IOP Ch. 9

42. Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on equity theory? A) Research clearly demonstrates that if people feel underrewarded, they will increase their efforts. B) Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are underrewarded than if they are overrewarded. C) Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are overrewarded than if they are underrewarded. D) Because the premises are difficult to test, very little research has been done on equity theory.

B) Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are underrewarded than if they are overrewarded.

29. Which of these recommendations is supported by the job characteristics model? A) Job tasks should be simple and repetitive. B) Employees should understand how their efforts lead to meaningful outcomes. C) Employees with high levels of growth need strength should not be allowed to assume personal responsibility for their work. D) Supervisors should avoid giving regular constructive feedback to employees.

B) Employees should understand how their efforts lead to meaningful outcomes.

60. With respect to goal-setting theory, which of these statements is true? A) People perform best when their goals are specific and difficult. B) People perform best when they are able to choose their own goals. C) People perform best when they do not feel committed to their goals. D) People perform best when they do not receive feedback on their performance.

B) People perform best when they are able to choose their own goals.

56. A newspaper wants a saleswoman to increase her subscription sales. According to goal-setting theory, which of these goals will MOST likely to be effective in motivating this saleswoman? A) Sell at least one subscription when you can. B) Sell five new subscriptions per week. C) The company believes you can sell a lot of subscriptions. D) You can do it!

B) Sell five new subscriptions per week.

35. People's perceptions and beliefs about the fairness of their treatment at work affect their motivation, attitudes, and behaviors; this is the underlying idea behind the: A) ERG theory. B) equity theory. C) expectancy theory. D) social cognitive theory.

B) equity theory.

13. Monroe is a college professor who feels that she is well-regarded and respected by her students and her peers. According to Maslow, Monroe has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as: A) safety. B) esteem. C) love. D) self-transcendence.

B) esteem.

51. Carlos believes that there is a strong relationship between studying for many hours and receiving an A on his next exam. According to expectancy theory, Carlo's belief reflects: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) regulation. D) instrumentality.

B) expectancy.

46. Interactional justice can be divided into two subtypes: interpersonal justice and: A) intellectual justice. B) informational justice C) individual justice. D) collective justice.

B) informational justice

49. Kia has received a poor grade in a class. When she visits her professor to discuss it, he explains in detail how her grade was decided, but he is very rude towards Kia. Kia likely experiences high _____ justice and low _____ justice. A) distributive; procedural B) informational; interactional C) distributive; informational D) interactional; informational

B) informational; interactional

54. Monica knows that if she performs well on her next project, she will receive a pay raise. Unfortunately, Monica is not interested in a pay raise; she would rather have more vacation time to spend with her family. According to expectancy theory, Monica has a low level of: A) expectancy. B) instrumentality. C) equity sensitivity. D) valence.

B) instrumentality.

23. According to two-factor theory, "recognition" is an example of a(n) _____, and "supervision" is an example of a(n) _____. A) hygiene; motivator B) motivator; hygiene C) esteem need; relatedness need D) existence need; growth need

B) motivator; hygiene

27. In job characteristics theory, core job dimensions directly influence: A) growth need strength. B) personal and work outcomes. C) critical psychological states. D) internal motivation.

B) personal and work outcomes.

24. The study of human attributes, including well-being, optimism, creativity, and spirituality, is known as: A) industrial psychology. B) positive psychology. C) holistic psychology. D) organizational behavior management.

B) positive psychology.

58. According to goal-setting theory, people will perform best when: A) they do not have any goals. B) they are assigned specific and difficult goals. C) they are assigned general and difficult goals. D) they are assigned specific and easy goals.

B) they are assigned specific and difficult goals.

18. Katy cannot attain her growth needs, so she refocuses her energy on satisfying her relatedness needs. Her situation would be best explained by: A) Alderfer's frustration-regression hypothesis. B) Herzberg's two-factor theory. C) job characteristics theory. D) positive psychology.

A) Alderfer's frustration-regression hypothesis.

57. Which of these is a way in which goal-setting changes behavior? A) Goals help people direct their attention. B) Goals help people decide if they are being paid fairly. C) Goals help people evaluating their inputs and outcomes. D) Goals help people compare themselves with others.

A) Goals help people direct their attention.

15. Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) It is easily testable, and a great deal of research supports it. B) It is easily testable, and a great deal of research refutes it. C) It is difficult to test, and thus few empirical studies have investigated it. D) Research has mainly been conducted by business managers, and this evidence shows strong support for the theory.

A) It is easily testable, and a great deal of research supports it.

55. _____ theories suggest that motivation is linked to the manner in which individuals monitor their own behaviors and adjust those behaviors in the pursuit of goals. A) Self-determination B) Self-regulation C) Cognitive choice D) Need

A) Self-determination

59. According to goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they: A) are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals. B) are rewarded for reaching those goals. C) can see the effort-to-performance link. D) can see the performance-to-outcome link.

A) are given feedback regarding progress towards those goals

26. According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these is a core job dimension? A) autonomy B) experienced responsibility C) contextual performance D) self-actualization

A) autonomy

43. New research examining equity sensitivity suggests that _____ are fairly tolerant of underreward inequity, whereas _____ are fairly tolerant of overreward inequity. A) benevolents; entitleds B) entitleds; benevolents C) grandees; proles D) proles; grandees

A) benevolents; entitleds

34. Equity theory and expectancy theory are categorized as _____ theories of motivation. A) cognitive choice B) self-regulation C) need-motive-value D) hygiene

A) cognitive choice

7. Which of these is a component of work motivation? A) directing effort B) limiting effort C) controlling effort D) decreasing effort

A) directing effort

10. Which of the following needs is included in Maslow's hierarchy? A) esteem B) identification C) growth D) altruism

A) esteem

16. Maslow's love needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs. A) existence B) rational C) growth D) relatedness

A) existence

44. An individual's interest in, and concern with, fairness-related activities in a workplace is referred to as: A) organizational justice. B) equity sensitivity. C) self-regulation. D) cognitive dissonance.

A) organizational justice.

21. According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a motivator? A) recognition B) salary C) working conditions D) supervision

A) recognition

28. Paul is an HR manager who wants to motivate his employees using the job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Paul should take is to: A) redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy. B) help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes. C) improve employees' salaries and working conditions. D) set difficult, specific goals for his employees.

A) redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy.

30. According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these represents the extent to which individuals value fulfilling their higher-order needs? A) self-actualization B) self-transcendence C) cognitive evaluation D) growth need strength

A) self-actualization

12. Nathan, a college student, diligently attends every class and studies hard for every exam as he is motivated by the need to fulfill his potential. According to Maslow, Nathan has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as: A) self-actualization. B) self-transcendence. C) growth. D) esteem.

A) self-actualization.

32. Which motivational theory suggests that social-contextual events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation? A) self-evaluation theory B) self-regulation theory C) self-determination theory D) expectancy theory

A) self-evaluation theory

2. A topic that is included in organizational psychology is: A) teamwork. B) selection. C) job analysis. D) legal issues in hiring.

A) teamwork.

50. _____ is based on the premise that people's behaviors result from conscious choices among alternatives, and that these alternatives are evaluated with respect to valence, among other things. A) Equity theory B) Expectancy theory C) Self-determination theory D) Cognitive evaluation theory

D) Cognitive evaluation theory

25. _____ argues that motivation is determined by the combined effect of individual differences in personality and characteristics of a job. A) Social cognitive theory B) ERG theory C) Job characteristics theory D) Control theory

D) Control theory

1. _____ is the systematic study of dispositional and situational variables that influence the behaviors and experiences of individuals and groups at work. A) Management by objectives B) Organizational psychology C) Industrial psychology D) Human factors

D) Human factors

31. Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on the job characteristics model? A) The theory is difficult to test, and therefore very few studies have been conducted. B) A recent meta-analysis suggests that the job characteristics model actually works in the opposite way from that theorized by Hackman and Oldham. C) A recent meta-analysis suggests that job characteristics have important influences on motivation, performance, and satisfaction. D) A recent review by the APA found that instituting suggestions from the job characteristics model would be highly unethical.

C) A recent meta-analysis suggests that job characteristics have important influences on motivation, performance, and satisfaction.

17. One main difference between Maslow's hierarchy and Alderfer's ERG theory is that: A) there is strong empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy but not for Alderfer's ERG theory. B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as the ERG need categories do. C) ERG need categories can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as Maslow's hierarchy do. D) Alderfer's work was mostly based on clinical observations, whereas Maslow conducted only empirical studies.

C) ERG need categories can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as Maslow's hierarchy do.

20. Who is responsible for the motivation theory that proposes that the determinants of job satisfaction are not the same as those that determine job dissatisfaction? A) Victor Vroom B) Albert Bandura C) Frederick Herzberg D) J. Stacy Adams

C) Frederick Herzberg

52. Mariela believes that if she gets a favorable performance review, she will be more likely to get higher pay. According to expectancy theory, Mariela's belief reflects: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) instrumentality. D) inputs.

C) Instrumentality

45. Organizational justice involves three types of justice: distributive justice, procedural justice, and: A) attributional justice. B) relational justice. C) interactional justice. D) ideal justice.

C) Interactional Justice

8. Which statement about motivation is true? A) Motivation is the same thing as performance. B) Motivation and performance are the same construct. C) Motivation involves sustaining work behaviors. D) Motivation involves decreasing effort.

C) Motivation involves sustaining work behaviors.

41. Which of the following statements about the research on equity theory is MOST accurate? A) Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will increase their inputs. B) Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, they will refuse to continue working. C) Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, the quality of their work may become lower. D) Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will ask for a pay cut.

C) Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, the quality of their work may become lower

61. _____ theories emphasize the cognitive, behavioral, individual, and environmental factors that work together in determining motivation. A) Self-determination B) Job characteristics C) Social cognitive D) Cognitive evaluation

C) Social cognitive

14. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of these needs takes precedence over all other needs? A) making friends B) gaining respect from colleagues C) drinking water to reduce thirst D) fulfilling one's purpose in one's life

C) drinking water to reduce thirst

36. According to equity theory, which of the following is an input? A) benefits B) feelings of satisfaction C) education level D) salary

C) education level

9. Forces that organize perceptions, beliefs, cognitions, and actions, and then give rise to behaviors that reduce these forces and bring about a steady state, are known as: A) traits. B) needs. C) expectancies. D) beliefs.

C) expectancies.

53. Reyna knows that if she puts in longer hours, her performance on her project will improve. However, she feels her boss dislikes her, so even if she improves her performance, she believes she will not receive a raise (which she would really like). According to expectancy theory, Reyna has high _____ and low _____. A) instrumentality; valence B) valence; expectancy C) expectancy; instrumentality D) expectancy; valence

C) expectancy; instrumentality

40. Pilar perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Blake's, the ratios are not equal. Pilar produces excellent work but does not receive the pay that Blake receives. According to equity theory, one way Pilar can reduce her perceived inequity is to: A) improve the quality of her work. B) increase her inputs by obtaining more education. C) increase the value she places on outcomes, such as pay. D) alter her perceptions about her ratio by comparing herself to a coworker who earns a lower salary.

C) increase the value she places on outcomes, such as pay.

48. Ella has learned that she will not be getting a bonus this year. She is particularly upset about this because her supervisor has not explained why she won't be getting the bonus and was rude to her when he told her the news. Ella is likely upset because of the low level of: A) distributive justice. B) procedural justice. C) interactional justice. D) individual justice.

C) interactional justice.

3. A topic included in organizational psychology is: A) selection. B) performance appraisal. C) leadership. D) job performance.

C) leadership.

39. Angie perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she receives smaller bonuses compared to what Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to: A) increase the value she places on outcomes such as bonuses. B) increase her commitment to achieve a $1,000 bonus. C) stop volunteering to work extra hours. D) devote more time to conducting a self-evaluation.

C) stop volunteering to work extra hours.

38. According to equity theory, people compare their ratio of inputs and outcomes to: A) the outputs that they believe they should earn. B) the inputs they believe are valuable. C) the ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers. D) the ratio of inputs and outputs of CEOs.

C) the ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers.

33. Which scenario is the BEST example of the overjustification effect? A) Regan used to like painting pictures. However, once she started getting paid for painting, she refused to paint unless she was paid to do so. B) Warren does not work very hard, so he claims his poor performance because his job is very difficult. C) Melinda feels that she is overpaid for her work. As a result, she works much harder and for longer hours than she would if she were paid less. D) Julian spends a great deal of time procrastinating so that he has to rush to finish his work. This way, when his work is poor quality, he can blame it on the rushing rather than on his abilities.

D) Julian spends a great deal of time procrastinating so that he has to rush to finish his work. This way, when his work is poor quality, he can blame it on the rushing rather than on his abilities.

19. Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Alderfer's ERG theory? A) Research indicates that the different stages cannot occur simultaneously. B) Most research was conducted by Alderfer himself and has mixed support. C) More research has been done on Maslow's theory than on Alderfer's theory. D) To date, there has not been any empirical research conducted on Alderfer's theory.

D) To date, there has not been any empirical research conducted on Alderfer's theory.

4. _____ is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and sustains their work behavior. A) Job enrichment B) Valence C) Instrumentality D) Work motivation

D) Work motivation

37. According to equity theory, which of the following is an outcome? A) abilities B) efforts C) education level D) feelings of satisfaction

D) feelings of satisfaction

47. Alicia does not believe it is fair that she must work in her job for two years before she will be considered for promotion. Alicia's feelings of unfairness in this situation fall under the category of: A) informational justice. B) distributive justice. C) interactional justice. D) procedural justice.

D) procedural justice.

11. What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top? A) physiological needs, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization B) physiological needs, love, esteem, safety, self-actualization C) safety, esteem, love, physiological needs, self-actualization D) safety, physiological needs, esteem, love, self-actualization

D) safety, physiological needs, esteem, love, self-actualization

22. According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a hygienes factor? A) recognition B) interesting work C) advancement opportunities D) supervision

D) supervision