IS 130 - Ch 5-8
TCP/IP function layers
1) Application layer: enables client application programs to access the other layers and it defines the protocols that applications use to exchange data 2) Transport layer: Provides the application layer with communication and packet services 3) Internet layer: Responsible for addressing, routing and packaging data packets. 4) Network Interface layer: Places packets on and receives them from, the network medium
Major advantages to users of wireless devices
1) Small enough to easily carry or wear 2) Sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks 3) Can communicate wireless with the internet and other devices
Electronic Storefront
A Website that represents a single store. Example - Walmart, Sharper Image, Hermes
Big Data
A collection of data so large and complex that it is difficult to manage using traditional database management systems
Router
A communications processor that routes messages from a LAN to the internet
ISP- Internet Service Provider
A company that provides internet connections for a fee
Search Engine
A computer program that searches for specific information by keywords and then reports the results
Data Model
A diagram that represents entities in the database and their relationship
Foreign Key
A field in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table - used to establish and enforce a link between two tables.
Ultra-wideband
A high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 Mbps.
Mobile portal
A lean, or stripped down, version of a website that is optimized for viewing on a mobile device. Try to match the functionality of a website while keeping data transfers to a minimum.
Functional dependencies
A means of expressing that the value of one particular attribute is associated with a specific single value of another attribute (Ex. Student # is referred to as the determinant because its value determines the value of the other attribute)
Radio Frequency Jamming
A person or device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions
Entity
A person, place, thing or event - such as a customer, employee or a product
Mobile computing
A real-time wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as internet or an intranet
Data Warehouse
A repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization
MiFi
A small portable wireless device that provides users with a permanent Wi-Fi hotspot wherever they go. Range of MiFi device is about 10 meters. Intelligent mobile hotspot with up to 5 persons connected, expensive to acquire and use.
Internet of Things (IoT)
A system in which any object, natural or manmade, has a unique identity and is able to send and receive information over a network without human interaction. Adoption of IPv6 which created a vast # of IP addresses, allows there to be enough IP addresses to uniquely identify every object on the earth.
Computer Network
A system that connects computers and other devices via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them
Massive open online courses (MOOCs)
A tool for democratizing higher education
QR Codes
A two-dimensional code, readable by dedicated QR readers and camera phones. Can store more information than barcode. Codes are smaller due to storing information vertically and horizontally Read from any direction More resistant to damage
Peer-to-Peer Processing (P2P)
A type of client/server distributed processing where each computer acts both as a client and a server
Portals
A web-based personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IT systems and the internet using advanced search and indexing techniques 4 Types: Commercial, Affinity, Corporate, Industrywide
Hotspot
A wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter
Super Wi-Fi
A wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections - uses lower-frequency "white spaces" between broadcast TV channels.
GPS - Global Positioning System
A wireless system that utilizes satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on earth. Supported by 24 MEO satellites
Telecommuting
Able to work anywhere and anytime process,
Pure EC
All dimensions are digital
Synchronous
All team members meet at same time
Electronic Cards
Allow customers to charge online payments to their credit card accounts
RFID - Radio-frequency identification
Allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement via radio signals. - Developed to replace bar codes. Active RFID - Use internal batteries for power and broadcast radio waves to a reader, more expensive Passive RFID - Rely entirely on readers for power, Read only up to 20 ft. Less expensive merchandise.
NIC - Network Interface Card
Allows the device to physically connect to the LAN's communication medium
Digital Wallet
An application used for making financial transactions - apps can be on user's desktops or smartphones. (Paypal, Google Wallet, Apple Pay)
Relationships
An association between entities
Wireless Sensor
An autonomous device that monitors its own condition, as well as physical and environmental conditions around it - such as temperature, sound, pressure, vibration, and movement
Crowdsourcing
An organization outsources a task to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call.
Business-to-employee (B2E)
An organization uses EC internally to provide information and services to employees - example companies allow employees to manage their benefits and to take training classes electronically
Rogue access point
An unauthorized access point to a wireless network - Evil twin, someone who wishes to access a wireless network for malicious purposes
Secondary Key
Another field that has some identifying information but typically does not identify with complete accuracy (i.e. a students major)
Intellectual Capital (assets)
Another term for knowledge
Pop-up ad
Appears in front of the current browser window
Pop-under ad
Appears underneath the active window
Data Governance
Approach to managing information across an entire organization
Virtual Universities
Are online universities in which students take classes via the internet either at home or in an off-site location
Broadband
As the transmission capacity of a communications medium father than 25 Mbps transmission speed material coming to you from an internet server
Permission marketing
Asks consumers to give their permission to voluntarily accept online advertising and email
Short-range networks
Bluetooth, Ultra-wideband, and near-field communications - NFC
C2C - Consumer-to-consumer
Both are individuals selling products or services (Ebay)
B2B - Business to Business EC
Both seller and buyer are business organizations
Electronic Business
Broader concept of e-commerce; refers to servicing the customers, collaborating with business partners, and performing electronic transactions within an organization
B2B EC is much larger than B2C by volume
But B2C is more complex
Channel conflict
Can alienate the distributors. The conflict between a brick and mortar and their online store
Showrooming
Causes problem for brick and mortar stores as users test products in store and buy at competitors online
Electronic marketplace
Central, virtual marketspace on the web where many buyers and many sellers can conduct e-commerce + e-business activities
Complexity of B2C EC creates two major challenges for sellers
Channel Conflict + Order fulfillment
LEO - Low-earth orbit
Closest satellites, Telephone use, least expensive, Many in orbit, Shortest orbital life - as low as 5 years
Data file
Collection of logically related records
Join Operation
Combines records from two or more tables in a database to obtain information that is located in different tables
Protocol
Common set of rules and procedures that enable devices to communicate with one another Examples - Ethernet and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
Virtual (pure-play) organizations
Companies only engaged in EC
Auction
Competitive buying and selling process in which prices are determined dynamically by competitive bidding
B2B EC
Comprise of 85% of EC Volume ; utilize business models such as sell-side, buy-side and electronic exchanges
Communications Channel
Comprised of two types of media: Cable (Twisted pair, coaxial cable or fiber-optic) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio or infrared)
Horizontal Exchanges
Connect buyers and sellers across many industries, primarily for MRO materials. Ex./ TradersCity, Globalsources, Alibaba
Vertical exchange
Connect buyers and sellers in a given industry Ex./ plasticsnet.com
Extranet
Connects parts of the intranets of different organizations, enables business partners to communicate securely over the Internet using virtual private networks (VPNs)
LAN - Local Area Network
Connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region, usually within the same building, so every device on the network can communication with every other device
Coaxial Cable
Consists of insulated copper, carries more bandwidth, less susceptible to interference, somewhat difficult to work with
Fiber-optic
Consists of thousands of very thin filaments of glass fibers that transmit information via light pulses generated by lasers. Usually used as the backbone for a network
Smart Cards
Contain a chip that can store a large amount of information - micropayments - Frequent/multipurpose cards
KMS Cycle
Create - Knowledge is created as people determine new ways of doing things or develop know-how Capture - Must be identified as valuable and be represented in a reasonable way Refine - New knowledge must be placed in a context so that is actionable Store - Useful knowledge must then be stored in a reasonable format in a knowledge repository so that other people in the organization can access it Manage - Like a library, the knowledge must be kept current, reviewed to verify that is it relevant and accurate Disseminate knowledge - Must be made available in a useful format to anyone in the org who needs it
Electronic Malls
Cybermall or e-mall ; A collection of individual shops grouped under a single internet address. Two types of cybermalls - referral and purchase mall
Clickstream data
Data collected from website visitors when they click hyperlinks and provides user behavior and browsing patterns.
Data Base systems minimize following problems
Data redundancy - same data; multiple locations Data isolation - Applications cannot access data associated with other apps Data inconsistency - Various copies of the data do not agree
Explicit Knowledge
Deals with more objective, rational and technical knowledge. (Policies, procedural guides, reports, strategies, etc.)
Propagation Delay
Delay in transmission, 0.25 second to send and return, makes two way telephone conversations difficult,
Connectivity
Describes the relationship classification
Relational database model
Designed with a number of related tables that contain records (listed in rows) and attributes (columns)
Electronic Retailing (E-tailing)
Direct sales of products and services through electronic storefronts or electronic malls, usually designed around an electronic catalog format and/or auctions
Digital Signals
Discrete pulses that are either on or off - representing a series of bits (1s and 0s)
Internet Protocol - IP Address
Each computer on the internet has an assigned address called IP address - 4 series of numbers separated by dots
Privacy in e-business
Electronic payments identify whos purchasing the product and causes a threat to privacy As well tracking by cookies
Job loss
Eliminate the need for some company employees, such as brokers/agents
Electronic payment mechanisms
Enable buyers to pay for goods and services electronically, rather than writing a check or using cash
Mobile Wallets
Enable cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices
Wi-Fi direct
Enables peer-to-peer communications so devices can connect directly. Allows users to transfer content among devices without having to rely on a wireless antenna. Speeds up to 250 Mbps
NAPs - Network access points
Exchange points for internet traffic, they determine how traffic is routed.
ARPA - of the US DoD
Experimental project that grew the internet beginning in 1969 as part of a research sharing plan
Degree of digitization
Extent to which the commerce has been transformed from physical to digital
DSL & Cable
Fall within the range of transmission capacity of broadband connection
GEO - Geostationary-earth-orbit
Furthest type of satellite, uses for TV signal, 8 of them, most expensive to build and launch, transmission delay of 0.25 seconds
Transaction Data
Generated through operational systems that describe the businesses activities or transactions i.e. Product (Master Data) : Samsung TV 42' (Transaction)
Purchasing software
Gives the right to use the software, not distribute it
Internet ("the Net")
Global WAN
Form
Grid or template used in QBE (Query by example)
Virtual group -
Group members working in different locations
Database
Grouping of related files
NFC - Near-field Communications
Has the smallest range of any short range wireless networks. Allow you to place or wave your device or card at a POS
Backbone networks
High-speed central networks to which multiple smaller networks connect - embedded LANs connect to the backbone WAN
Buy-side marketplace
IN which organizations attempt to procure needed products or services from other organizations electronically. - Reverse auction
Electronic marketplaces, Public exchanges
Independently owned by a third-party and they connect many sellers with many buyers
Multichanneling
Integrating their online and offline channels, also known as omnichanneling. Allows users to showroom products and purchase online
Cyberbanking - Electronic banking
Involves conducting various banking activities from home, at a place of business, or on the road rather than at a physical bank location
WWW, W3, The Web - World Wide Web
Is a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting and displaying information via a client/server architecture
Internet Protocol (IP)
Is responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling the data during transmission
War Driving
Is the act of locating WLANs while driving around a city or elsewhere. - Simply need a wifi detector and a wirelessly enabled computer.
Tacit Knowledge
Is the cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning (experiences, insights, expertise, know-how, trade secrets, skill sets, etc. - organizational culture incld. - difficult to codify)
Spamming
Is the indiscriminate distribution of electronic ads without the permission of the receiver
Hypertext
Is the underlying concept defining the structure of the WWW - references to hyperlinks to access another location or file
Big Data Volume
Large quantities of data and created and collected , a lot from machine generated data
Telepresence
Latest version of videoconferencing, enables participants to seamlessly share data, voice, pictures, and animations by electronic means
Domain tasting
Lets registars profit from the complex money trail of pay-per-click advertising
Client-Server Computing
Links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines, called servers, provide computing services for user PC's called clients
Table or Data file
Logical grouping of related records
Data Mart
Low cost, scaled down version of a data warehouse that is designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit (SBU) or an individual dept. Less than 90 days to implement
UPC - Universal Product Code
Made up of 12 digits that are batched in various groups
Order fulfillment
Major issue with e-commerce; process of filling an order's activities in a timely manner
Satellite transmission systems
Make use of communication satellites. GEO, MEO and LEO = types of satellites ranked furthest to closest
Dematerialization
Many physical devices are included in one physical device
Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi)
Medium-ranged WLAN, wired lan but without the cables. Transmitter with an antenna connects to a wired LAN or to satellite dishes that provide internet connection. Benefits include low cost and ability to provide simple Internet Access.
Business model
Method by which a company generates revenue to sustain itself
Normalization
Method of analyzing and reducing a relationship database to its most streamlined form to ensure minimum redundancy, maximum data integrity and optimal processing performance. Properly structured relational databases created as a result (Ex. Pizza shop ordering) From 1 table with many attributes to 4 Tables that relate
Two major characteristics of Mobile computing
Mobility- Users carry a device with them and can initiate a real-time contact with out systems wherever they happen to be Broad reach - Refers to the fact that when users carry an open mobile device, they can be reached instantly, even across great distances.
Structured Query Language
Most popular query language used for interacting with a database. Allows users to perform complicated searches by using relatively simple statements
Commercial Portal
Most popular type of portal - intended for broad and diverse audiences, routine content and some of it in real time - a stock ticker
Twisted-pair wire
Most prevalent form of communications wiring and is used for almost all business telephone wiring. Copper wiring in pairs, slow for transmitting data, subject to interference from other electrical sources, low security
Workflow
Movement of information as it progresses through the sequence of steps that make p an organization's work procedures.
Group purchasing
Multiple buyers combine their orders so that they constitute a large volume and therefore attract more seller attention
WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Name for IEEE standard 802.16. Up to 31 miles rather than 300 ft for Wi-Fi.
Functional exchanges
Needed services such as temporary help or extra office space are traded on an as-needed basis
WAN - Wide Area Network
Network that covers a large geographical area, typically connect multiple LANs
Intranet
Network that uses IP so that users can take advantage of familiar applications and work habits
NoSQL
Not Only Structured Query Language
Corporate Portal
Offers a personalized, single point of access through a web browser to critical business information located inside and outside an organization. - Known as enterprise portals, information and enterprise information portals
Affinity Portal
Offers a single point of entry to an entire community of affiliated interests, such as a hobby group or political group
Satellite Radio
Offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality transmission that is beamed to your radio, either at home or in your car, from space.
Reverse auctions
One buyer - wants to purchase a product or a service - Posts a request for quotation (RFQ) - Typically used by government and large companies
Primary Key
One field that uniquely identifies that record so that it can be retrieved, updated and sorted. (i.e. Unique student ID #)
Disintermediation
One of the most pressing EC issues relating to online services; Process by which intermediaries are eliminated
Internet over Satellite (IoS)
Only option available for internet connections because installing cables is either too expensive or physically impossible. Users access internet via GEO satellites from a dish mounted on the side of their homes. Can be disrupted and have a delay
Sell-side marketplace
Organizations attempt to sell their products or services to other organizations electronically from their own private e-marketplace Web site and/or from a 3rd party web site - similar to B2C marketplaces but with other businesses being the buyer
Characteristics of data warehouses/marts
Organized by business dimension or subject Use online analytical processing Integrated Time Variant - maintain historical data Nonvolatile Multidimensional
Data Rot
Over time, humidity, temperature, and exposure to light can cause physical problems with storage media and difficulty to access data
PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN
PAN = Personal Area Networks LAN = Local Area Networks MAN = Metropolitan Area Networks WAN = Wide Area Networks
Web site
Pages of a particular company or individual are collectively known as this
Video conference
Participants in one location can view participants, documents and presentations at other locations
Online securities trading
Personal securities trading through websites
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
Points to the address of a specific resource on the web
Advertising
Practice of disseminating information in an attempt to influence a buyer-seller transaction
Business Rules
Precise descriptions of policies, procedures or principles in any organization that stores and uses data to generate information.
E-checks
Primarily used in B2B - similar to regular paper checks- encrypted electronic check emailed to seller from buyer's bank
Internet backbone
Primary network connections and telecommunication lines that link the nodes. Fiber-optic network that is operated primarily by large telecommunication companies
Two basic ethical issues related to e-business
Privacy and job loss
Knowledge Management
Process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that comprises part of the organization's memory, usually in an unstructured format.
Master Data Management
Process that spans all organizational business processes and applications
E-procurement
Procurement by using electronic support, uses reverse auctions
Data Dictionary
Provide information on each attribute - why it is needed in the database
Cellular telephones (cell phones)
Provide two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs.
Location-based services - L-commerce
Provides information that is specific to a given location
Brick and mortar organization
Purely physical organization
QBE
Query By Example
Electronic chat
Refers to an arrangement whereby participants exchange conversational messages in real time in a chat room
Distance Learning
Refers to any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face-to-face
Mobile commerce (M-Commerce)
Refers to e-commerce that is conducted entirely in a wireless environment
Mobile commerce
Refers to e-commerce transactions conducted with a mobile device
Collaboration
Refers to efforts by two or more entities who work together to accomplish certain tasks
Eavesdropping
Refers to efforts by unauthorized users to access data that are traveling over wireless networks.
E-learning
Refers to learning supported by the web
Viral Marketing
Refers to online word-of-mouth marketing. Forwarding messages along, build brand awareness at a minimal cost without having to spam millions of uninterested users
Workgroup
Refers to specifically two or more individuals who act together to perform some task
Cardinality
Refers to the maximum number of times an instance of one entity can be associated with an instance in the related entity (Mandatory single, optional single, mandatory many, optional many)
Bandwidth
Refers to the transmission capacity of a network; it is stated in bits per second. (Narrowband - low transmission - to broadband - relatively high network capacity)
Virtual collaboration
Refers to the use of digital technologies that enable organizations or individuals who are geographically dispersed to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage and research products, services, and innovative applications
Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
Refers to the use of modern information technologies - internet, intranets, databases - to systematize, enhance, and expedite intrafirm and interfirm knowledge management.
Problems with Wifi
Roaming: Users cannot roam from hotspot to hotspot if the hotspots use different Wi-Fi network services. Security: Uses radio waves so it is difficult to shield from intruders Wi-Fi expansion is costly
Four major threats to wireless networks
Rogue Access Points War Driving Eavesdropping Radio-Frequency jamming
Metasearch engines
Search several engines at once and then integrate the findings to answer users' queries
Data Base maximize the following problems
Security - All data in one place increases the risk of losing a lot of data at once Integrity - Data meet certain constraints Data Independence - Applications and data are independent of one another; data and application are not linked
B2C - Business to consumer electronic commerce
Sellers are organizations and buyers are individuals
Forward auctions
Sellers solicit bids from many potential buyers - usually seller places items at sites for auction and buyers bid continuously for them. (eBay)
Industrywide
Serves entire industries (I.e. TruckNet)
Master data
Set of core data such as customer, product, employee, vendor, etc. span through entire Enterprise Systems
(DBMS) Database management system
Set of programs that provide users with tools to create and manage a database (process of adding, deleting, accessing, modifying, analyzing data stored in the database)
Banner advertising
Similar to billboard advertising on the highway, most commonly used form of advertising on the internet Pro - Can be customized to target audiences Con - Convey limited information and easily ignored
Unified Communications
Simplifies and integrates all forms of communications - voice, voice mail, fax, chat, email , etc.- on a common hardware and software platform
Packets
Small, fixed bundles of data
Mobile
Something that changes its location over time
Asynchronously
Team members don't/can't meet at same time
Wireless
Telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves, rather than some form of wires, carry the signal between communicating devices such as computers, smartphones and tablets Without wires
Ultimate WAN
The Internet
Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
The most common type of medium-range wireless network is Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi.
Best practices
The most effective and efficient ways of doing things
Procurement & Purchasing
The overarching function that describes the activities and processes to acquire goods and services Refers to the process of ordering and receiving goods and services
Cybersquatting
The practice of registering or using domain names for the purpose of profiting from the goodwill or the trademark that belongs to someone else
Big Data Velocity
The rate at which data flows into an organization is rapidly increasing.
Telemetry
The wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors. Ex./ doctors can monitor patients from a distance.
Big Data Variety
Traditional data formats tend to be structured and relatively well described and they change slowly.
Packet switching
Transmission technology that breaks up blocks of text into packets
Microwave transmission systems
Transmit data via electromagnetic waves. High-volume, long-distance, line-of-sight communication. Microwave towers are about 30 miles apart. Susceptible to weather and interference
Teleconferencing
Use of electronic communication technology that enables two or more people at different locations to hold a conference
E-government
Use of internet technology in general and e-commerce to deliver information and public services to citizens- Social security/Pension payments
Wireline media or cable media
Use physical wires or cables to transmit data and information
MEO - Medium-earth orbit
Used for GPS - 2nd furthest, 10-12 of them, Less expensive to build and launch
TCP/IP
Uses a suite of protocols, Main being Transmission Control Protocol, 1) Manages the movement of data packets between computers by establishing a connection between computers 2) It sequences the transfer of packets 3) It acknowledges the packets that have been transmitted
Radio Transmission
Uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers. Advantages: Travel easily through normal office walls, fairly inexpensive and easy to install, can transmit data at high speeds. Disadvantages: Can create electrical interference problems, are susceptible to snooping by anyone who has similar equipment
Three basic types of public exchanges
Vertical, Horizontal, Functional
Voice portal
Voice equivalent of a web portal, providing access to information through spoken commands and voice responses.
Big Data three distinct characteristics
Volume, Velocity and Variety
Electronic storefront
Website that represents a single store, an electronic mall, cybermall or e-mall
A unary relationship
When an association is maintained within a single entity
Ternary relationship
When three entities are associated
A binary relationship
When two entities are associated
Internet Telephony or VoIP (Voice-over-Internet Protocol)
Your analog voice signals are digitized, sectioned into packets and then sent over internet
SDN Software defined networks
are an emerging technology that is becoming increasingly important to help organizations manage their data flows across their enterprise networks
Clicks and mortar organizations
conduct some e-commerce activities, yet their primary business is carried out in the physical world - aka Clicks-and-bricks
Broadcast media or wireless media
data sent over electromagnetic media
Electronic Commerce
describes the process of buying, selling, transferring or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks inc. internet
Presence services
enable users to know where their intended recipients are and if they are available
Bluetooth
is an industry specification used to create small personal area networks. Named after the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatan - who unified previously separate islands into the nation of Denmark