ISCI exam 2 in depth study guide

facts about observers and reference frames

- an observer sees her own reference frame as stationary -two objects that are moving at the same velocity compared to an observer could be in the same reference frame

How is molecular motion increased

-absorbing energy -adding heat through a temperature difference

places where light of the same wavelength from two sources would interfere constructively include

-at a location where light from one source travels two wavelengths farther from the other -at a location where the troughs of both waves arrive at the same time -at a location where the peaks of the two waves arrive simultaneously

Entropy

-disorderly -random -lacks pattern

releases energy

-freezing -condensation

air is a good insulator because

-gas does not transfer heat well bc molecules are far apart -conduction takes place slowly in a gas -gas molecules are not attached to each other

how can an object become electrostatically charged

-induction -friction -contact

plasma can

-interact strongly with magnetic fields -conduct electricity

key features of the light ray model include

-light travels in straight lines -light can be absorbed -light changes direction as it enters and exits materials with different properties

a food calorie is

-measure of the chemical energy released by the oxidation of food -equivalent to 1,000 calories -same as a kilocalorie

The laws of thermodynamics are concerned with relationships between which of the following items

-mechanical energy -heat -work

absorbs energy

-melting -evaporation -sublimation

Select all the statements that are true regarding the charge of protons and electrons

-protons have a positive charge -the charge of protons and electrons is opposite -Electrons and protons cannot be separated from their charge

what two factors influence the size of the electrostatic force between two charged objects

-the distance between them -the amount of charge on each object

how can you measure electric potential difference

-the work that the charge can do because of its position -by the work that is done to move the charge

To determine how much________ is needed to change the sate of an object you need to know the starting temperature, the mass and the nature

Heat

___________ an object increases its internal energy

Heating

Is a kWh a unit of power or a unit of work?

It is a unit of work since W=Pt (from P=W/t)

Celsius

Water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100

Farenheit

Water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212

planck's constant

a conversion to relate the frequency of light to the amount of energy in a photon

the photoelectric effect is explained by

a particle model

photon

a single quantum of energy in the form of light

quantum

a tiny,finite,discrete amount

________________ is the attractive force between different kinds of molecules

adhesion

Substances that have magnetic properties( ferromagnetic properties) are ones that ______

are strongly attracted to magnets

Radiation is a type of heat energy transfer that occurs between two objects _______________

as long as there is a temperature diff between the two

how are a sodium atom and a sodium ion alike

atomic number

number of protons

atomic number

Temperature is based on the _______ molecular kinetic energy of a body

average

the information- carrying capacity of a transmission medium, such as a fiber optics cable is its_______________

bandwidth

_______________ radiation is produced by incandescent light sources

blackbody

what is similar about the bohr model of the atom and the quantum mechanics model

both consider electrons to emit a photon when moving from a higher state to a lower state

______________ is the attractive force between the same kind of molecules

cohesion

the light can be made to focus on the retina by using a _________ to ____________ the light rays before they enter the eye

convex, converge

the metric quantity of electric charge is measured in

coulumbs

what is the difference between ac and dc

dc moves in one direction and ac moves back and forth

The magnetic ____________ is the angle of the magnetic field between the horizontal and the downward angle of compassion needle that is free to pivot

dip

The electric current moves in one direction in an _________ current and switches back and forth in an ________________ current

direct, alternating

In the production of light by an incandescent source, internal heat moves particles that make up the glowing object. The moving nuclei and electrons_____________________

disturb the electric and magnetic fields in the material, creating electromagnetic radiation

an electric motor works by converting_________energy to _________energy

electrical, mechanical

Static electricity involves the gain or loss of _________ from an object; these particles do not leave the object until there is a discharge

electrons

greek word for amber

electrons

why do the energies of electrons in an atom have negative values

electrons have zero potential energy when they are free from an atom

how do you know that it is an electric field

electrons in an active circuit either drift slowly or just jiggle back and forth in one place

main problem with a solar system model of the atom

electrons moving in a circle would be accel, lose energy and would not be able to maintain their orbits

The two magnetic poles of a magnet are where the _____

forces of attraction seem concentrated

the speed of light is equal to the product of the wave's __________ and __________

frequency and wavelength

solid liquid phase change is called the latent heat of ________

fusion

a ____________ measures electric currents by measuring magnetic fields they produce

galvanometer

in Einstein's ___________ theory of relativity, gravity is understood to be the result of mass warping the structure of four- dimensional spacetime

general

magnetic declination is the angle diff between

geographic north pole and the magnetic north pole

what is the diff between a hydrogen atom in the ground vs one in an excited state

ground state has electrons in lowest possible energy state; excited states have higher energies

This is a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one object to another

heat

gamma rays

highest frequency

what conditions are necessary for two light waves to form an interference pattern of right line and dark areas

in phase light waves travel different distances from two slits to a screen

materials become less dense as their temp increases because

increased energy results in molecules moving farther apart

the total kinetic and potential energy is known as

internal energy

ionic vs covalent electrons

ionic are transferred covalent are shared

is sodium fluoride ionic, covalent or polar covalent

ionic because the difference in electronegativity is 3.1

how does an electric generator generate an electric current

it does work in moving electrons, which creates an electric field

The __________ molecular theory is a summary of the scientific assumptions about molecules and the space around them

kinetic

an animal that is bioluminous can produce its own

light

light is best summarized by which of the following statements

light exhibits characteristics of waves and particles and either model may be appropriate for a given situation

microwaves radiation

lowest frequency

The _________ number of an atom is the sum of its protons and _______

mass, neutrons

what experimental evidence led rutherford to the concept of a nucleus in an atom

massive particles are deflected at very large angles or straight back when directed at a very thin sheet of gold foil

cooler air is denser than warmer air and flows downhill because

molecules of cool air are able to move closer together

is the mass of an isotope a whole number

no, it is the relative mass of an isotope compared to carbon-12

how are a sodium atom and a sodium ion different

number of electrons

polarized light is explained

only by a wave model

reflection

outgoing waves are arranged more or less horizontally with a surface

A _________ ___________ occurs when a solid, liquid. or gas transitions from one phase to another

phase change

what is the diff between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

polar electrons are shared unequally, nonpolar are shared equally

The silvered wall of a vacuum bottle takes care of heat flow by

radiation

a ________ uses a low voltage control to switch a larger, high voltage circuit on and off

relay

x-rays

second highest frequency

infrared light

second lowest frequency

why does total internal reflection occur more in a diamond than in other gemstones

small critical angle

selective absorption

small particles absorb and radiate light polarized with their directions of vibration

scattering

small particles absorb and reradiate light polarized with their directions of vibration

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up a substance is

temperature

the color difference in stars is a result of the relationship between the color and the

temperature

what determines if an electromagnetic wave emitted from an object is a visible light wave or a wave of infrared radiation

the energy available for accelerating charged particles determines this

on a molecular level- how does the condensation of water vapor on a bathroom mirror warm the bathroom

the latent heat is released during vapor to liquid phase change

while the word temperature is used to describe how hot or cold something is, in terms of the kinetic molecular theory, temperature is

the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

intensity

the number of photons emitted by a light source

frequency

the property that determines the energy of individual photons

conduction is a transfer of energy that occurs

through the interaction of molecules

an electromagnet can be produced by passing a current________-

through the wires of a solenoid

a device used to step up or step down the ac voltage in a circuit is called a _____________________

transformer

heat involved in a liquid-gas phase change (evaporation or condensation) is called the latent heat of __________________

vaporization

measure of electric potential difference between two points is

volt

Kelvin

water freezes at 273 and boils at 373

what is happening when you walk across a carpet and receive as hock when you touch a metal object

your body is a poor conductor and you accumulate electrons until they are conducted away by a metal object