ISA 235 concepts
Sustainable Infrastructure how can orgs become less dependent on hardware
Describes the production, mgt, use and disposal of technology in a way that minimizes damages to the environment --> this is the CSF and core iniatitive for socially responsible orgs -an org can become less dependent on hardware through the use of grid computing, cloud computing, and virtualization
The primary purpose of an ERP system
INTEGRATION enterprise resource planning EAI meaning enterprise application integration integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single system so that employees can make decisions by viewing enterprise wide information on all business operations - IE Integrates various business functions into one complete system and breaks down bus units to streamline business processes and information across the entire organization
how computer network relate to the internet
The internet is a hierarchical structure linking dif levels of service providers, whose millions of devices, LANS WANS AND MANS, supply all the internet connections
as-is vs to-be models and their relationship to systems thinking
as-is: represents the current state of the operation that has been mapped, w/o any specific improvements or changes to existing processes to-be: the next step after ^ shows the results of applying change improvement opportunities to the current As-Is process model - ensures process is fully understood before details of process solution are decided on GOAL: SIMPLIFY, ELIMINATE, AND IMPROVE TO-BE PROCESSES
compare cloud to outsourcing
both providing
value of bus process modeling
bus process model: a graphic desc of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks. purpose: help an org find bottlenecks, remove redundant tasks, and recognize smooth running processes to determine most efficient and effective business process and then choose the MIS that supports that business process value added from: automation, finding bottlenecks, remove redundant tasks, and recognize smooth running processes
Good proj manager ? - ____ type skill position
keeps you on track people person
Why project management, the SDLC and other development methodologies are needed
********this is converging legacy systems to a new system to customize to meet bus requirements!!!!!!! why do we need SDLC? because MIS projects frequently fail life cycle to make sure system development ends when the benefits of system no longer outweigh maintence costs. - these are all imp bc this development requires tight planning for creating a new product/service. - proj mang is applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to proj activites to meet requirements and then tracking the plan to ensure proj is completed on time and on budget - systems r so large/complex that teams of analysts/developers/testers and users work together to create millions of lines of custom code to drive enterprises --> therefore, created dif systems development life cycle methodolgies to manage deployment of technology w work plans
Acting Ethically vs Legally (blurred lines)
*legal and ethical lines are blurry and everyone's ethical lines are different acting ethically and legally are not always the same thing (4 quadrant chart)
describe how requirements are handled in the SDLC and in agile methods
- requirements mang manages changes to the bus requirments throughout the projet. - projs are dynamic and change should be expected - requirments efintion document prioritizes all requirements in order of importance --> use a sign-off= user"s signature that they approve of all bus requirments
Benefits / usefulness of... - workflow control systems - BPMN -analytics ...to business process improvement
-workflow control systems= monitor processes to ensure tasks, activites, and responsibilities are executed as specified. if not, then you can choose one of the 3 alternative bus processes (automation, streamlining, reeingering) -BPMN= a graphical notion (palmisano's pizza activity) that depicts steps in a business process allows for easy communication and understanding -analytics= help predict trends is the science of fact based decision making
explain the value of business processes for a company
A business process is a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task & transform a set of inputs into a set of outputs improving BP will improve the value chain. have to constantly evaluate BP in the value chains to protect compet adv Understanding business processes helps a manager envision how the entire company operates
protocols -what is their usefulness if accepted/established
A standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission *protocols have contributed to the success of the internet in creating a connected world - computers using the same protocol can communicate easily, providing accessibility, scalability, and connectability between networks
How do businesses generate revenue from ebusiness? (ebusiness revenue models)
Advertising Fees License Fees Subscription Fees - Possibility to build additional revenue from new user groups Transaction Fees Value-added Services Fees
what is a supply chain?
All parties directly or indirectly involved in obtaining raw materials or a product
Why must a company's infrastructure be able to grow and change as the company grows? Aka Agile MIS illities
Must be able to grow and change because otherwise it will eventually not be able to function --> the future of a company depends on its ability to meet its partners/suppliers/customers any time of the day anywhere Must be able to meet and perform under any expected conditions or consumers will leave and your business will fail MAAPRUS: Access, Available, Maintain, Portable, Reliable, Scalable, Usable
systems thinking
a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed/transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on the process (provides an overview of how operations work together to create a prod/serv) - to be successful, orgs must operate cross functionally, integrating the operations of all depts
porters 5 forces
analyzes the competitive forces w/i the enviro the company operates to assess the potential for profitability in an industry 5 forces: buyer power (power of customers to drive down prices), supplier power (power of suppliers to drive up prices), threat of new entrants, rivalry among existing competitors, threat of sub products/services
how do orgs obtain a competitive adv?
compet adv: a feature of a prod/service that customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from competitors (same prod at lower price, or w additional features) often temporary others catch up or copy - get first mover avd - first to market - porters 5 forces help find competitive adv, so does SWOT
ERP can be ______, especially when the ERP is customized.
costly and risky (remember reeingering of business processes, that is basically what you are doing here with systems.)
info doesnt have ethics, ____ do biggest issue surrounding information security is not a technical issue, but a ____ issue
people information ethics govern the ethical and moral issues arising from the development and use of information technologies, as well as the creation, collection, duplication, distribution, and processing of information itself - - it does all of this with or without the aid of computer technologies - Dilemmas in this area usually arise not as simple, clear-cut situations but as clashes among competing goals, responsibilities, and loyalties- more than one socially acceptable or correct decisions
what is the information age
present time where infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer - drivers (data, knowledge, information, bus intel)
network providers
top of hierarchy: national service providers (NSPs): sprint, verizon, ATT, etc. Next step down: regional service providers (RSPs): offer internet service by connecting to NSPs, but they also can connect directly to each other Next down: ISP internet service provider: individuals and companies use local ISPs to connect to the internet
Network access technologies
use a standard internet protocol called transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) which provides the technical foundation for the public internet as well as for large #'s of private networks This allows diverse / differing networks to connect / communicate w/ each other, allowing LANs WANs and MANs to grow w each new connection
how to implement a strategy using porters value chain analysis - IT's role in this strategy
value chain analysis: views a firm as a SEROES OF bus processes (set of activities that accomplish a task) that EACH ADD VALUE to a product or service. the firm can add value with a cost advantage or product differentiation - ITS role: takes raw inputs such as time, knowledge and MIS and transforms them into valuable customer service knowledge --> examing the firm as a value chain allows managers to identify the imp bus processes that add value for customers and then find MIS solutions that support them (knowing guests names before they arrive?) IT's role in strategy is in the support value activities during technology development applies MIS to processes to add value
why the SDLC was originally implemented as a waterfall method
waterfall= sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next - In SDLC- this means steps are performed one at a time, in order, from planning through to implementation - Inflexible and expensive; requires rigid adherence to the sequence of steps why originally and why not now? - it follows precise step by step implemntation requirments, cant skip around steps - today bus enviro is fierce. systems need to now be done faster and smarter and cheaper to beat compeititors.
types of change an org can achieve from: - automation - streamling - reengineering what are the magnitudes of change and potential bus benefit from these?
when you understand HOW work flows through an org, you can identify bottlenecks, redundancies, and process issues that then lead you to choosing one of the 3 alternative bus processes to fix these at each dif level (below) automation: the process of computerizing manual tasks, making them more efficient and effective and DRAMATICALLY lowering operational costs and making it easier with less labor (small mag of change) streamlining: improves business processes by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps removes bottlenecks and stops redundancy (middle mag of change) reengineering: analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises --> believes the current process is broken and must be overhauled and start from scratch w a clean slate (biggest mag of change) - bigger the mag, bigger the potentional benefit
scope
• Project scope: collection of all the requirements you are supposed to do o Scope creep: when your scope gets a little bigger as the project is going on "you originally were supposed to do this, but now you also need to do this and this"
Benefits vs Challenges of a Connected World
*Pros: ability to innovate and compete enabled by inexpensive, reliable, and cheap connectivity. The playing field has also been leveled for small companies --> now they have access to resources not possible in the recent past which allows them to innovate and compete in different ways -Before networks transferring data b/w comps was time consuming / labor intensive. Ppl has to physically copy data from machine to machine using a disk Resource sharing has made all applications, equip and data available to anyone on the network without regard to location of the resource or the user --> Sharing resources supports a sustainable MIS infrat, allowing companies to be agile, efficient, and responsible *Challenges: added complexities such as continuous operations 24/7 --> any shutdowns or failures would cause huge havoc/stress + security vulnerabilities --> difficult to protect key digital assets - security, social, ethical, and political issues - Uneven playing field for people who don't have access (digital divide)
data driven websites the benefits of an interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database
*These websites are kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers using a database. Users = annoyed if buried under a lot of info they can't easily sort through to find what they want - Data driven websites limit amount info displayed to users based on unique search requirements Advantages: easy to manage content - website owners can make changes w/o relying on MIS professionals. Users can update a DDW w/ little or no training Easy to store large amounts of data. Improves websites reliability, scalability, performance Easy to eliminate human error.
Transactional vs. analytical data & info
*Transactional info encompasses all of the info contained within a SINGLE business process or unit of work - transactional's primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational (repetitive) tasks -Need to capture and store this info to perform operational tasks and repetitive decisions VS Analytical info encompasses all organizational info - Analytical's primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks --> used when making important decisions - Makes it possible to spot business trends, prevent diseases, fight crime
Developing Info Mgt Policies and Plans
*orgs develop a variety of policies to protect info assets policies set employee expectations about the org's practices and standards and protect the org from misuse of computer systems and IT resources 6 common types of policies: ethical computer use, info privacy, acceptable use, email privacy, social media, workplace monitoring Also implement information security policies and plans: - policies= What rules are required to maintain information security (requiring users to log off before leaving for meetings or lunch - plans= details how an organization will implement the information security policies
Business values of a wireless world
*untethered connectivity, anytime, anywhere, has fueled a major market and technology disruption --> this has permeated almost every consumer market worldwide *domino effect= success of wireless technology has resulted in a unique opportunity for innovation and creativity in technology, marketing, and business strategy -untethered connectivity, anytime, anywhere, has fueled a major market and technology disruption the "domino effect" of the success of wireless technology has resulted in a unique opportunity for innovation and creativity in technology, marketing, and business strategy.
advantages of the loose coupling of encapsulated services in a SOA.
- SOA is architecture that enables creation of applications that are built by combining loosely coupled and interoperable services loose coupling= ability of services to be joined to create composite services or disassembled just as easily into functional components Advantage for encapsulated services to have loose coupling in a service oriented architecture because it helps to ensure that the technical details (language, platform) are decoupled from the service - All banks have multiple currency converters- all with different rate refreshes at different times - By creating a common service, conversion of currency, that is loosely coupled to all banking functions that require conversion, the rates, times, and samplings can be averaged to ensure floating the treasury in the most effective manner possible
the need for project management ?
-Business leaders use project mgt as a tool to sustain competitiveness. -Effective project mgt provides a controlled way to respond to changing market conditions, foster global communications, and provide key metrics to aid decision making -Helps to avoid the main reasons projects fail= deliver successful projects Basically: it provides a controlled way to respond to changing market conditions, foster global communications, and provide key metrics to aid decision making • Proj mang is needed bc if things get out of control costs get crazy, better to plan ahead • Project scope: collection of all the requirements you are supposed to do
explain why ebus was so important and revolutionary
-opened up a new marketplace aka paradigm shift (when a new radical form of business enters the market that reshapes the way companies and organizations behave) Benefits: Expand global reach, opens new markets, reduces costs, improves operations, and improves effectiveness Challenges: identifying limited market segments, managing consumer trust, ensuring consumer protection, and adhering to taxation rules Tools revolutionized back office processes: Faster information and document sharing, exchange of real-time info through email or text videoconferencing= people could interact & share documents Web conferencing= blended together videoconferencing and web sharing CMS (content management systems)= helps orgs manage/store/edit their website content - can sell 9 ways for ex: B2B B2C Gov2B and vice versa everything
overview of the main types of typical computer networks
1. LANS- connects a group of computers in close proximity --> office/school connects to other LANS and WANS 2. WANS- spans large geographic area (staTe/country) = necessary for carrying out the day 2 day activities of many companies --> Internet is a WAN connects to other LANS or MANS 3. MANS- network that usually spans a city - compare/contract: they all provide users with an accessible and reliable network infrastructure, but differ in cost and performance
benefits / differences between Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0
1.0= extended the reach of many businesses to global markets - Static text-based information websites 2.0= collaboration, sharing, free eliminates business barriers to entry & encourages user generated content + content sharing inside and outside the org -Brings people together using information 3.0= is about the relationships between intelligent "things" - Brings machines closer together using information
describe the triple constraint and its implications.
3 components (variables) CONSTRAINTS in a project: time, scope(customer's requests), cost (resources) these are the 3 primary interdependent variables in a project --> these are constraints and if one changes the others are affected ex: moving up the project's finish date affects cost (will probably increase), increase scope= increase project's time to finish because now there are more requests to complete
How does the use of cloud services help establish a sustainable infrastructure?
All your software and documentation is stored "in the cloud" and all you need is your ONE device to access the cloud eliminates the need for hardrives, software, and processing power -machine crashes are no longer a worry - can access anytime anywhere
what is outsourcing & benefits / challenges
Arrangement by which one org provides a service or services for another org that chooses not to perform them in house benefits= increased quality and efficiency of business process, reduced operating expenses, outsourcing provider has expertise and knows best practices, increased flexibility to market changes challenges= length of contract (usually has to be several years) and contract is hard to break, transferring resources around the globe is expensive, contract might not meet future business needs-difficult to forecast so far into the future, recreating whatever was outsourced is difficult, trade secrets could be outsourced- loss of confidentiality (they could also sell these secrets and company can lose its competitive advantage)
challenges and risks inherent in system development projects causes of these failures ?
Challenge is that many projects come in over or under budget + have fewer features than originally specified Unclear or Missing Business requirements- most common reason Skipped Phases- 1st thing people do when project starts to fall behind schedule Technology Changes Cost of finding errors in the SDLC= error found during testing/implementation phase is way more expensive than an error initially found during analysis/design Balance of the Triple Constraint
what is the role DBMS plays in data-driven decision making?
Companies store their information in databases and managers access this information in the systems to answer operational questions Managers typically use QBE= a tool that graphically designs the answer to a question against a database or SQL= writes lines of code to answer ?s against a database
3 generic strategies
Cost Leadership (broad market, low cost) Differentiation (broad market, high cost) Focused strategy (narrow market)
efficiency vs effectivness
Efficiency =measures the performance of MIS itself = doing things right getting the most from each resource [how well were doing things] Effectiveness= impact MIS has= doing the RIGHT THINGS setting goals and objectives and doing the right steps to ensure they are accomplished [are we doing the right things]
how the evolution of the web progressively enhanced business collaboration tools (uses of tools and comparing them) [email and IM]
Email/texting: business no longer have to wait to receive mail of important docs GREATLY increases the speed of business main advantage: inform and communicate with many people instantaneously, immediately and with ease= REAL TIME COMMUNICATION -blogs= lets writers communicate and users respond for businesses it can act as a marketing channel -wikis= based on open collaboration with anyone can alter the content of any article (in a blog only the original writer can do this) for businesses wikis can help to collect and disseminate knowledge throughout an org, across far distances, and between dif business depts. -can also answer questions about a business process or definition -social media = allows individuals to network, allows businesses and people to expand on their connections
Companies becoming less dependent on hardware with the use of:
Grid computing= collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem Virtualization= creates multiple virtual machines on a single computing device Cloud computing= model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction - Offers new ways to store, access, process, and analyze information and connect people and resources from any location in the world where an internet connection is available
what is IT's role in an org
IT is an impotant enabler of business success and innovation moves info across the company to facilitate decision making and problem solving - most companies dont have specific IS/IT roles, or are called a dif name
goals of CRM, both strategic and operational
Identify sales opps, create promos to increase consumer spending for low value customer VS create campigns to increase loyalty for high spending consumers, analyze marketing promos by target, identify CR issues + quick solutions - MANAGING ALL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP TO INCREASE LOYALITY/RETENTION/PROFITABILITY orgs used to be sales focused -->> NOW CUSTOMER FOCUSED CRM IS CUSOTMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGMENT 3 phases of crm: reporting (help identitfy customers), analyzing (help segment customers into categories such as best and worst), preditcting (help orgs predict cust behavior)
internet vs the web
Internet includes the Web and also many other forms of communication the Internet is a "network of networks" and the web is just one applications that uses it. The worldwide web is a dominant application, and it underlies many modern technologies, but the term "web" has become much broader in common use and is casually used to describe many things that don't use web technology. For example, the IoT and Web 3.0 are not about web pages.
data visualization: importance and methods to represent data in a visual format.
Pie charts are boring → using information graphics to present the results of data analysis, displaying the patterns, relationships, and trends in a graphical format. Don't have to analyze boring numbers and it quickly conveys Data visualization: technologies that allow users to "see" or visualize data to transform info into a bus perspective. simplify complex data sets by placing data in a format that is easily grasped and understood far quicker than raw data alone Business intelligence dashboard: tracks corporate metrics such as CSF's and KPI's and include adv capabilities such as interactive controls, allowing user to manipulate data for analysis
Methods a firm can use to respond to an emergency in an effective, organized, and timely manner?
Preparedness Disaster recovery plan= process for recovering info or a system in event of a disaster Hot (best) warm (equipment needs installation) cold (no equipment just place to go) BCP (bus continuity plan) contains disaster recovery plans along with prioritization of business impact analyses, emergency notification systems, and tech recovery strategies
What is SOA and its goals? (Service- Oriented Architecture)
SOA is a new trend in systems development SOA: a business-driven enterprise architecture that supports integrating a bus as linked, repeatable activities, tasks, or services. (SOA WORKS W SERVICES THAT ARE BUSINESS TASKS) goal: ensures MIS can adapt quickly, easily, economically to support rapidly changing bus needs. - promotes a scalable/flexible enterprise architecture that can implement new or reuse existing MIS components, creating connected among dif applications and systems. - SOA is a way of thinking/value system that LEADS TO (it is not a concrete one arcitecture) decisions that design a concrete architecture allowing enterprises to plug in new services or upgrade existing services Goals: ensures MIS systems can easily adapt to business needs --> can plug in new services or update existing services Involves: service, loose coupling and interoperabilitytu
Wireless technology has provided so many opportunities for innovation/creativity such as:
Smartphones, voice over LTE, streaming, geocache game, location based services for navigation and mapping and weather tracking etc Positive business applications of Wireless: Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)- identifies objects wirelessly over short distances, GPS, GIS- creates multidimensional charts/maps
ex of disruptive technologies, and how new technologies are disruptive? Internet was a big disruption, and how it enabled changes to many longstanding business processes.
Sony's portable speakers, digital cameras, the internet faster car or larger hard drive - ex of sustaining tech how was internet disruptive: Dramatic impact on both business and personal communications business disruption by allowing people to communicate and collaborate in ways that were not possible before the information age. The Internet and WWW completely disrupted the way businesses operate, employees communicate, and products are developed and sold Created a global business platform
Three areas where technology can aid in the defense against attacks (3 info security things) (remember figure) part of what line of defense?
This is the second line defense Technology based lines of defense 1) People= Authentication and Authorization via... passwords, toekns, biometrics, smart cards - authentication is proving that you are who you say you are. 3 ways to verify self: know: password have: token / smartcard are: biometrics 2) Data: Prevention and resistance via... encryption, certificate authority, firewalls, antivirus software making sure the data is correct! Databases help make sure the data is safe and confidential 3) Attack: Detection and Response via... IDS (intrusion detection software) these are the hackers coming in via denial of service attacks or stealing data
How do DBMS (database mgt systems) allow users to create-read-update- and delete structured data in a relational database?
Through the use of entities, attributes, keys and relationships IN A RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL TO ORGANIZE INFO -entities: the table that stores the info -attributes = colums/fields -keys: primary key= field that uniquely identifies a given record in a table foreign key= primary key of 1 table that appears as an attribute/field/column in another --> table this provides a logical relationship between the 2 For flexibility in supporting bus operations, managers need to query/search for the answers to bus questions The relationships in the relational database model help managers extract this info to make the decisions Two tools for retrieving info from the DBSM: query-by-example tool (helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database) and a structured query language (SQL) [that asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against the database]
MIS is not a technology, its a ____
business function most orgs have a dept that is responsible for preforming the MIS function (IT or IS usually)
a service is simply a ____, it embodies a ___ and is part of a _____ concept of a service
business task, business process, business process service= tasks that customers will buy to satisy a want or need (checking a potential customer's credit ranking when opening a new account -break up business processes into repeatable business tasks/components
firms have traditionally relied on onsite hardware --> now incorporating _____ services. this increase use of these services can help ?
cloud establish a sustainable infrastructure now and in the future.
concept of iterative development,
consists of a series of tiny projects --> is the foundation for agile methods - fast,efficient, less features, less cost. RAPID FEEDBACK AND FUNCTIONALITY - new tech is always introduced and we have to be on top of our game in todays world so we do lots of tiny small projects with tiny small improvments to be low bdget and compepetive adv
ways to measure/ evaluate goals
critical success factors (CSF) and key preformance indicators (KPI) CSF: crucial STEPS companies perform to achieve their goals/objectives and implement their strategies KPI: quantifiable metrics company uses to evaluate a progress towards CSF
SCM and CRM are what kind of bus processes
cross functional - many dif functional bus areas bus processes - at the very basic of basics, ERP is integrating all of those bus functions into one complete system to streamline bus processes
customer facing process vs business facing process
customer: results in a product/service that is recieved by an orgs external customer (front office) [fulfilling orders, communicating with customers, sending out bills and marketing info] bus: (back office) invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective mgt of the business goal setting, day today planning, giving feedback/rewards, allocating resources
Data warehouse components:
data mart, information cleansing, business intelligence.
many people find themsleves being data ___ and info ___
data rick info poor
data warehousing
data warehouses extend the transformation of data into information while providing the ability to support decision making without disrupting the day-to-day operations. data warehouse compiles information from internal and external databases through ETL(process that extracts info from internal/external databases, transforms it using common set of enterprise definitions, and loads it into a data warehouse) → then sends subset of info to every data mart (subset of data warehouse info. Helps when there is just too much data, it has focused subset of info for a specific bus unit such as marketing) → able to make informed decisions
dif b/w data, info, bus intel and knowledge
data: the RAW FACTS that describe the characteristics of an event or object information: ^ DATA converted into meaningful and useful context (reports) business intel: ^ INFO that is collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, etc that analyzes patterns, trends, relationships for strategic DECISION making knowledge: skills, experience & expertise coupled w info and intelligence that crete a persons intellectual resources (use both bus intel and knowledge to make good decisions. ex: choosing the fire someone w low sales but understanding they have been out sick so you dont)
Core component of any system is a ___ and ___ what do these do?
database and a database management system Database management system (DBSM) creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security Managers send requests to the DBSM, and the DBSM performs the actual manipulation of the data in the database to answer operational questions (how many customers purchased X product in Y month)
how the cloud enables people/orgs to pay only for the services they need, when they need them and where
does this through the use of utility computing cloud infrastructures = offers a pay per use basis revenue model user simply accesses the cloud and requests a single license to whatever application pricing is utility-style= customers only pay for the resources they use people cannot with anyone or resource over the world as long as there is an internet connection
how Agile seeks to improve on waterfall
early and continuous delivery. it is iterative in nature. uses bare minimum. beneefits of iterative: can make many quick small changes for improvment. not so strict on one followed schd like waterfall - fast and efficient instead of slow and expensive and complex. (less features) -refine feasibility and supports the process for getting rapid feedback as functionality is introduced - always have something to show the end user bc its done fast and updated easily --> maintaining accountability and gaining satisfaction w the end users ***tech is changing so much we want to make small rapid changes****
integration tools what is EAI and its role?
enterprise systems replace multiple siloed systems with a single application, thus integrating the systems --> allows orgs to manage info across the enterprise and lets you view everything the customer has experienced - connects the plans, methods, and tools aimed at integrating seperate enterprise systems. (EAI is an alternative integration tool that uses middleware to connect legacy applications.) --> legacy system is the current/existing system that will become the base for upgrading / integrating w a new system. --> the integration of all the systems is done through middleware (several types of software that connect 2+ software applications and translates info b/w dif systems) this process packages commonly used applications together reducing the time needed to integrate applications from multiple vendors
business processes link to value chain and supply chain
in a value chain analysis activities are divided into support value (bus processes with depts w/i the company) and primary value (the bus processes involved in acquiring raw materials + transforming those into a product) (you are watching the business processes in both to find where value can be added to the processes)
Bus advantages of relational databases:
increased flexibility, increased info integrity, increased scalability / performance, increased info security, reduced info redundancy Flexible: each user has access to the info and can see it in whatever way suits them - can all query for dif things and it won't affect someone else's Scalability (ability to grow), preform quickly (no data latency) DBSM ensures users can never violate integrity constraints that ensure quality of the info
why integrations are important (the silo problem) how silos come about: why is data duplication undesirable?
integrations:allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other, eliminating the need for manual entry into multiple systems silos: A data silo is a repository of fixed data that remains under the control of one department and is isolated from the rest of the organization, much like grain in a farm silo is closed off from outside elements. (Formed when there are high barriers between management levels/departments and information is not communicated) Silo problem= information flows up and down the silo but cannot be shared- this restricts the exchange of info came about: when there are high barriers between mgt levels or departments and information is not communicated - makes the database unnecessarily larger= larger files = slower speeds and is REDUNDANT
interoperability
interoperability= 2 or more computer systems can share data and resources even if they are made by different manufacturers SOA is based on standards that enable interoperability, bus agility and innovation to generate more bus value for those who use these principles
First Line of Defense
it falls to the people who own the info to develop ethical guidelines on how to manage it *organizations must enable employees, customers, and partners to access info electronically therefore an org can use people to help combat insider issues by developing info security policies and an info security plan + inform employees of specifc precautions they should take with org's info assets (logging off before lunch, chaning password etc) first line of defense an organization should follow to help combat insider issues is to develop information security policies and an information security plan.
how do mang information systems enable bus communications
management info systems: a bus function (like accounting and HR) which moves info about ppl, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision making and prob solving - incorporates systems thinking to operate cross functionally (enabling bus communications by providing feedback about the whole bus to make good decisions)
supply chain mang
management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and corporate profitability Supply chain management systems manage and enhance relationships WITH business partners with the primary goal of creating a fast, efficient, and low cost network of business relationships that take products from concept to market efficient and effective supply chain management can reduce the power of market forces and affect strategy (effecting porters 5 forces) (decrease buyer power while increase supplier power, Increase switching costs to reduce threat of substitute products, Create barriers to entry to reduce threat of new entrants, Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive adv through cost leadership) - deals with relationships with customers (downstream is moving to customer, upstream is moving to suppliers)
how are dif depts in a company challenged in working together to achieve success
many dif depts and each dept preforms its own activities BUT for the firm to be successful all depts must work together in a single unit sharing common info and not operate in a silo (indepen)
utility computing
offers a pay-per-use revenue model Software as a Service (SaaS)= delivers applications over the cloud Companies used to spend huge amounts of money implementing and customizing specialized applications to satisfy their business requirements (difficult to implement, maintain, and use) Huge cost savings, and benefits of scalability and flexibility Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)= delivers hardware networking capabilities, including the use of servers, networking, and storage over the cloud Customer rents the hardware and provides its own custom applications or programs Saves customers money by not having to spend a large amount of capital purchasing expensive servers Best for: companies that need a cost-effective solution with computing resources to grow and shrink as business demand changes Platform as a Service= supports the deployment of entire systems, including hardware, networking, and applications Passes onto the service provider the headache and challenges of buying, managing, and maintaining web development software The development, deployment, management, and maintenance is based entirely in the cloud and performed by the PaaS provider, allowing the company to focus on its core initiatives Helps to minimize operational costs and increase productivity
strategic level managerial level operational level
operational: the bottom level. where employees develop and maintain core bus activities for day to day operations. they make structured decisions where there are established processes that offer solutions - they are frequent, routine, and repetitive, and effect short term bus strategies.transactional processing system serves this level and assists in making decsions. dealing with the fine info. Uses OLTP. and transactional processes. can use automation to computerize mannual tasks like payroll and other operational tasks. managerial: emplyees continously evaluating company operaions to hone the firms abilities to identfy, adapt to and leverage chain. (to find competitive advs). these semi-structured (few established processes but not enough to lead to defintite decision) decisions cover short and medium ranged things for the firm. can streamline tasks for more efficient bus process in managerial level. (removing bottlenecks, getting rid of redundancy, and reducing cycle time) strategic level: managers develop overall bus strategies, goals, objectives as part of the companys strategic plan and also look at overall preformanceof the company in terms of its goals. they make highly unstructured decsions (no procedures or roles to guide) that are not frequent, extremely important, and relate to long term things. managers dealing less with details (finer info) and more with meaningful aggregations of info (coarser info). Using OLAP processing tools, and analytical processes. sometimes you do reeingering here as a decision.
concept of business strategy
porters 5 forces is one strategy, but its not the only one. (next slide explains) - other ways: SWOT, value chain analysis, 3 generic strategies business strategy: a leadership plan that achieves a specific set of goals or objectives. ie: increasing sales, entering new markets, developing new prods etc
how advances in technology have made iterative more practical (e.g., effective prototyping).
primary forms of agile methods: rapid prototyping, programming, scrum prototyping: emphasizes user involvment in rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototype systems development prcess scrum method: small teams produce small pieces of software using a series of sprints or 30 day intervals to achieve appointed goal
how MIS enables decision making in orgs (dont have to know all of these lists, but understand big picture)
primary types of MIS systems for decision making: 1. Transactional Processing System = serves Operational level / Structured decisions. is a very basic business system that calculates thing such as payroll transactional info= all info in a single business process or unit of work supports daily operations and structured decisions 2. DSS (Decision Support Systems) = Semi Structured decisions / Managerial level DSS models info using OLAP (manipulates info to create bus intel) which helps to provide assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action 3. EIS (Executive Info Systems) = Unstructured decisions / Strategic level specialized DSS that supports senior level executives and supports decisions that do not have a right or wrong answer ONLY efficient vs effective answers EIS requires data from external sources difference from DSS which relies on internal data
characteristics of quality / low quality data? problems result from low quality data? "Dirty Data"? how are low quality data issues addressed by orgs
quality: accurate, complete, consistent, timely (is the info current?), unique (is each transaction/event represented only once in the info?) info that is inaccurate, incomplete, or duplicated --> Can affect sales, customer service, billing = all customer info pieces - Can cause managers to consider the system reports invalid and make decisions based on other sources Using high-qual info → improve chances of making good decisions, directly increase an org's bottom line - Can cost money, time, reputation, and even jobs low quality data = dirty data --> is a business problem not MIS (ex: info cleansing/scrubbing) Info cleansing/scrubbing= is a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent/ incorrect/ or incomplete info Scrubbed data is accurate and consistent= GOAL --> the closer you get to 100% scrubbed data the more expensive it is
importance of understanding requirements
requirements determination and management is critical to any system development project --> changing and unclear requirements are unavoidable and must be dealt with. BUSINESS REQUIRMENTS DRIVE THE ENTIRE SYSTEM- if they are wrong or incomplete the entire system will be wrong. the analysis phase is to analyze the end users bus requirements and refines the proj goals for the intended systems. - these requirments are imp to understand bc if you dont follow them there is no point in this whole process bc its not what is required
3 enterprise systsems to integrate dif depts and seperate operational systems
supply chain mang (SCM), customer relationship mang (CRM), enterprise resoucre planning (ERP)
SDLC (essay know this)
systems development life cycle - overall process for developing information systems (foundation for all systems development methods. hundred of activites go into each phase) - remember ERP, integration and why it is important. ********this is converging legacy systems to a new system to customize to meet bus requirements!!!!!!!
financial benefits of the cloud
the Cloud enables individuals or businesses to pay only for the services they need when they need them and where they need them - he move to the Cloud has reduced barriers to entry and leveled the playing field in the ability to leverage strategic innovation:now a small company has the same access to a big company, usually they would have to have a huge money investment to get servers like that, but now they can rent it at way lower cost and have the same thing - Access stuff thru the internet on someone else's server, now a small company has the same access as a big company (levels the playing field) - a way to outsource infrastructure.
data mining
the process of analyzing data to extract info not offered by the raw data alone Companies use data mining to compile a complete pic of their operations, all w/i a single view, allowing them to identify trends and improve forecasts Data mining process: 1) business understanding (gain a clear understanding of the bus prob that must be solved and how it impacts the company) 2) data understanding (analysis of all current data along w identifying any data quality issues) 3) data preparation (gather / format data in correct formats / structures for analysis) 4) data modeling (apply mathematical techniques to identify trends / patterns in the data) 5) evaluation (analyze the trends / patterns to assess the potential for solving the bus problem) 6) deployment (deploy the discoveries to the orh for work in everyday bus) Data mining tools: uses a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of info that predict future behavior and guide decision making (helps users uncover bus intel in their data)
understand how companies sift through large amounts of data, extract information and turn that information into actionable knowledge.
this data is business intelligence 1. Data Mining- analyzing data to extract info not offered by the raw data alone data mining tools find patterns/relationships in large volumes of info that predict future behavior and guide decision making 2. Data Analysis --> big data is multidimensional = cube once a cube is created users can slice + dice the cube to drill down different info 3. Data Visualization= allows a user to visualize data in order to transform info into a business perspective
what is artificial intelligence
this evolved technology has allowed for greater, more effective, unstructured strategic decision making AI - mimics human intelligence by simulating human thinking and behavior Helps because increases the speed and consistency of decision making, solves problems with incomplete info, and resolve complicated issues that cant be solved by traditional systems