distances between individuals

horizontal culture

a culture that minimizes distances between individuals

collectivist cultures

a culture that values the group more than individual

. An expatriate is: a. the distribution of emotional roles between genders b. a manager or professional assigned to work abroad c. a culture that minimizes distances between individuals d. a culture that depends on the distances between individuals

a manager or professional assigned to work abroad

What is cognitive task analysis? a. A method of distilling job performance into measurable units. b. A precursor to the think-aloud protocol. c. A job analysis method that focuses on specific tasks. d. A technique used to quantify job analysis information

a method of distilling job performance into measurable units

All of the following are true concerning 360 degree feedback except: a. Raters who give feedback anonymously are more likely to be honest and open. b. To help with development, feedback should be timely. c. It describes the process of collecting feedback from a variety of sources. d. A recipient is likely to be more open if others are present to hear the feedback

a recipient is likely to be more open if others are present to hear the feedback

culture

a system in which individuals share meanings and common ways of viewing events and objects

The outcomes most commonly predicted by drug tests are: a. Poor performance and apathy. b. Voluntary terminations and aggression. c. Absenteeism and involuntary terminations. d. Absenteeism and poor performance.

absenteeism and involuntary terminations

Telecommuting

accomplishing work tasks from a distant location using electronic communication media

A company administered a test to a group of job candidates two months ago. In examining the data, an HR representative discovered that a protected group tended not to do as well on the test as the majority group. This might be an example of what type of discrimination? a. Intentional discrimination b. Adverse treatment c. Adverse impact d. This does not qualify as discrimination.

adverse impact

. Robert had to stay late on a Friday in order to finish some reports. John saw the stack of reports and offered to stay late and help Robert finish them. This is an example of A) altruism. B) generalized compliance. C) job-specific task proficiency. D) task performance.

altruism

society for i-o psych

an association to which many i-o psychologists (practitioners and researchers) belong. designate as division 14 of APA.

Triangulation

approach in which researchers seek converging information from different sources

science

approach that involves understanding prediction and control of some phenomenon of interest

In a work sample test, the task assigned and the equipment used to complete the task: a. Are very general so the test can be used for any position. b. Will often lead to non-valid results. c. Should only be somewhat relevant to the actual job. d. Are designed to be realistic simulations of the actual job

are designed to be realistic simulations of the actual job

Graphology: a. assesses traits based on the characteristics of a person's handwriting. b. is the study of graphs. c. is a valid predictor of job performance. d. assesses personality through vocal intonations

assesses traits based on the characteristics of a person's handwriting

Critical Incidents are A) behaviors that result in accidents in the work place. B) behaviors in a particular job that result in either success or failure. C) events within a company that result in widespread layoffs. D) events within a company that result in increased profits

behaviors in a particular job that result in either success or failure

An organization is looking to hire individuals to fill 8 positions. So far, 20 people have applied for these jobs. What is the selection ratio? a. .40 b. .44 c. 2.25 d. 2.50

.40

scientist-practitioner model

A model that uses scientific tools and research in the practice of I-O psychology.

Scientific Management

A movement based on principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor, who suggested that there was one best and most efficient way to perform various jobs.

Stanford-Binet Test

A well-known intelligence test designed for testing one individual at a time. Originally developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in 1905, the Binet-Simon test was updated starting in 1916 by Lewis Terman and colleagues at Stanford University, which led to the test's current name.

revery obsession

Australian psychologist Elton Mayo proposed that this mental state resulted from the mind-numbing, repetitive, and difficult work that characterized U.S. factories in the early 20th century, causing factory workers to be unhappy, prone to resist management attempts to increase productivity, and sympathetic to labor unions.

experimental control

characteristic of research in which possible confounding influences that might make results less reliable or harder to interpret are eliminated; often easier to establish in laboratory studies than in field studies

disinterestedness

characteristic of scientists who should be objective and uninfluenced by biases or prejudices when conducting research

A test battery is a a. method of combining incongruent test results. b. special tool used to administer a test. c. test taken over a very long period of time (e.g., 2 years). d. collection of tests rather than a single test.

collection of tests rather than a single test

A primary aim of a job analysis is to A) evaluate the performance of incumbents in a particular family of jobs. B) combine the task demands of a job with the job's required human attributes to produce a theory of behavior for the job. C) provide a comprehensive evaluation of an individual to find the best fit between his/her personality and a particular job. D) interpret the results from many different studies that involve human behavior and develop a general theory of application

combine the task demands of a job with the job's required human attributes to produce a theory of behavior for the job

10. Joseph possesses a combination of skills, knowledge, abilities, and personality characteristics that allow him to complete his project management tasks. What are the sets of behaviors called that allow him to do his job well? a. Proficiencies b. Competencies c. Behavioral categories d. Individual difference characteristics

competencies

Which of the following is not one of the dimensions in Hofstede's theory of culture? a. power distance b. uncertainty avoidance c. conscientiousness d. masculinity/femininity

conscientiousness

(module 1.3 summary)

culture is a system of shared meanings and ways of viewing events and things global economy has made it important for all countries to foster economic connections with others it is important for i-o psych to recognize and study the multiplicity of cultural factors that influence workplace behavior individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and long-term versus short term orientation

All of the following are considered broad categories of learning outcomes except: a. Skill-based outcomes b. Declarative outcomes c. Cognitive outcomes d. Affective outcomes

declarative outcomes

Henry is a team player at his place of employment; he consistently helps his coworkers and volunteers to take on several tasks that are outside of his formal job description. However, Henry is always late, and he does things in his own way. Henry A) demonstrates altruism but not general compliance. B) demonstrates general compliance but not altruism. C) demonstrates dishonesty but not altruism. D) demonstrates general compliance but not organizational citizenship behavior

demonstrates altruism but not general compliance

nonexperimental design

does not include any "treatment" or assignment to different conditions

Introspection

early scientific method in which the participant is the experimenter, recording their experiences in completing tasks. considered very subjective

Josh works in the HR department of Lunar Company and has been asked to take steps to prevent sexual harassment. He might choose to do all of the following except: a. Establish an effective complaint or grievance process. b. Educate only the male employees on sexual harassment. c. Clearly communicate Lunar Company's zero tolerance policy to employees. d. Take immediate and appropriate action when an employee complains.

educate only the male employees on sexual harassment

6. Salma and her colleagues have noticed that a particular employee has a very high level of integrity. The employee would be most expected to rank high on all of the following factors of the Five Factor Model except: a. Extraversion b. Emotional Stability c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness

extraversion

Dana was recently hired by Solar Company after going through its staffing process. Her test results placed her above the cut score. Unfortunately, her performance has been less than satisfactory and Dana's manager is beginning to think that the wrong person was hired. Dana's case might be an example of what type of error? a. False negative b. True negative c. False positive d. True positive

false positive

personnel psychology

field of psychology that addresses issues such as recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, promotion transfer, and termination

organizational psychology

field of psychology that combines research from social psychology and organizational behavior and addresses the emotional and motivational side of work

There are three different strategies for achieving an optimal fit between an applicant and a job opening. They include all of the following except: a. Fill each job with the most qualified person. b. Fill each job with candidates that get along with current employees. c. Place candidates according to their best talents. d. Place workers so that all jobs are filled with adequate talent

fill each job with candidates that get along with current employees

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which job analysis is conducted? A) observation B) interview C) graphology D) work diaries

graphology

A correlation of r = -.79 indicates that there is a a. high negative association between two variables. b. high positive association between two variables. c. low negative association between two variables. d. low positive association between two variables.

high negative association between two variables

An industrial plant has just been sued for racial discrimination in promotion decisions by a group of Hispanic workers. They allege that White workers have been promoted at a higher rate than Hispanic workers. Which one of the following, based on the 80% rule, would indicate that there is adverse impact against the Hispanic workers? a. Hispanic promotion rate: 19%, White promotion rate: 20% b. Hispanic promotion rate: 30%, White promotion rate: 35% c. Hispanic promotion rate: 20%, White promotion rate: 30% d. Hispanic promotion rate: 75%, White promotion rate: 85%

hispanic promotion rate 20%; white promotion rate 30%

The staffing system at Modular Company involves a process whereby a candidate must successfully pass a cognitive ability test before being allowed to take the physical ability test. This is an example of a a. compensatory system. b. hurdle system. c. multiple hurdle system. d. paired system.

hurdle system

(module 1.2 summary)

i-o psych began with studies of industrial efficiency and individual differences. the latter led to mental ability tests. The Hawthorne studies prompted the study of workers' emotions. human engineering came to prominence during the second world war. Title VII of the civil rights act of 1964 required employers to justify testing and other policies in terms of equal opportunity i-o psych is in 21st century needs to be relevant, useful, broadly focused, and grounded in the scientific method i-o psychologists: must earn a graduate degree and license...do well in stats, letters of rec, and gain experience as a research assistant or intern

(module 2.1 summary)

i-o psychologists conduct research based on theories and hypotheses. gather data, publish data, design their research to eliminate alternative explanations for research results scientific method is important in courts (expert witnesses) important to orgs because every course of action that an org decides on is a prediction or anticipation of a given outcome better research = more confident the org can be

Which of the following is false concerning tests of psychomotor abilities? a. They may involve complex tasks or simple actions. b. They usually involve a task that requires dexterity. c. They involve the coordinated movement of the limbs. d. Ideally, they should be administered for all jobs

ideally, they should be administered for all jobs

4. As the complexity of a job ___________, the predictive value of general intelligence tests ___________. a. increases; stays the same. b. increases; decreases. c. increases; increases. d. decreases; stays the same

increases; increases

Dominic has interviewed and given a paper and pencil test to a number of people applying for a job at his company. He notices that the validity of the paper and pencil test of general mental ability is moderate, and that the validity of the test combined with the interview is significantly higher. He might conclude that the value of the interview is: a. negligible. b. incremental. c. observable. d. nonexistent

incremental

individualist cultures

individual > group

Which of the following is not one of the three major concentrations of I-O psychology? a. personnel psychology b. industrial technology c. human engineering d. organizational psychology

industrial technology

5. Which of the following is false concerning the Five Factor Model? a. It gives a representation of how a person typically responds to people and events. b. It describes the potential importance of personality variables in understanding job performance. c. It is the result of both statistical analyses and a conceptual analysis. d. It can be used to identify evidence of psychopathology.

it can be used to identify evidence of psychopathology

All of the following are negative aspects of electronic performance monitoring except A) it provides raw material for job analysis. B) it may violate privacy rights. C) employers may use punitive actions based on this approach. D) it may foster negative perceptions of fairness.

it provides raw material for job analysis

What distinguishes critical thinking from ordinary thought? a. It requires active involvement in applying the principles under discussion. b. It involves the simple memorization of facts or principles. c. It takes a lot longer to do than ordinary thought. d. It is currently a basic tenet for learning in all areas.

it requires active involvement in applying the principles under discussion

. John's company offers a variety of training methods to learn skills. He is currently participating in one program that is often used to prepare high-potential employees for future management responsibilities, providing him with a variety of experiences in different departments that will likely help him obtain future promotions. What type of training method is he most likely participating in? a. Classroom instruction b. Mentoring c. Apprenticeship d. Job rotation

job rotation

1. __________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior and human characteristics, while __________ is the systematic acquisition of skills, concepts, or attitudes that results in improved performance in another environment. a. Teaching; learning b. Learning; teaching c. Learning; training d. Training; learning

learning; training

. Julie is currently in a training program for all managers at a certain level in her company. All of the trainees are exposed to the same material which is presented in a very sequential manner. Whether or not she grasps a specific concept is of no consequence to the presentation of the material. What type of programmed instruction is she most likely experiencing? a. Branching programming b. Linear programming c. Inclusive programming d. Reinforcement programming

linear programming

Each of the following is directly related to increasing the extent to the results of a study can be generalized to a larger population except: a. Collecting data at several different points in time. b. Using a representative sample of the population being studied. c. Making the sample size larger. d. Collecting data from many different organizations.

making the sample size larger

expatriate

manager or professional assigned to work in a location outside of his or her home country

The Hawthorne studies were used to examine the effects of: a. revery obsession b. mass group testing c. manipulating workplace lighting, rest breaks, and work hours d. time and motion

manipulating workplace lighting, rest breaks, and work hours

Mary, an HR professional, is currently attending a training program where she is learning how to use a new computer program. She is not averse to making mistakes, often using them as an opportunity to further understand the computer program and add to her own knowledge. Mary might be characterized as having a a. limited orientation. b. cognitive orientation. c. performance orientation. d. mastery orientation

mastery orientation

What is one consequence of increasing a cut score? a. Fewer hires will be above average performers b. Fewer candidates need be assessed c. More false positive errors d. More false negative errors

more false negative errors

7. Tett (1995) suggests that the "dependable" aspect of Conscientiousness might be counterproductive in which of the following occupations? a. Salesperson b. Programmer c. Lawyer d. Musician

musician

Dr. Groeneveld is not able to include any treatments or conditions in an investigation of a new pay plan. Instead, he is gathering information about the effects of a new pay plan and making systematic observations about changes in performance based on this new pay plan. This type of research would best be classified as a(n) a. Quasi-experimental design b. Experimental design c. Non-experimental design d. Survey design

non-experimental design

In I-O psychology, field studies are often non-experimental in design. All of the following help explain the popularity of non-experimental field studies except: a. The extent to which a laboratory experiment can reasonably simulate "work" is limited. b. Laboratory experiments are more likely to use samples that are not representative of the population to which I-O psychologists would like to generalize. c. Non-experimental designs in the field are most effective in leading to causal explanations. d. In the field, workers can seldom be randomly assigned to conditions or treatments

non-experimental designs in the field are most effective in leading to causal explanations

All of the following may be potential distorting influences in job analysis data collection except: a. The desire to make one's own job look more difficult. b. Objective reporting by the SME. c. The desire of the SME to conform to what others report. d. Mere carelessness.

objective reporting by the SME

Motivation, stress, leadership, and teamwork are addressed by: a. personnel psychology b. industrial technology c. human engineering d. organizational psychology

organizational psychology

quasi-experimental design

participants are assigned to different conditions, but random assignment to conditions is not possible

experimental design

participants are randomly assigned to different conditions

3. Measures of "g" assess all of the following except: a. Knowledge acquisition. b. Perceptual ability. c. Reasoning ability. d. Problem-solving ability.

perceptual ability

Dr. Hammond, an I-O psychologist, uses information gathered from a job analysis to develop a system for assessing the extent to which an individual worker performs his or her job well. Dr. Hammond is most likely developing a A) performance assessment system. B) workforce reduction system. C) job description. D) compensation package

performance assessment system

2. Fleishman's taxonomy of 52 abilities can be divided into the categories of cognitive abilities, perceptual-motor abilities, and a. Problem solving abilities. b. Emotional abilities. c. Performance abilities. d. Physical abilities.

physical abilities

9. Skills are a. Practiced acts. b. Innate abilities. c. Always technically-based. d. Not dependent on certain abilities

practiced acts

human resources management

practices such as recruitment, selection, retention, training, and development of people in order to achieve individual and organizational goals

Hypothesis

prediction about relationships among variables of interest

Job Analysis

process that determines the important tasks of a job and the human attributes necessary to successfully perform those tasks

welfare-to-work programs

program that requires individuals to work in return for government subsidies

"Job ladder" and "job families" are concepts most helpful for developing _________ systems. A) recruiting B) training C) compensation D) promotion

promotion

research design

provides the overall structure or architecture for the research study; allows investigators to conduct scientific research on a phenomenon of interest

___________ methods rely heavily on tests, rating scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures, while ___________ methods of investigation generally produce flow diagrams and narrative descriptions of events or processes. a. Objective; Subjective b. Subjective; Objective c. Qualitative; Quantitative d. Quantitative; Qualitative

quantitative; qaulitative

quantitative methods

rely on tests, rating scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures and yield numerical results

Survey Design

research strategy in which participants are asked to complete a questionnaire or survey

. All of the following methods are common to all sciences except: a. Science depends on data. b. Science sets out to prove theories or hypotheses. c. Science must be communicable, open, and public. d. Scientists should be objective and not influenced by biases or prejudices.

science sets out to prove theories or hypotheses

_____________ identify signs of psychopathology, while _____________ identify variations of normal personality. a. Screen out tests; Screen in tests b. Screen in tests; Screen out tests c. Psychometric tests; Norm tests d. Norm tests; Psychometric tests

screen out tests; screen in tests

What is the relationship called between the number of individuals actually hired and the number assessed? a. Selection ratio b. Assessment ratio c. Correlate ratio d. Applicant ratio

selection ratio

. Sarah, in an interview for a Disc Jockey position, was asked to describe how she would respond to a dissatisfied client. She most likely experienced what type of interview? a. Behavioral interview b. Hypothetically-based interview c. Situational interview d. Unstructured interview

situational interview

. In __________ decision making, information is combined according to a mathematical formula. In _________ decision making, the relative value of one candidate versus another is weighed in the decision maker's head. a. statistical; actuarial b. actuarial; statistical c. clinical; statistical d. statistical; clinical

statistical; clinical

A _____________ approach begins with a statement of the actual tasks as well as what is accomplished by those tasks, whereas a _____________ approach focuses on the attributes of the worker necessary to accomplish the tasks. A) task-oriented; worker-oriented B) worker-oriented; task-oriented C) task-oriented; personality-oriented D) personality-oriented; task-oriented

task-oriented; worker-oriented

virtual team

team that has widely dispersed members working together toward a common goal and linked through computers and other technology

The "West versus the Rest" mentality refers to the: a. degree to which individuals are expected to look after themselves versus the group. b. degree to which members of a culture feel comfortable in unpredictable situations. c. extent of immediate versus delayed gratification of members of a culture. d. tendency to apply American theories to non-American situations.

tendency to apply American theories to non-American situations

I-O psychology is defined as: a. the influence of an individual's personality on work and non-work behaviors. b. the application of psychological principles, theory, and research to the work setting. c. the concept of contextual work and organizational citizenship behavior. d. the study of ways to maximize productivity

the application of psychological principles, theory, and research to the work setting

industrial organizational psychology

the application of psychological principles, theory, and research to the work setting

1. All of the following are fundamental assumptions that I-O psychologists make when they apply the individual differences model except: a. The attribute levels of various people in a group can be brought to the same level through training. b. Different jobs require different attributes. c. Adults have a variety of attributes, the levels of which remain relatively stable over time. d. The attributes can be measured accurately.

the attribute levels of various people in a group can be brought to the same level through training

Individualism/Collectivism

the degree to which individuals are expected to look after themselves versus remaining integrated into groups

observational design

the researcher observes employee behavior and systematically records what is observed

Utility analysis is a technique that assesses: a. the return on investment of training. b. the overall usefulness of a training program. c. how easy it is to implement a training program. d. assesses the influence of training on performance

the return on investment of training

human engineering or human factors psychology

the study of the capacities and limitations of humans with respect to a particular environment

8. Which of the following is false concerning faking on a personality test? a. It may not be faking since personality is all about self-presentation. b. There is currently no way to measure if someone is faking a personality test. c. One perspective says there is not much to distinguish self-efficacy from faking. d. Some people try to respond simply as the ideal candidate

there is currently no way to measure if someone is faking a personality test

All of the following are true of speed tests except: a. They have rigid and demanding time limits. b. They may reduce the risk of legal challenges. c. Most test takers are unable to finish them in the allotted time. d. The emphasis on speed may introduce unfairness.

they may reduce the risk of legal challenges

generalize

to apply results from one study to other participants or situations

All of the following are purposes of a job analysis except: a. To determine the necessary human attributes. b. To determine how tasks are carried out. c. To decide who to hire for a position. d. To understand the important tasks of a job

to decide who to hire for a position

All of the following are criticisms of individual assessment except: a. It is not validated as rigorously as other traditional forms of assessment. b. Too little emphasis is placed on personality attributes. c. Assessment summaries may only be influenced by one or two parts of the process. d. Many individual assessments invade the privacy of the candidate

too little emphasis is placed on personality attributes

Dr. Young is in the process of combining information from multiple sources to test a theory. According to Rogelberg and Brooks-Laber (2002), this approach is referred to as a. Triangulation b. Unification c. Composit d. Convergence

triangulation

Which of the following is least likely to be a high performance work practice? a. Use of formal job analyses b. Merit based promotions c. Use of clinical decision making to hire for line jobs d. Use of formal assessment devices for selection

use of clinical decision making to hire for line jobs

When individuals from different geographic locations work together, it is known as: a. telecommuting b. virtual teams c. digitization d. welfare-to-work

virtual teams

According to the textbook, counterproductive behavior refers to A) voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the company. B) involuntary behavior that results from ineffective company polices and an inability of the company to adapt to the changing market. C) unexpected behaviors. D) staying late without letting the boss know.

voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the company

expert witness

witness in a lawsuit who is permitted to voice opinions about organizational practices

(module 1.1 summary)

work is important because it occupies much of our time, provides us with a livelihood, and defines how we feel about ourselves. good work enables workers to develop and use skills to benefit others i-o psychology applies psych principles, theory, and research to the workplace and to all aspects of life that are touched by work. SIOP is the primary professional membership organization for i-o psychologists.

. As an external I-O consultant, you are asked by a manager in the Human Resources department of a large organization to calculate whether there is adverse impact in a selection system that has been used over the last year. You are provided with the following data: # of majority group members that applied: 300 # job offers to majority group members: 100 # minority group members that applied: 75 # job offers to minority group members: 15 Given what you found, is there evidence of adverse impact?

yes