IR 349 final

Coda Terribila: The Second World War Ends, 1943-1945. How did the U.S. experience the Second World War on its 'home front'? What complicated military strategy among the U.S., the U.K. and the Soviet Union in Europe and Asia? How did the North African and Italian campaigns relate to the demand for a 'Second Front'? To what extent was the war in Europe a 'shared burden' among the countries fighting the Axis Powers? What happened as Soviet forces advanced into Eastern Europe? How did the "United Nations" begin to plan for the globe's postwar economic recovery through the Bretton Woods Conference? What was significant about the conference? How did the war in Asia proceed from 1943 to 1945? Why were only certain territories scenes of fighting? How did the Allied Powers envision the postwar order in Asia? What complications came from these competing visions? How did the fighting end in Europe in 1945? How did the fighting proceed in Asia in 1945?

"coda terribila"- terrible ending, idea for most countries in WW2 the war at home • Us provides supplies, then gets involved in training armies and sending them across the globe • One woman in congress votes against war- jenette rankin (???) passivist thinks war is wrong and evil. December 8, 1941 was the vote • War costs money- how do we pay for it. Waged in Europe, Africa, north Africa, middle east, asia etc • FDR does taxation and encourages americans to buy war bonds. Its your patriotic duty to loan money to the government • If you don't buy war bonds your kids will be taken by Nazis. • Morale up for men and women involved in fight around the globe. Origin of USO. Create a bit of America that goes with the troops, safe space. Bob hope would go around entertaining troops close to fighting lines. • Cultural minorities in US and how they figure in to war effort. Million man march organized on Washington DC, A. Phillip Randolph- advancement of colored people. Money used towards war should equally go to Africans. • FDR declares everyone gets opportunity for fair employment • Executive order 9066 feb 1942- US gov and war department can remove people whos loyalties are under suspicion from areas demeaned special for national security interests. Only applied to those of Japanese ancestry. Get relocated to Japanese concentration camps. • Propaganda- sending message of why united states is in this fight. "why we fight" • Major Harriet Waddy- African American. Volunteering with equal pay but not equal advancement. Waddy uses platform to address African American community and says the way we are being used doesn't represent ideal fo democracy and that is why we should serve so we can prove the distinction is BS because they are just as honorable as those who have priviledges. With friends like these • Stalin wants war over in Europe before he gets involved in asia • Lend lease aid helps soviet stay in fight • How do u give weapons to someone who claims to represent france (dejal) when you still have relationship with old leader. FDR and dejal both have huge egos so learning to respect each other is hard. • Second front- desire for soviet union to distract the germans. December 1943 there is a second front launch but it is not to satisfaction of soviet union because southern Italy and most of north Africa is liberated. Not second front soviet decided because instead of focusing on nazi Germany they focused on a lesser power. Soviet get everyone involved- put women on the front line unlike other armies "Second Front" experience 1942-1943 • To land a second front against nazi Germany you need a massive landing of significant troops to achieve the military objective and win the war. Hasn't happened since battle of hastings. Hasn't been done for 900 years • America says they did it against mexico in 1846- still over a century old, so much new technology • Americans and british begin warming up. Land troops in Algeria to invade French territories in north Africa. Fairly successful operation. • FDR picks Giraud assume control of French territories. Instead he lands and persaudes dejal is the only one who has leadership to coordinate French activity and he steps aside. This significant because it intensifies animosities between dejal and FDR. • May 1943- Libya. Axis powers either get out of north Africa or get captured. • Sicily july 1943. Second front against Mussolini then slowly move up towards Germany. Invade sicily (still practicing techniques) • Men in Australia committed to fight- literally involves whole world • India later participate to free southern Italy • S italty • December 1943 italian government switches sides and declares war on nazi Germany. Second front is effective in international landscape in Europe. • Campaign in north Africa and south Italy produces George S Patin (??) reprimanded for being insensitive to soldier with PTSD. Fights with blizkreig tactics. • British commander who was involved in middle east and north Africa- Bernard Montgomery. • Both think they are better than each other so egos arise and they complicate relationship between US and Britain The Cairo and Tehran Conference Nov-Dec 1943 • America, Britain and soviets want global solutions • War more in favor in asia. Agree to meet in Egypt to talk about global picture • Cairo conference- governments envision defeats of axis powers. Arrange for stand in governments in asia. Shek official gov in China • War by soviet union will begin three months after fighting is over in asia and America says there will be a second front against nazi Germany in 1944 • Get everyone to fight against axis powers until unconditional surrender. Stalin leaves soviet union for cairo conference which is huge • Soviet union. US, britain Second Front Misdirection • So focused on preparing and getting kinks worked out because of all complicated issues for this landing to go well • Germans know landing is coming so they are ready • How do you get a successful landing when someone knows landing is coming? Misdirection • Americans arrange for a fake invasion to suggest they will cross at closest point. Use fake general make it seem like hes dead, take photos so germans see, transfer troops and drop parachuters in and send tanks, troops crossing English channel. Land in calle (or Normandy- check) and push can begin. • A lot can go wrong, what if germans don't believe it? • Eventually works A shared burden • Lend lease aid coming in • Second front- soviets want this over aid. December 1943 • Soviet liberate more land • June 1944, December 1944- soviets still liberated more land • Stalin fights alone for much of fight and colors which way he views americand, britsh and French at end of fight. Convinced americans and british wanted him to suffer. Stalin wants new Europe to have his interests • Percentages agreement- Poland, half provisional gov for Yugoslavia. Greece- british appoint 90% postwar gov and soviets 10%. • Puts foreign governments even closer • Stalin wants to absorb territory from Baltic republics, Romania, Germany. Makes borders much closer to his borders. Troubling for polish government Home fronts: Warsaw 1939-1944 • Polish government flees to London has falling out with soviet union and stalin doesn't recognize them and says he will appoint new government • German occupation 1939-1944 • Warsaw ghetto under German occupation • Agreements at cairo and Tehran- do they mean anything? • Warsaw uprising- aug-oct 1944. Resist, fight, attack Nazis, get rid of them because they will have to decide if they wanna fight polish in warsaw or soviets approaching and then they will treat you as an ally. Fight for your own city and welcome soviets as a fellow country fighting against the Nazis. Its risky because you have to count on soviets. This is a problem. Soviets wait till nazi troops eradicate more and more of the city. • Soviets wait till home army (warsaw) surrender then the enter, this means stalin isn't willing to honor cairo and Tehran conferences. • Countries involved in fight are planning what world will look like. The Bretton Woods Conference 1944 • Countries from around the world meet to negotiate post war economic system and increase chance of postwar economic rehab • IMF • World Bank • International labor organization • International trade organization • Gold standard • Dollar as reserve currency • Good proposals in 1944, commit soviets and americans to same post war mission Meanwhile in Asia • More of an action to fight Japanese • Inside track to get back islands • Liberate Indonesia, plan for phillipenes, liberate phillipenese. • Asia falls to allies, Japanese are defeated • What to do with Asian leaders? • Churchill and dejal are furious because they don't wanna lose land in imperial rule. • FDR says you cant deny the people of asia their right to be free • Try to have FDR stop supporting Shek and start supporting Communist China. Not good news for Madam Shek bc she goes to US to encourage them to support Shek. George Marshall is willing to negotiate with communists. Not a happy relationship there is suspicion and hostility The "big Three" at Yalta feb 1945 • Outline vision post WW2 • Stalin security and reparations • Churchill balance of power and british empire • Roosevelt- democracy, self- determinations, Four policemen (these three plus Sheks China) Exit, Stage Reich • April 12, 1945 FDR dies, Truman in office says war will continue as planned. Forces closing in on nazi Germany • May 1 1945. Hitler dies and is succeeded and successor unconditionally surrenders, victory in Europe Victory in pacific • Stalin promised war in asia three months after • America has to work with this strategy • Jan 1945- Luzon • Feb: Iwo Jima • April Okinawa • Massive American casualties, Japanese fight till bitter end • Americans offer solution if japan surrenders, stalin getting ready to invade.

Genocidal Actions in the Second World War (1939-1945). How did Axis and Allied targeting of civilian populaces throughout the Second World War correlate to their general and their particular war operations and war aims?

A conflict ends (1943-1945) • War is huge Genocide • The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular nation or ethnic group • Large group definition causes problems when trying to figure out if something was a genocide The "Final Solution" 1939-1941 • Hitler said these in correlation with the Nuremberg laws • Ghettos- they want people of jewish faith in these • Camps- then move people to the concentration camps that are segregated among ethnic lines. • Poland- camps here had execution, gad chambers, chelmno (nov 1941) • Soviet union- camps here had executions and carbon monoxide • If you think about hitlers original petition, this is something geared towards eastern Europe and removing subpar humans from that living space • Idea is to segregate people in camps until an alternate strategy for them gets decided. Then the SS would kill people in the camps. However, killing people is hard mentally for the people doing the killing, it is also expensive to kill people. • Hitler was very cognicent of what happened to Armenian community- they protested and nothing was done to the turks, so he figured jewish people would not generate sympathy and he could get away with it. • How to systematize this process? • Get access to all records, get locals to provide intel on who is of jewish heritage, make them wear the star of david, then getthem in ghettos then camps • This is a war within in a war on the jewish people in eastern Europe. However, there are not two combatant sides- its just the jews being persecuted by Nazis • The alleged Madagascar exodus The Wannsee conference (Jan 20, 1942) • Wannsee protocol- how to systemize the concentration camps. • Meeting of ministries of propaganda, military, SS- what would be involved in resolving final solution to the jewish question of Europe. • Led by Himmler- full proof plan for eastern Europe an area cleansed of those deemed "subhuman" • A "final solution" talks about reaching out to fascist leaders to help isolate subhumans and transfer them • Hitler is absent from this conference, everyone knows what he wants, it's a totalitarian state • Theres no details in final solution- doesn't specify what is to become of the jewish people. Maybe because if things go south they could deny they knew? The concentration camp system • Travel • Humiliation • Forced labor • Segregation and extermination in polish and soviet territories. Death camps are outside of nazi Germany property to hide it from local german population. • "Holocaust"- burnt offering. You are offering something to a higher cause, a step towards purification. Literal application isn't an accurate physical description because bodies aren't necessarily burned. However the purification part is correct. • jehovahs witnesses because they are against war. • Hitler baptized catholic but certainly not living in Christian tradition. The Holocaust casualties • 6 million jewish Europeans • 5 million non-jewish Europeans • see picture on slides • finland never sends jewish people to death camps- probably because they are so far away • 1940- 10,00 Poles (AB Aktion). Hitler wants to remove polish intellectuals from polish lands so he can rewrite polish history as he wants and can remove figures as to polish chemists, scientists etc any history. Is this a genocide within a bigger genocide- I think yes. Holocaust Collaborators • Italy- Mussolini. You could be jewish and fascist until hitlers forces invade. • Vichy France (petain). I had a dagger to my throat and it was my duty to save as many Frenchman as possible and if some die in the process that will happen. • Solvakia (fr. Tiso catholic preist) willing to see SS forces come in and take jewish people and send to death camps • Romania- Antoescu- watches jewish population removed • Quisling- Norway- hitler puts him in power watches jews go off • Horthy of Hungary watches jews go off • Axis allies who were complicit were they active participants- I think yes. They did nothing to resist. Yugoslavia- Ethnic divisions • Ethnic cleansing mission that is separate but not completely separate • Yugo was a diverse states but there is ethnic homogeneity in certain areas • Ustase- 1932. Wanted to unite croations in a strong military state and lead them to greatness. Get support from Mussolini. Fascist operation • Alexander 1- 1934- they are partially responsible for his assassination. • World war 2- problem for Ustase. He reaches out to hitler says lets be friends problem for nationalist ambitions for croations. Suggests again that fascists aren't on same page leading in to war • Tripartite 1940 • Bulgaria, Hungary etc declare as members of axis alliance • If you are Serbian leader this gives you a reason to be worried. So this is why they reach out to hitler and say they aren't a threat • Peter II (March 1941)- just old enough to take the thrown. Young king when he finds out hitler wants to send troops through country says no. hitler responds by saying they will take over his country in order to help Mussolini. Peter leaves. 11 days later Yugoslavia is taken over. Mussolini and hitler both get some land. Bulgaria, Romania, hungary get land and Croatia gets supersized. • Ante pavelic becomes new member of Croatia. The Ustase and ethnic atrocities • Do their own mini "final solution" • 10 days after pavelic comes in they have Bjelovar- which is a concentration camp for non-croatians. April 27 • October 1942- shuts down all but two of the camps to figure out how to approach it systematically. • Jasenovac- first death camp set up. • "policy of thirds" guards are told to kill a third, let a third live and maime with a third. This is not a good strategy. Makes it totally random. • There are jewish victims (32,000). Show that they are loyal followers of hitlers regime because they got their territory due to a nazi invasion. • Serbian victims 500,000 • This is a form of genocide- decided who lives and who is "subhuman" Genocide by POWs? Katyn • Committed against prisoners of war. Is this labeled as genocide? • 1939- Poland conquest. Germans put polish officers in prisoners of war camps. They can send letters to their loved ones. • 1940- one camp where officers held there stop returning letters. 22,000 officers are off the grid. • 1941- Barbarossa- soviet union gets invaded so they are on same side as Poland and can ask what happened to our guys. When he sits down with stalin and stalin says oh I think they escaped or whatever. • 1943- soviets pushing back Nazis. Nazis announce that they "discovered" mass graves of polish officers. Invite neutral countries to come document. Say the people have wounds from soviet weapons. • Ends relationship between polish government London and soviet union Genocide by deportation • When soviet union takes back land 250,000 people are deported and 100,000 die (Crimean tartars). • Is this a genocide? • 1944 when stalin occupies Baltic republics 40,000 deportations. Significant portion die • is this a genocide? Genocide by conquest: Nanjing • in 1937-1938 japanese expansion into china leads shek to flea and then deeper into interior. During this Nanjing is under Japanese military occupation and chinese showed no honor they simply surrendered. As a result people were seen as subhuman by Japanese and 100,000-300,000 people were killed. • John Rabe Genocide by air in Europe? • Julio- Italian air force official who predicted the next war would be airfare and it would scare people into quick surrender • So many people can die so fast with air warfare. • Pictures of cities in slideshow • Thousands of people died in air raids Genocide by air in Asia? • Bombing of Tokyo march 1945- 100,000 people dead. • Debate of what is a war crime • Could allies be guilty of doing this along with the Nazis • Aug 6 1945- atomic bombing of Hiroshima immediate death of 6,000 130,000 deaths linked to radiation • Japanese are told you must surrender unconditionally • Second bomb dropped at Nagasaki (look up). Thousands of people die • Stalin declares war on japan and begins to declare Manchuria. • Japan surrenders unconditionally • Second world war in terms of fighting comes to an end • September 2, 1945 signing war is over • Russia occupies Manchuria • American occupies Japanese islands • Other areas agree to split up other territories

A World at War (Again), 1941-1943. How did the Second World War come to and unfold in Africa and the Middle East? How did national, international, and transnational forces react to the conflict in these areas? What inspired Nazi Germany to attack the Soviet Union? How did international developments affect the planning and launching of Operation Barbarossa? How did Japan wage war in Asia from 1938 to 1941? How did the U.S. respond to Japanese offensives in Asia? How did actors in Asia reply to Japanese attacks and to U.S. embargoes and proposals? What happened to Asia once Japan waged greater war against the U.S. and its allies, as well as neutral entities in Asia? How did U.S. entry into World War II affect or relate to the 'Home Front' experiences in Leningrad and Stalingrad?

Africa in World War II • British mobilization (10,000). • British realize they are gonna lose france as an ally, need to turn to African territories • Osei Tutu II- leader • Where do African men go to fight? In a world wide war it would make sense to deploy them to the north African campaign, much closer area is the east African campaign • 1940- east African campaign. • Ethiopian fighters involved. Ambused Italian convoys and get weapons and use them to expel Italians from Ethiopia • British and dutch fighters in south Africa • Men who answer call of Osei go from west Africa and fight in east Africa. • Significance- cooperation that has to occur fighting Italian fascists- in terms of language, making sure everyone knows whos on the same side. • This leads to Keren offensive of march 1941- british want people to understand this is a war progressing in their favor (this is important because Germany has taken over most of Europe, so in bigger picture they are doing well is what they are trying to portray) • Signs that british still see Ethiopia as a territory where they call the shots even though emporer is back. Eastern Adventures • Theres a reason Britain need this good news in Ethiopia • By end of 1940 hitler decided britian has taken enough battering through arial attacks and submarine warfar, so hitler puts operation sea lion on hold and his forces will be looking eastward towards soviet union march 1941 • Back idea to invade soviet union in cold winter months so he waits till spring • Moussolini gets in way because Italians are looking for glory. Italy currently just has Italy and he wants more territory. Italians annex Albania. Moussolini wants to expand and looks towards Greece. Greeks defeat Italians and start invading Albania. This is incredibly embarrassing for Italy. • If you are hitler why help? Hitler detaches some of armor devisions and reassigns military units to save mousolinis vision for Greece. Puts it under fascist occupation. Now hitler can turn east. • June 1941 operation Barbarossa- hitler gets everything ready to attack soviet union by helping Italy • Stalin gets more of a hint that something is coming when military units in hungary begin to deploy troops to soviet border. • Churchill contacts soviet union and tells them hitler is planning an invasion and they still don't do anything. A double-double-cross? • Neither stalin nor hitler had sympathy for other side of non-aggression pact • Soviet forces- map • German forces-map • German forces can hit Britain or soviet union. When they get transferred in 1941 it becomes clear what is going on. • 5:3 infantry ratio • 3:2 air force • big clue stalin was planning something was his budget. Stalin shifts budget toward more money for defense. Hitler beats him by a year • strategic blunder- japan. April 1941 japanese sign non-aggression pact with soviet union. 2.5 months later hitler is a t war with stalin. If Nazis were honest with japan it would've changed history because stalin would have had to fight both. • Soviets aren't fighting both at same time, but stalins army is still struggling from his army general purge. • In the beginning his army is wanting to surrender because stalin hasn't treated them right Home Front- Leningrad 1941-1944 • September 1941 leningrad sees soviet forces retreating and germans are beginning to approach • Winter didn't hault german advance • Leningrad is afraid....why not surrender? They think they can win • 1942 fins declare enemy of soviets but not ally of Germany. Difficult for people of Leningrad because theres blockades to north and south. West is dangerous. Kinda stuck. Supplies to city is hard. • 900 day siege. Food rations that people cannot live off of. • Cannibalism takes off, people beat up elderly for ration cards • Total war. Any available space turns into a place for military supplies, military repairs etc The middle east • Sept 1 1939 war breaks out, there is no fascist presence in middle east which is good for british there lifeline is safe and they have oil • October 1939 soviets are beginning to mobilize forces • Sapalabri (look up-palestine lecture) shows sympathies for Germany • Inonu (turkey) signs military alliance with british and French • Jan-march 1941 war in middle east. Italian tanks going towards middle east. British forces repel Italian and begin to push them back • May 1941 iraq kicks out all british troops. • June 8 1941 british send tanks and troops into Syria. Puts pressure on turks to be friendly. France was running seria and they stopped being an ally to Britain. British want to garuantee safety of middle east for them so any enemy needs to be kicked out • June 22 1941 forces begin to move near the middle east as operation barbossa begins. So when something like this you need to pick a side or a side gets picked • Aug 25 1941 british and soviets go in to iraq want to remove shapalabi (idk spelling). Give title to his son. Doesn't make a lot of sense, although you can use a young person as a puppet. Work with us or you will get kicked out of power like you did • Iran gets ports to Persian gulf which means American supplies. • Setpember 17, 1941 • October 1941 nazis have achieved objectives in southeastern Europe. Troops mobilized in india play a key role. They are guarding key resources. Anglo-dutch-iranian oil company. British doesn't want to increase enemies War in Asia • 1940 japan becomes direct ally of Germany • countries are fighting to expand wealth, territory and get rid of communism. • See map • May 1939 japanese tanks role northward to soviet Siberia • Japan tries to set up territories in china • US stops selling Japanese oil with goal of impeding industrial globalized armed forces • On the map things look promising • September 1940- US adds aviation to embargo because Japanese are still expanding. • March 1941 FDR proclaims lend-lease program. This means sending supplies to shek in china. • July 1941 japanese assets frozen in US- basically sanctions • With lend-lease british are trying to modernize their forces in India involving women too (red cross nurses etc) • They get involved because of power of atlantic charter. Asia: a "second fiddle" • Main focus is Europe, everything else is second fiddle • FDR is taking progressive steps cutting off oil, steel, fuel, strap metal, lend lease aid to shek and freezing of assets • Still don't wanna wage war against japan. Government officials say- what if we cut a deal? Promise you wont go further south- don't threaten indies, Indochina, phillipenes and we can work together. China loses in this case because US says japan can still go after them. • When people hear that US is cutting a deal with japan they leak info. Let amercians know FDR is trying to sell them out. Henry Lou (??? Spelling). There go the secret negotiations • US says we insist end to all expansion and we will lift embargos Japanese expansion • Japanese gov sends fleek of aircraft carriers east and that leads to pearl harbor. • Sets off Japanese expansions to south now that they have armistice with soviet union. They attack guam. • Jan 1942 invasion of phillipenese • Feb 1942 occupation of dutch east indies • March southeast asia • May 1942 naval battle with british, Australian, american • Things are going well for Japanese • China is in need of supplies- Gandhi says Indians are not allies with anyone involved in war they just care about themselves, if british leave india stays neutral and they have no reason to fear Japanese attack. Home front Stalingrad 1942-1943 • Oil • Symbol • Hitler focuses east when he think Leningrad is wrapped up • Focuses on Stalingrad because its an oil refinery june 1942 he occupys half of city then in 1943 soviet forces roll back german positions (with American made goods) • Why don't germans abandon- it kills morale and its middle of winter because they cant retreat • Eventually soviets win city but city is destroyed. • Western front style • So much damage • Cult of stalin- he inspired troops and scared away Nazis. Thanks to stalin for saving Stalingrad • If we do what we did in Stalingrad elsewhere we will win this thing, offers promise of hope even though city is destroyed

The International Order in 1945. What international accords and tensions arose in Europe and Asia as a result of World War II? How did the Western Hemisphere's international order develop after World War II? How did the Middle East and Africa's international order develop after World War II?

International Order in 1945 Second world war produces new international order that needs to address why they go into the war and what aims they have. Security? New order? They need to see map and consequences change. National Frameworks • National • International- agreement between two states. • Transnational- moving ideas, items, institutions across state borders. Pan-Americanism? • 1939 neutral. The war is not their business. • 1940 no-transfer. Same countries gather and sign this resolution indicating French and dutch territory will not change hands in western territory. • 1941- US involved. Encourage total mobilization of all available sources in western hemisphere to fight against axis powers. Western hemisphere becomes militarized. Channel illegitimate resource- cocaine. Not to get in Japanese hands. US becomes biggest buyer of cocaine. Office of lend lease aid is created sends goods to Africa, Europe, latin America etc any place that doesn't work with axis powers. • second world war forces all countries to figure out if they have something strongly in common with each other. • March 1945- Chapultepec (mexico)- meeting- build on idea of international fellowship. Pledge not to use aggression to solve disputes. Collective security hints for entire hemisphere. Europe divided • Different story because most countries were directly effected by war • Holocaust- camps. Not the major concern after war. • Central Europe- bigger concern. How do we re-border Europe? Especially because it has been so divided. Tehran, Yalta and Postem conferences where decisions were made about the borders. Soviet Borders discussed. Baltic republics gone till end of cold war. Poland technically exists but in short term soviets will appoint a government of national unity to run polish state. Soviets basically get everything they were promised under nazi-soviet non-aggression pact. Postem there is an effort to call for free and fair elections. • Balance of power? How to create this. Soviets have lost the most people but also have the largest number. Americans are not interested in a strong postwar presence. By potstem countries are starting to doubt each other. • Germany- biggest issue for creating a united Europe. How to reunite. Germany is completely destroyed as well. They also have a lot of reparations. By the time you get to potstem there are zone reparations, which makes life rough for people in soviet occupied territory in Germany. Europe can get much more divided. • Also out of potstem- more mistrust between US and Soviet union. US has tested an atomic bomb. Potsdam ultimatum. Truman informs stalin about this weapon and stalins response is to use it to end war in asia. Truman obviously uses it in japan. The ultimatum to japan Europe, soviets, US to stop fighting. These efforts complicate the effort to draw unity from division. • Ethnic tensions • Stalin wants to push all germans out of their land. Even though its supposed to go back to being Germany. Makes things worse for germans. Europe United? • Unity among allied powers • Nuremberg court- crimes against humanity • Death sentences- de-nazification • Reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights and dignity and worth of the human person. In united nations charter • How do you de-nazify all germans? SS guards? What is enough to send someone to the Nuremberg court? Asia Reordered (?) • China is a regional power after japan accepts unconditional surrender • Tehran conference is where Roosevelt calls on china to lead • Unity in china? Mao or Cheng Sheks China? • Now that japan has been defeated will the forced unity in china last? • The atomic bomb- used twice Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Trumans speech (needed work he basically threatened genocide on Japanese people) • What does this mean for japan? Unconditional surrender. • Also think about how Japanese were treated vs axis powers. Definitely racism involved. We also haven't necessarily come that far. Yes we gave them warning and it ended war but still • Korea? They are divided into north and south. Americans occupy southern, soviets northern. Eventually goal of unification. Obviously this does not happen. • Empire? • How do leaders like Gandhi, shek etc view actions of soviets and americans? Distrust will influence them. The Middle East evolves • Security • Nationalism- effort to build modern natin states to put aside difference and says we are all going to be citizens of (insert state) • They haven't seen as much fighting. But still have two main concerns above. • Holocaust- pressure for Europeans to make a safe haven at Palestine. United nations takes over. Does mandate change? How does the effect attitudes of people in middle east? Saudi Arabia declared war on axis powers bc they were worried that is allies had their way Palestine would be open to jewish immigration. while they think holocaust is wrong they don't want jews with them. they wanted to participate in postwar discussion about what happens to Palestine. • Iran- soviets occupied north and british south. Soviets and british pull out and iran is back to independent rule. A lot of questions about this. • Oil- king of Saudi Arabia knows of interests obviously. Many states in middle east have this leverage in negotiations. • How do they align with Truman vs stalin? • Fear of another war and bombs used by americans or anyone else who develops the weapon. Africa in 1945 • Most part fighting is in north and east • Gamel Nasser • A lot of free territories due to the atlantic charter. The international economic order • International credit • International trade • Prevent economic decline • Integrate economies • 1944 bretton woods effort by allied powers to call for greater economic integration anda common global approach to rebuilding war damaged areas. Calling for UN sponsored international economic organization. Could lead to unity....it doesn't.

A World at War (Again), 1939-1941. What were the long-term and short-term causes of the Second World War's outbreak in Europe? How did that conflict play out in Poland? What distinguished Allied sitzkrieg from Nazi blitzkrieg? How did the 'Winter War' and the Norwegian campaign relate to the broader European conflict? What happened when the different warfighting strategies encountered each other in the Battle of France? How did that campaign affect the war, particularly the United Kingdom, in 1940? How did the Second World War affect Inter-American attitudes and actions? To what extent was the North African campaign national, international, or transnational in nature?

Long term causes- appeasement, distrust of stalin(united germans, Italians and Japanese aka axis powers) Versailles system- people don't trust it. People are fascinated by failure so this is why it always comes up. Short term- ethnic german minorities, Gleiwitz radio station- called for people in poland to rise up and attack Germany (aug 31, 1939). Gets broadcast in the Germany. Germans think it is legitimate and aggressive and hitler uses it to justify the start of a war. First two weeks, series of strategic retreats to wear germans out and then plan an attack. Polish armed forces are not as technologically advance. They are not planning on being attacked from the rear (soviet union). September 17-24 soviet union attacks Poland does not exist anymore and Germany and soviet union battle over this territory. Each end up with a fair amount of territory. Hitler wants to show his strong military and if you mess with me you end up like Poland. Smuggled out of Poland before Nazis and soviets occupy it is an enigma machine- unbreakable capabilities to decode military operations. Blizkrieg warfare needs to be modified. French Sitzkrieg warfare (sitting war). So Germany change their plan. Response is that Poland is trouble so we should cause trouble in Norway- Get resources germans will need in war. Go about this in interesting way. Use royal navy to line harbors of Norway. Norway is a neutral state, so they are doing this because no one else will do it and its good for military politics. British argument is this is preventative. If you want to keep floating stay in port or we will sink you. This does not go over well in Norway, but this isn't technically an invasion. Germans know british will do something so we need to get involved before them. Denmark formally surrenders the day after german paratroopers invade. They are set up to fight british, germans once again doing things better and faster. 5 days later allied landings with goal of displacing Nazis and making sure Norway is friendly to them. problem is they don't do well landing. Germans have high ground and better positions. A month later british and French have to return to Europe to stop france from getting destroyed. british and french plan to attack nazis but nazis send troops into open territory. they arent doing well so they decide to leave, and they leave all their military equipment behind. Indian troops come up to help. However, brits have that decoding machine from poland that (alan turner) is working on to develop so they can use that to their advantage. plus they dont have any direct invasions to their territory like france, which is completely in shambles. Operation sea lion is to remove british boats (by Germany) use their airforce but they need to first destroy british airforce. So plan is attack airforce, then navy, then land. Germans have 3,327 pilots vs 2,001 british pilots. British do have the radar and code breaking so they know where bases are and when attacks will be launched. Can see things moving in their direction. British have started to prepare for war later so this is an advantage because they have newer hardware. More advanced but fewer. Mistaken bombing sept 1940- Germany accidently bombs a british city which obviously makes the british think its another total war effort and that germans are just as barbaric as soviet union.Churchill says we must respond. We will bomb them for 24 hours straight. Germans obviously pissed. So their response is that they are gonna hurt civilians, so they bomb large factories, ports, take war to the people. This crushes moral, factories are in cities, if you show people how awful the war is they will give up because they don't want to die.London underground- becomes a subsociety down there and they do not give in. everyone gets involved in the fight. Even royal family is involved. Women do medical work, provide food to soldiers to make sure british stay in fight. October 3, Panama- meeting of all latin America republics and agree to stay neutral. US will sell weapons to countries that fight in interests that need to mirror our own. No loans, no americans harmed, nothing wasted. Oil supply lines impacted because they will sell to anyone who can buy. US develops program of lend-lease aid. works with great britian but says britian must learn from its passed mistakes. makes britian sign a common statement talking about the two countries vision. Americans think FDR is trying to trick them into war (this is USS Greer). soviets the qualify for lend-lease aid. North African Concerns Chokepoint. Mussolini is looking at this territory- defeat british in egpyt and get suez canal and cut them off from their lifeline. Jan 1941 italian tanks get moving until the british push Italy back.Hitler sends Rommel (did well in Poland and france) leads german and Italian forces in north Africa. Indian troops and british empire fighting against germans and Italians, also Australians, new Zealand. These men are willing to die for a country that isn't theirs.

Appeasement in Europe, 1933-1939. What were some of the key concerns for German leaders on the eve of the Great Depression? How did the international economic disaster of 1929 affect Germany's economic and political condition? What were the goals of Hitler's Nazi German state? How did Nazi Germany go about advancing these goals? How did European peoples and countries react to Hitler's early actions? What steps did Nazi Germany take in 1933-1936 to unravel the Versailles System? How did European countries and communities react to these steps? Why did non-German nations and states react as they did during these years? How did Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany work with and borrow from each other? Why was the Spanish Civil War so important to Fascist foreign policy? What prompted cooperation between Fascists in Europe and Imperial Japan?

concerns for german leaders were that they were being forced to disarm, unemployment was high, kids are starving, people are generally unhappy. germany wanted a renegotiation of disarmament, particularly because parts of the germany speaking world that arent in germany had arms, germany also sought reunification. because of unrest and poor economic conditions, Hitler is elected as Chancellor with his goals of unification and rearmament and his germany focus to undo the treaty of Versailles. hitler goals- • Lebensraum- hitler goal, living space for all germans. Because of unrest, people in german go to Nazi party under hitler. January 1933 nazis have enough votes to form government and hitler is chancellor. Makes his goals clear Rearmament- hitlers goal. Anschluss- hitlers goal. Unification with those states that are german. This undoes specific parts of treaty of versailles and paris peace conference. Economic recovery- hitlers goal- using rearmament. Remove enemies of state- hitlers goal- includes ethnic minorities- jewish people Pact of 4- 1933- other major countries are willing to work with him right after he comes into power. Germany, Uk, France, Italy. These countries will work together on common foreign policy, armaments, security, league of nations (articles 10,12,16) positions. Articles 10, 12, 16 deal with collective security. So if Germany does something aggressive other nations won't come after them, they will work them so it is not threatening. In hindsight, bad thing but in 1933 it is trying to have nations work together. Rapallo spirit gone- spirit between Germany and Russia. Calls home germans helping Russia military and prototypes. Why do you need to rearm if you are really talking about peace? Austria- Locarno (1925)- german speaking territory in Austria. Spirit of Locarno conference where they pledged to guarantee german borders and if Germany tries to invade they wont let him. In 1934 when hitler starts launching southward, Italy and france are like wtf. Fascist rivalry with Italy bc if anyone threatens Austria (Germany) they have to answer to Italy. Hitler says he is willing to work with other european nations. only one who doesnt fall for it is Barthou who is then accused of trying to betray france. Hitler signs non-aggression pacts. he then announces rearmament plan with weapons he has developed in Soviet Union. still says he plans on peace. Germany supports war Mussolini wants. They agree to work together on foregin policy, economic and security issues. Rome and berlin will be axis on which world spins and come up with a four year economic plan. the spanish civil war was so important for fascist foreign policy because they used the spaniards to test military strategy, soldiers, equipment to see how it worked. technically they sent "volunteers" germany worked with japan to fight communism

Comrade Stalin Meets the World, 1928-1939. Why were the Five-Year Plans so important for Soviet domestic and foreign development? How and why did Stalin construct a totalitarian state? How did his policies compare to those of Fascist European leaders? How did the "Great Terror" affect Stalinist domestic and foreign ventures? How did Hitler's ascent to power affect Soviet fortunes in the 1930s? How did Soviet diplomats respond in the 1930s? How successful were their international ventures (and why were they successful or unsuccessful) from 1934 to 1939? How did the Soviet Union respond to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia? How did Nazi annexations affect Jewish citizens of German lands in 1938?

five year plans were so important because they provided structure to the soviet union. plans associated with heavy industry and economic stability. also plan to eliminate any political rivals. he taxed profits. Stalins totalitarian state • He wanted to create a totalitarian state. Similar to hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy • Starts with education. Teach kids to question stalin and teach them they are to serve him. • After school activities like young pioneers (ages 10-15) boy scouts meets communist indoctrination. Clean up, do activities and if you see something that is against stalin or slightly critical it is your loyal duty to turn that person in. even if its your grandmother • Komsomol (ages 15-21) same thing but for older kids. Honor men and women seen as war heros. Once you age out you join the red army if you are male. • After you are soldier you are member of the communist party. Emphasize great production and goals of stalin. • Stalin based some actions on Mussolini. Called this "fascist borrowing" because he took Mussolini ideas and used them to build what he wants. They take what they like from other countries and then make it their own. Hitler did the same thing with Germany. The "Great terror" • Stalin initiates this program. Sergei Kirov is important to communist party. He is so good at his job he becomes super popular and stalin doesn't like this, one time he got more votes. Other problem is at a communist meeting he slightly corrects stalin and this is not allowed. In 1934 he is assassinated. Stalin pretends it was someone else who had him killed so this sets off a series of show trials to who arranged kirovs assassination. So many people get involved- people who don't make quotes, question stalin etc. this si referred to as the great terror. • 1938: military • international effect • 1939 17 million people have died from Stalinist policies- famine, fatigue, sentences, labor camps, execution. • One group just gets executed- upper ranks of red army/ 80% of generals are arrested and charged for treason and executed • Stalin fears loyalty of his high ranking officers because they have leadership that is someone independent of stalin. Soldiers are loyal to them. also Trotsky used to lead red army so they may have loyalties. Also some might know because they are older that this is fascism. Also germans trained some of them. Hitler portrays himself as peaceful. he says all germans should be in his german nazi state. orders quick arrest of communist party in germany which is bad for soviet union who needs to figure out how to deal with the german threat. stalin then forces hitler to now fight a war on multiple fronts. he also signs a non-aggression pact with france. plus he makes Litvinov his foreign minister (jewish, believes in collective security, problem is stalin hates him bc stalin is a raging anti-semite). european nations dont wanna work with Litvinov because he represents stalin. After CZ is dissolved, soviet asks poland if they can send military equipment through there and Poland says no. Nazi-Soviet pact of August 1939. Litvinov is fired. Molotov is new foreign minister and sent in to Germany to negotiate with Germany for non-aggression pact. Molotov marries young Russian woman, she is sent to soviet work camp for alleged crime against the state. Every day stalin and Molotov pass each other and stalin asks him how his wife is. Molotov never confronts him he just says she is fine. He morphs in to whoever stalin needs him to be. This effects way soviet union gets perceived on world war one because it doesn't support ide of collective security. Kristallnacht November 9, 1938- night of broken glass in Germany and territories where there are a lot of germans.

The Middle East Emerges: Palestine. What major nationalistic and statist concerns troubled the Ottoman Empire on the eve of World War I? How did World War I affect the Ottoman Empire and its non-Turkish subjects? What were the major military campaigns involving the Ottoman Empire in World War I? How and why was Gertrude Bell important to British appreciation of nationalist and territorial issues in Ottoman lands before, during, and after World War I? What were some of the major territorial arrangements for the future Middle East proposed by British diplomatic officials? How did non-British officials involved in these arrangements react when they learned British agents had promised the same Ottoman territories to multiple parties? Why were Zionist officials seeking a "Jewish State" or a "National Home" in the Ottoman lands? What arrangements did British authorities propose and produce for the "Middle East" after 1919? How did these proposals unfold in the British Mandate of Palestine? How did broader regional and global issues affect British policies toward the mandate's operation?

got linked to central powers. on eve of world war 1 britian says they need their sea weapons, which weakens the ottoman empire who are also seeking to modernize. Kamal organized group called "young turks" had to modernize all different nationalities which was difficult. entered war because of fate.....russia sunk two german battleships so then the ottoman empire declared war on Russia. british use gertrude bell as a translator. they do not use her to her full potential. she knows a lot about the area and could have helped the british, espeically when it came to land and territory disputes and negotiations, but sexism still prominent. could have helped with Gapolli. British Pan-Arabism campaign. bell gets heavily involved with march to jerusalem but still does not get credit. Balfour agreement to give jews a home in Palestine is brought up, Bell says its not a good idea but is ignored. Britian wants to unite penninsula into one state so that it it easier for them to protect their lifeline. Herzel- push to give jews a home, says everyone put the jews have a place. jews want palestine. british and herzel push them to uganda but this doesnt make sense because the jews have no culture there. Lawrence and Churchill are the main people involved in redrawing the map. bell does help. borders are always the biggest problem in the middle east because theres so many different people that live there. leaders at Cairo conference where these borders are redrawn are all white- no one knows about ethnic communities. Herbert Samuel who is the high commissioner of palestine declares it home of jews. many anti-jewish immigration protests break out. British are happy because Samuel is in power and this unrest gives them a reason to keep him in power and secure their lifeline. Peel (brit) decides lets create an arab state and a jewish state. the once again didnt talk to any arabs during these negotiations, who are upset because they feel the jews got the better land (bell could have also helped with this). also difficult because due to Hitler, jews arent really welcome in europe either. brits are only focused on themselves and make the situation worse.

Good Neighbors? The Western Hemisphere Changes, 1928-1939. What defined 'neo-imperialism' in the Western Hemisphere on the eve of the Great Depression? How did U.S., Latin American, and Japanese individuals respond to such 'neo-imperialism' in the late 1920s and early 1930s? How did the Great Depression affect the U.S.-Latin American dynamic? What military/security steps did Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) take to ensure the U.S. became a "good neighbor" to Latin American states? What diplomatic and economic steps did Cordell Hull take to improve inter-American relations? Why did the U.S. take these steps? How were U.S. overtures received in the Western Hemisphere? How did the U.S. respond to internal developments within some Latin American States? How did European-African imperial relations in the 1930s compare to the neo-imperial dynamic between the U.S. and Latin American countries?

lines were really blurred because US dominated the LA economy and ran the military down there. Clarke Memorandum which tries to establish how the US and LA should interact with each other Non-state actors try and organize against US military presence, economic influence. Strongest case in Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic This becomes a problem for US with Japan in Manchuria bc US wants Japan to stop but they argue they arent doing anything there US isnt doing in LA> so US needs to change policies if they want to critique others. when US cant get out of the great depression, they become a better neighbor to LA. Withdrawal of american troops from Nicaragua, renounce of platt amendment (no longer allowed to send troops into cuba), marines in Haiti back up, FDR interacts with Somoza (pres of Nic by force). Hull is afraid of European intervention at southern tip of western hemisphere so he tries to get US gov to improve commercial relations with LA by providing capital to spur more buying and selling between US and neighbors in the south. Import-export bank march 1934 Reciprocal trade agreement amendment june 1934- US and LA. Strengthen ties in ways that build common interest. Will need time and continued demonstration. Fear of US is if this doesn't work then all this money could be going towards interests in asia, german buying, Italian buying. US started buying cocaine to improve relations with LA. Also there was wartime uses. Oil naturalization 1938- gov of mexico decides to nationalize oil resources in country. Not good for US because we like our oil and get a lot from mexico and it was financed and subsidized by US. US declares an embargo and says they will not let Mexican oil enter America. Mexican oil firms say okay we can sell it in Europe- this is not good for FDR he now wants to renegotiate this. America says lets arrange for gradual repayment. Unity trumps money. Usually not the American way Lima conference surrounding german and japanese presence in LA. Hull is there. this is a big deal because its the first step towards collective security. 1930- JB Danquah (gold coast youth conference)- organize young generation to advocate for autonomy and push back against british imperial rule. different from what happened in LA because Africa wants to push away from imperialists and become sovereign whereas western hemisphere was originally trying to work together. 1933 nigerian youth movement and kikuyu central association. Use young generation, get people active. These people are the future

The International Economic Order, 1929-1939: The Great Depression and its Aftermath. How did the U.S. Stock Market crash affect international finances, lending, and repayment? How did U.S. and foreign governments react to these developments? What protectionist, monetary, and legislative strategies emerged around the globe to respond to an increasingly pervasive Great Depression? How did U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt respond to the Great Depression? How did Roosevelt's actions affect other countries whose economies were directly linked to the U.S.? How did the growing Great Depression and Western responses to it affect economic concerns and fortunes in Asia and Latin America? How did Nazi Germany respond to that country's dire economic condition?

nobody is paying back their wartime debts to the US, so they have sent a lot of money out and nothing is coming back in to the country. people are living in poverty. Dawes plan was created but the whole thing was based on the US economy working and on black Tuesday the stock market just crashed. Countries have just stopped paying their war debts...US signs Johnson act into play meaning if you have defaulted on your war debts you cannot borrow from US, so world economic recovery kind of goes out the window. Hawley-Smooth tariff also put a 59% tariff on imports to US. this time period can almost be described as a "race to the bottom" FDR- New Deal. wants everyone to just start over. they also left gold standard which leaves massive market uncertainty for US. LA and Asia- tariffs make american goods unaffordabe for them. Hull tells FDR to allow trade with LA. start with allowing short term loans. then work their way up to long term loans. Strategy in Asia was more military based where Japan just kicked everyone out and went after Sheks China. Germany- uses great depression to their advantage because people are more enthusiastic about war during the depression because it creates jobs. Hitler four year plan- self sufficiency in raw materials. Use war to develop centralized economic planning.

Aggression in Asia, 1929-1939. How did the Great Depression and China's expansion affect Japanese domestic and foreign affairs in the 1930s? How was the Manchurian "Crisis" a response to these issues? How did international actors respond to this Crisis and its Japanese-favored resolution? What was the Lytton Commission? How did it relate to and/or solve the Crisis? How and why did Japan increase its armaments? Where did 1930s Japanese business, financial, and security authorities champion expanding Japanese influence? Why did these authorities champion such 'expansion'? How did Japanese officials connect their policies to those of fascists in Europe? What led to the start of the Sino-Japanese War? How did this war affect the interests of other nations and states in Asia? How did these other entities respond to the war? How effectively did imperial Japan coordinate its foreign policy with its allies?

the great depression and Chinas expansion affected domestic and foreign affairs in Japan because they know how fewer trading partners, are no longer a superpower and have to compete with china for the nations resources more (seas). they need to hold Manchuria and korea from china to keep their standard of living. The Manchurian crisis • September 18, 1931- crisis. Economic and political crisis for Japanese people living in Manchuria, no longer in charge of territory (chinese are). A terrorist attack build by Japanese during 21 demands. Shows there are separatists, explosion. • Crisis can be reinterpreted • 1932: Manchukuo. Defensive measure to ensure safety of Japanese lives because non-state actors can cross borders. Japanese create Manchukuo. American government says this is imperialism and japan was like ha look at what youre doing. • Japan had local people running the territory. Chinese people were running it. Elections can go not exactly as planned so Japanese strategy creates a state with an emporer Pu Yi. • Stimson doctrine- since Manchukuo was obtained by aggression, US does not recognize it as a state. It is an invasion. This means absolutely nothing. • Lame form of taking a stand....so why do it? Well we don't have any money so we cant get involved actively. Symbolic protest is all they can do. Sets framework for future problem. • League of nations gets involved. Sends commission lead by Lytton of UK. Major people involved in this commission are three axis powers- Germany, japan, Italy. Two of japans future bffs. • If you are going to propose a solution everyone will approve....everyone has to approve it. This is hard. China is very divided at the moment. European powers have to accept it. • Japanese response is to leave the league of nations japan is focusing on rearmament, imperialism, economic federation of parts of the map like isalnds, Japanese mainland, korea peninsula, Manchukuo, china, Taiwan, Netherlands. Not calling for all in all conquest but still. Japan trying to get rid of big threats around them. japan doesn't want war but they want all the territory Anti-comintern pact. Germans, Japanese, Italians....common hate towards soviet union. Instead of saying anti-soviet they say anti-comintern because it says they will fight against world communism because its less of a threat instead of saying just soviet union.Hitler would have to end friendship with Shek from China, so they can work with japan The Sino-Japanese War • Some scholar argue this is beginning of world war 2 • Largely between imperial Japanese and kuomintang china • July 1937- Marco Polo Bridge...japanese troops on one side chinese troops on the other, they are gonna meet in the middle and....who moves aside? Obviously neither is gonna be like ah yes go right ahead. Sets off Sino-Japanese war • Japan uses all those weapons • Expands to include significant part of northern china • Stalin, FDR, Churchill......as long as they don't hurt our people we will accept. Japan will probably win. Germany and Italy are jealous of their success also probably thinking they would fight soviets. • Happening on chinese turf...chinese communists and nationalists call for a united front for china to unite in face of common enemy. This makes sense but how do you tell people who haven't been seeing eye to eye for passed decade and have been trying to kill each other to suddenly get along. • FDR says we need to think of aggression a s a disease and we need to quarantine it. • Flying tigers- volunteer American fighters to train chinese to fight against Japanese. Train Kuomintang air force. Leader is too old so he isn't the most active. Kuomintang cadets are like f*** this clearly US gov isn't gonna get involved. • Brussels Conference Nov 1937- produce response for Japanese response in asia. They do not have a prime location for this though. Italy is member of 9 power treaty and undermines common consensus from the inside. Italians used representation to make sure there isn't consensus or collective security and war waves on. • Shek has to retreat into china his government is in exile • US does nothing until we put embargoes on oil, steel and rubber to Japanese government • This is significant because Japanese cant get most of the stuff on their own they will have to work with others. japan did not coordinate its foreign policy well with others, led to a lot of confusion especially when the Nazi-Soviet pact caught japan off guard so they were not able to expand upward like they wanted to.

The Middle East Emerges: Beyond Palestine. What were the League of Nations "Mandates" granted to France as a result of the Cairo Conference? How did the French run these territories and prepare them for self-rule? How did Middle Eastern powers and peoples react to developing and finalized French efforts to make Syria a French 'Mandate' under the League of Nations? What were the League of Nations "Mandates" granted to Britain (beyond Palestine) as a result of the Cairo Conference? How did the British administer these mandatory territories and prepare them for self-rule? Why did British authorities prefer working closely with local Arabic elites in the Middle East? What led to the Arabian Civil War? How did the British government respond to its outbreak? What distinguished the House of Sa'ud during and after the conflict? How did the states of Iran and Turkey develop in the aftermath of World War I? What were the objectives of their leaders? What distinguished the domestic and international policies? How did they interact with nearby Western powers?

•Syria and Lebanon are created as league of nations mandates given to French for future independence. No local self- government No Hashemite monarchs. Marionite Christians- Lebanon, allies, preferential treatment. French run territories like imperial possessions in Africa and asia. No effort to prepare for local self- government or eventual entire self- government. French argument is that the people don't have the experience to and that they understand this part of the world (they don't) so everyone will be fine. French think everyone there is arab so they would get along, this is arrogant. Arabs are outraged, Britian and France have forced Faisal to rescind himself as king. British go for indirect rule. Say Faisal should be king of Mesopotamia and rules under league of nations- people just kind of see him as power hungry at this point. King Abdullah becomes king of transjordan and agrees to work with british. leaders didnt really get along because british wanted immigration and rules in the middle east did not. British need to make sure rulers of Jordan and Iraq are on their side to protect their lifeline of the Suez Canal. Arabian civil war- Hashemites vs Sa'ud families. british want hashemites to stay in power because of lifeline. war between the two families breaks out and british sell to both sides because they need to keep lifeline open no matter who wins. Sa'ud family wins the war. friendly to british and Wahhabism- was a struggle then and now trying to figure out how to modernize while staying traditional. Iran- wants to use oil resources to work with British and modernize. British and Soviets both want iran oil so they are offering things to iran. tries to work with japan and germany tog ive them oil but because of this british decide he has to go so his son takes over. turkey- kemal emerges as war hero. believes in modernization but doesnt wanna work with world leaders. greco-turkish war has britian concerned about lifeline. in the end greeks push back and turks regain territory. kemal is good at fights like this.