IS Test 2
____determine(s) if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted or rejected
Acceptance decisions
____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions
Reliability
intangible costs or benefits
are costs or benefits that are difficult to measure in monetary terms
Indirect costs
are costs that are not directly related to the products or services of the project, but are indirectly related to performing the project
tangible costs or benefits
are those costs or benefits that an organization can easily measure in dollars
Your project team has decided not to use an upcoming release of software because it might cause your schedule to slip. Which negative risk response strategy are you using?
avoidance
Your project involves using a new release of a common software application, but if that release is not available, your team has ______ plans to use the current release
contingency
direct costs
costs that can be directly related to producing the products and services of the project
The ____ ultimately decides if quality is acceptable
customer
project quality management
ensuring that a project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
bottom-up estimates
involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total
The critical path is the ____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the ____ time it takes to complete a project
longest, earliest(or shortest)
PMI's OPM3 is an example of a model or framework for helping organizations improve their processes and systems
maturity
sunk cost
money that has been spent in the past; when deciding what projects to invest in or continue, you should not include sunk costs
The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row on a control chart are all below the mean, above the means, or all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for _____ problems
non-random
You are preparing a cost estimate for a building based on its location, purpose, number of square feet, and other characteristics. What cost estimating technique are you using?
parametric
Which risk management process involves prioritizing risks based on their probability and impact or occurence
performing qualitative risk analysis
A risk _____ is a document that contains results of various risk management processes, often displayed in a table or spreadsheet format
register
A person who is risk-_______ receives greater satisfaction when more payoff is at stake and is willing to pay a penalty to take risks
seeking
If the actual cost for a WBS item is $1500 and its earned value was $2000, what is the cost variance, and is it under or over budget
the cost variance is $500, which is under budget
If a company loses $5 for every $100 in revenue for a certain product, what is the profit margin for that product?
-5%
Six sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than ____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities
3.4
A certainty factor of 1.960 is used for ____ percent desired certainty
95
What symbol on a Gantt chart represents a slipped milestone?
A white diamond
____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range
Apraisal cost
____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization
Benchmarking
_____ is known for his work on quality control in Japan and developed the 14 Points for Management in his text Out of the Crisis
Deming
__________ is a resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective or something given up in exchange
Cost
____ is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost.
Crashing
______ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date
Critical chain scheduling
What is the first process in planning a project schedule?
Defining activities
Which risk identification tool involves deriving a consensus among a panel of experts by using anonymous input requarding future events
Delphi technique
As the project manager for a software development project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for a system should not start until users sign off on the analysis work. What kind of dependency is this?
Discretionary
Which of the following statements is false? A resource breakdown structure is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type Duration and effort are synonymous terms A three-point estimate is an estimate that includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimate A Gantt chart is a common tool for displaying project schedule information
Duration and effort are synonymous terms
If a project is halfway completed and its schedule performance index is 110 percent and its cost performance is 95 percent, how is it progressing?
It is ahead of schedule and over budget
_______ reserves allow for future situations that are unpredictable
Management
____ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration
PERT
_______ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration
PERT
______ is a quantitative risk analysis tool that uses a model of a system to analyze the expected behavior or performance of the system
Simulation
What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information?.
Tracking Gantt Chart
(T/F) Different cultures may have different perceptions of work ethic
True
What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information
a Tracking Gantt chart
A(n) ____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements
defect
What is the main goal of project cost management
to complete a project within an approved budget
What is the purpose of project quality management
to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
A(n) ____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible
unit test
What is the preferred order for performing testing on information technology projects?
unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance testing
analogous estimates
use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project
_____ is a project performance measure technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data
Earned value analysis
(T/F) By using the PERT weighted average for each activity duration estimate, the total project duration estimate does not take into account the risk or uncertainty in the individual activity estimates
False
(T/F) Design of experiments cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs
False
(T/F) The critical path always includes the most critical activities.
False
(T/F) To obtain valid statistics, it is important to study every member of a population
False
(T/F) In statistics the term sigma means median
False (Standard Deviation)
(T/F) It only takes one activity to complete a milestone
False (it often takes several)
. ____ involves doing activities in parallel that you would normally do in sequence
Fast tracking
The goal of ____ is to know the status of the schedule, influence the factors that cause schedule changes, determine that the schedule has changed, and manage changes when they occur
schedule control
dependency
the sequencing of project activities or tasks; also called a relationship
Critical Path
the series of activities in a network diagram that determines the earliest completion of the project; it is the longest path through the network diagram and has the least amount of slack or float
(T/F) Many quality experts believe the main cause of quality problems is the lack of leadership.
True
(T/F) Planning quality management implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions that bring about the desired outcome
True
(T/F) Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True
(T/F) Start-to-finish relationships are the most common type of relationships
True
(T/F) Testing needs to be done during almost every phase of the systems development life cycle
True
(T/F) The arrows in a network diagram represent the activity sequencing or relationships between tasks.
True
(T/F) Understanding which variables affect outcome is a very important part of quality planning
True
(T/F) Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment.
True
finish-to-finish dependency
a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be finished
finish-to-start dependency
a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity must be finished before the "to" activity can be started
Network Diagram
a schematic display of the logical relationships or sequencing of project activites
Cost baseline
a time-phased budget that project managers use to measure and monitor cost performance
Predecessors, successors, logical relationships, lead and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions are all examples of__________
Activity Attributes
____ dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities
External
(T/F) Activity information is not a required input to the other time management processes
False
Which of the following statements is false? "Growing grass" was on the critical path for a large theme park project The critical path is the series of activites that determine the earliest time by which a project can be completed A forward pass through a project network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity Fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost
Fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost
____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function
Functionality
_______ involves allocation the project cost estimate to individual work items over time
Project cost budgeting
____ is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements
Quality
. ____ is action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations
Rework
____ is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximizing business success.
Six Sigma
You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent
finish-to-start
You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent?
finish-to-start
_____ is an uncertainty that cna have a negative or positive effect on meeting project objectives
Risk
______ are indicators or symptoms of actual risk events, such as a cost overrun on early activities being a symptom of poor cost estimates
Triggers
(T/F) A Tracking Gantt chart is based on the percentage of work completed for project tasks or the actual start and finish dates
True
(T/F) A fast and easy way to determine early and late start and finish dates and free and total slack amounts for activities is by using project management software
True
(T/F) Individual work styles and cultural differences may cause schedule conflicts
True
(T/F) Managers often cite the need to deliver projects in time as one of their biggest challenges and the main cause of conflict
True
(T/F) Many projects, especially in information technology, have very unrealistic schedule expectations
True
Six Sigma
a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success. Six Sigma is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data, and statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving, and reinventing business processes
What tool can you use to determine whether a process is in control or out of control
a control chart
rough order of magnitude (ROM) estimate
a cost estimate prepared very early in the life of a project to provide a rough idea of what a project will cost
definitive estimate
a cost estimate that provides and accurate estimate of project costs
budgetary estimate
a cost estimate used to allocate money into an organization's budget
Which of the following is not a key output of project cost management
a cost management plan
Earned value management (EVM)
a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data
start-to-finish dependency
a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity cannot start before the "to" activity is finished
start-to-start dependency
a relationship on a project network diagram where the "from" activity cannot start before the "to" activity starts
Gantt Chart
a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format; sometimes referred as bar charts
parametric modeling
uses project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs
