IS Test 2

____determine(s) if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected

Acceptance decisions

____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions

Reliability

intangible costs or benefits

are costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary terms

Indirect costs

are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project

tangible costs or benefits

are those costs or benefits that an organization can easily measure in dollars

Your project team has decided not to use an upcoming release of software because it might cause your schedule to slip. Which negative risk response strategy are you using?

avoidance

Your project involves using a new release of a common software application, but if that release is not available, your team has ______ plans to use the current release

contingency

direct costs

costs that can be directly related to producing the products and services of the project

The ____ ultimately decides if quality is acceptable

customer

project quality management

ensuring that a project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken

bottom-up estimates

involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total

The critical path is the ____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the ____ time it takes to complete a project

longest, earliest(or shortest)

PMI's OPM3 is an example of a model or framework for helping organizations improve their processes and systems

maturity

sunk cost

money that has been spent in the past; when deciding what projects to invest in or continue, you should not include sunk costs

The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row on a control chart are all below the mean, above the means, or all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for _____ problems

non-random

You are preparing a cost estimate for a building based on its location, purpose, number of square feet, and other characteristics. What cost estimating technique are you using?

parametric

Which risk management process involves prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact or occurence

performing qualitative risk analysis

A risk _____ is a document that contains results of various risk management processes, often displayed in a table or spreadsheet format

register

A person who is risk-_______ receives greater satisfaction when more payoff is at stake and is willing to pay a penalty to take risks

seeking

If the actual cost for a WBS item is $1500 and its earned value was $2000, what is the cost variance, and is it under or over budget

the cost variance is $500, which is under budget

If a company loses $5 for every $100 in revenue for a certain product, what is the profit margin for that product?

-5%

Six sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than ____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities

3.4

A certainty factor of 1.960 is used for ____ percent desired certainty

95

What symbol on a Gantt chart represents a slipped milestone?

A white diamond

____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range

Apraisal cost

____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization

Benchmarking

_____ is known for his work on quality control in Japan and developed the 14 Points for Management in his text Out of the Crisis

Deming

__________ is a resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective or something given up in exchange

Cost

____ is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.

Crashing

______ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date

Critical chain scheduling

What is the first process in planning a project schedule?

Defining activities

Which risk identification tool involves deriving a consensus among a panel of experts by using anonymous input requarding future events

Delphi technique

As the project manager for a software development project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for a system should not start until users sign off on the analysis work. What kind of dependency is this?

Discretionary

Which of the following statements is false? A resource breakdown structure is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type Duration and effort are synonymous terms A three-point estimate is an estimate that includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimate A Gantt chart is a common tool for displaying project schedule information

Duration and effort are synonymous terms

If a project is halfway completed and its schedule performance index is 110 percent and its cost performance is 95 percent, how is it progressing?

It is ahead of schedule and over budget

_______ reserves allow for future situations that are unpredictable

Management

____ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration

PERT

_______ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration

PERT

______ is a quantitative risk analysis tool that uses a model of a system to analyze the expected behavior or performance of the system

Simulation

What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information?.

Tracking Gantt Chart

(T/F) Different cultures may have different perceptions of work ethic

True

What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information

a Tracking Gantt chart

A(n) ____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements

defect

What is the main goal of project cost management

to complete a project within an approved budget

What is the purpose of project quality management

to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken

A(n) ____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible

unit test

What is the preferred order for performing testing on information technology projects?

unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing

analogous estimates

use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project

_____ is a project performance measure technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data

Earned value analysis

(T/F) By using the PERT weighted average for each activity duration estimate, the total project duration estimate does not take into account the risk or uncertainty in the individual activity estimates

False

(T/F) Design of experiments cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs

False

(T/F) The critical path always includes the most critical activities.

False

(T/F) To obtain valid statistics, it is important to study every member of a population

False

(T/F) In statistics the term sigma means median

False (Standard Deviation)

(T/F) It only takes one activity to complete a milestone

False (it often takes several)

. ____ involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence

Fast tracking

The goal of ____ is to know the status of the schedule, influence the factors that cause schedule changes, determine that the schedule has changed, and manage changes when they occur

schedule control

dependency

the sequencing of project activities or tasks; also called a relationship

Critical Path

the series of activities in a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of the project; it is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float

(T/F) Many quality experts believe the main cause of quality problems is the lack of leadership.

True

(T/F) Planning quality management implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that bring about the desired outcome

True

(T/F) Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.

True

(T/F) Start-to-finish relationships are the most common type of relationships

True

(T/F) Testing needs to be done during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle

True

(T/F) The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks.

True

(T/F) Understanding which variables affect outcome is a very important part of quality planning

True

(T/F) Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment.

True

finish-to-finish dependency

a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished

finish-to-start dependency

a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be started

Network Diagram

a schematic display of the logical relationships or sequencing of project activites

Cost baseline

a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance

Predecessors, successors, logical relationships, lead and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions are all examples of__________

Activity Attributes

____ dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities

External

(T/F) Activity information is not a required input to the other time management processes

False

Which of the following statements is false? "Growing grass" was on the critical path for a large theme park project The critical path is the series of activites that determine the earliest time by which a project can be completed A forward pass through a project network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity Fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

Fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function

Functionality

_______ involves allocation the project cost estimate to individual work items over time

Project cost budgeting

____ is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements

Quality

. ____ is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations

Rework

____ is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success.

Six Sigma

You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent

finish-to-start

You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent?

finish-to-start

_____ is an uncertainty that cna have a negative or positive effect on meeting project objectives

Risk

______ are indicators or symptoms of actual risk events, such as a cost overrun on early activities being a symptom of poor cost estimates

Triggers

(T/F) A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates

True

(T/F) A fast and easy way to determine early and late start and finish dates and free and total slack amounts for activities is by using project management software

True

(T/F) Individual work styles and cultural differences may cause schedule conflicts

True

(T/F) Managers often cite the need to deliver projects in time as one of their biggest challenges and the main cause of conflict

True

(T/F) Many projects, especially in information technology, have very unrealistic schedule expectations

True

Six Sigma

a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. Six Sigma is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes

What tool can you use to determine whether a process is in control or out of control

a control chart

rough order of magnitude (ROM) estimate

a cost estimate prepared very early in the life of a project to provide a rough idea of what a project will cost

definitive estimate

a cost estimate that provides and accurate estimate of project costs

budgetary estimate

a cost estimate used to allocate money into an organization's budget

Which of the following is not a key output of project cost management

a cost management plan

Earned value management (EVM)

a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data

start-to-finish dependency

a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity cannot start before the "to" activity is finished

start-to-start dependency

a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity cannot start before the "to" activity starts

Gantt Chart

a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format; sometimes referred as bar charts

parametric modeling

uses project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs