ISDS 3115 Test 2 MC
A Type I error occurs when: A) a good lot is rejected. B) a bad lot is accepted. C) the number of defectives is very large. D) the population is worse than the AQL. E) none of the above
a
Align Technology uses a ________ approach to produce clear plastic removable aligners. A) mass customization B) product focus C) process focus D) repetitive focus E) crossover
a
Arnold Palmer Hospital uses which focus? A) process B) repetitive C) product D) mass customization E) A and D
a
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) includes manufacturing systems that have: A) computer-aided design, a flexible manufacturing system, inventory control, warehousing and shipping integrated. B) transaction processing, management information systems, and decision support systems integrated. C) automated guided vehicles, robots, and process control integrated. D) robots, automated guided vehicles, and transfer equipment integrated. E) all of their computers integrated with the marketing department.
a
Goods made to order are typical of ________ and ________ approaches while goods made to forecast are typical of ________ and ________ approaches. A) process, mass customization; repetitive, product B) product, mass customization; repetitive, process C) product, process; repetitive, mass customization D) repetitive, product; mass customization, process E) repetitive, process; mass customization, product
a
If a sample of items is taken and the mean of the sample is outside the control limits, the process is: A) likely out of control and the cause should be investigated. B) in control, but not capable of producing within the established control limits. C) within the established control limits with only natural causes of variation. D) monitored closely to see if the next sample mean will also fall outside the control limits. E) producing high quality products.
a
Process A has fixed costs of $1000 and variable costs of $5 per unit. Process B has fixed costs of $500 and variable costs of $15 per unit. What is the crossover point between process A and process B? A) 50 units B) 200 units C) $2,500 D) $5,000 E) $9,500
a
Red Top Cab Company receives multiple complaints per day about driver behavior. Over 9 days the owner recorded the number of calls to be 3, 0, 8, 9, 6, 7, 4, 9, and 8. What is the upper control limit for the 3-sigma c-chart? A) 13.35 B) 8.45 C) 24.00 D) 0.00 E) 9.03
a
The use of information technology to monitor and control a physical process is known as: A) process control. B) computer-aided design. C) information numeric control. D) numeric control. E) IT oversight.
a
The usual purpose of an R-chart is to signal whether there has been a: A) gain or loss in dispersion. B) change in the percent defective in a sample. C) change in the central tendency of the process output. D) change in the number of defects in a sample. E) change in the consumer's risk.
a
To set x-bar chart upper and lower control limits, one must know the process central line, which is the: A) average of the sample means. B) total number of defects in the population. C) percent defects in the population. D) size of the population. E) average range.
a
What is a drawing of the movement of material, product, or people? A) flowchart B) process chart C) service blueprint D) process map E) vision system
a
Which of the following are all strategies for improving productivity in services? A) separation, self-service, automation, and scheduling B) lean production, strategy-driven investments, automation, and process focus C) reduce inventory, reduce waste, reduce inspection, and reduce rework D) high interaction, mass customization, service factory, and just-in-time E) process focus, repetitive focus, product focus, and mass customization focus
a
Which of the following phrases best describes process focus? A) low volume, high variety B) Finished goods are usually made to a forecast and stored. C) Operators are less broadly skilled. D) high fixed costs, low variable costs E) low inventory
a
Which of the following products is likely to be assembled on a repetitive process line? A) automobiles B) custom personal computers C) custom cakes D) steel E) beer
a
Which of the following statements about acceptance sampling is TRUE? A) The steeper an OC curve, the better it discriminates between good and bad lots. B) Acceptance sampling removes all defective items. C) Acceptance sampling of incoming lots is replacing statistical process control at the supplier. D) Acceptance sampling occurs continuously along the assembly line. E) All of the above are true.
a
A Type II error occurs when: A) a good lot is rejected. B) a bad lot is accepted. C) the population is worse than the LTPD. D) the proportion of defectives is very small. E) none of the above
b
A manager wants to build 3-sigma x-bar control limits for a process. The target value for the mean of the process is 10 units, and the standard deviation of the process is 6. If samples of size 9 are to be taken, what will be the upper and lower control limits, respectively? A) -8 and 28 B) 16 and 4 C) 12 and 8 D) 4 and 16 E) 8 and 12
b
A manufacturer uses statistical process control to control the quality of the firm's products. Samples of 50 of Product A are taken, and a defective/acceptable decision is made on each unit sampled. For Product B, the number of flaws per unit is counted. What type(s) of control charts should be used? A) p-charts for both A and B B) p-chart for A, c-chart for B C) c-charts for both A and B D) p-chart for A, mean and range charts for B E) c-chart for A, mean and range charts for B
b
An acceptance sampling plan is to be designed to meet the organization's targets for product quality and risk levels. Which of the following is true? A) n and c determine the AQL. B) AQL, LTPD, α and β collectively determine n and c. C) n and c are determined from the values of AQL and LTPD. D) α and β are determined from the values of AQL and LTPD. E) None of the above is true.
b
Assignable variation: A) is a sign that a process is under control. B) is to be identified and investigated. C) is the same as random variation. D) is variation that cannot be traced to a specific cause. E) leads to a steep OC curve.
b
Frito-Lay is to ________ focus as Harley Davidson is to ________ focus. A) process, repetitive B) product, repetitive C) repetitive, product D) process, product E) product, mass customization
b
If the Cpk index exceeds 1: A) the AQL must be smaller than the LTPD. B) σ must be less than one-third of the absolute value of the difference between each specification limit and the process mean. C) the x-bar chart must indicate that the process is in control. D) the process is capable of Six Sigma quality. E) the process is characterized as "not capable."
b
In most acceptance sampling plans, when a lot is rejected, the entire lot is inspected and all defective items are replaced. When using this technique the AOQ: A) worsens (AOQ becomes a larger fraction). B) improves (AOQ becomes a smaller fraction). C) is not affected, but the AQL is improved. D) is not affected. E) falls to zero.
b
Producer's risk is the probability of: A) accepting a good lot. B) rejecting a good lot. C) rejecting a bad lot. D) accepting a bad lot. E) none of the above.
b
Statistical process control charts: A) display the measurements on every item being produced. B) display upper and lower limits for process variables or attributes and signal when a process is no longer in control. C) indicate to the process operator the average outgoing quality of each lot. D) indicate to the operator the true quality of material leaving the process. E) are a graphic way of classifying problems by their level of importance, often referred to as the 80-20 rule.
b
The c-chart signals whether there has been a: A) gain or loss in uniformity. B) change in the number of defects per unit. C) change in the central tendency of the process output. D) change in the percent defective in a sample. E) change in the AOQ.
b
The local newspaper receives several complaints per day about typographic errors. Over a seven-day period, the publisher has received calls from readers reporting the following total daily number of errors: 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 3, and 9. Based on these data alone, what type of control chart(s) should the publisher use? A) p-chart B) c-chart C) x-bar chart D) R-chart E) x-bar chart and R-chart
b
Which of the following characteristics best describes repetitive focus? A) It uses sophisticated scheduling to accommodate custom orders. B) Its output is a standardized product produced from modules. C) Operators are broadly skilled. D) It is widely used for the manufacture of steel. E) low volume, high variety
b
Which of the following is FALSE regarding repetitive processes? A) They use modules. B) They allow easy switching from one product to the other. C) They are the classic assembly lines. D) They have more structure and less flexibility than a job shop layout. E) They include the assembly of basically all automobiles.
b
Which of the following is true regarding the process capability index Cpk? A) A Cpk index value of 1 is the highest possible. B) The larger the Cpk, the more units meet specifications. C) The Cpk index can only be used when the process centerline is also the specification centerline. D) Positive values of the Cpk index are good; negative values are bad. E) Its value will always be at least as large as the Cp value for the same process.
b
Which one of the following products is most likely made in a job shop environment? A) rolls of newsprint B) paper forms C) television sets D) cigarettes E) canned vegetables
b
"Operators simply load new programs, as necessary, to produce different products" describes: A) CAD. B) automated guided vehicles. C) flexible manufacturing systems. D) vision systems. E) process control.
c
A Cpk index of 1.00 equates to what defect rate? A) five percent B) 3.4 defects per million items C) 2.7 defects per 1,000 items D) 97.23 percent E) one percent
c
A manager wishes to build a 3-sigma range chart for a process. The sample size is five, the mean of sample means is 16.01, and the average range is 5.3. From Table S6.1, the appropriate value of D3 is 0, and D4 is 2.115. What are the UCL and LCL, respectively, for this range chart? A) 33.9 and 11.2 B) 33.9 and 0 C) 11.2 and 0 D) 6.3 and 0 E) 31.91 and 0.11
c
A nationwide parcel delivery service keeps track of the number of late deliveries (more than 30 minutes past the time promised to clients) per day. They plan on using a control chart to plot their results. Which type of control chart(s) would you recommend? A) both x-bar chart and R-chart B) p-chart C) c-chart D) x-bar chart E) both p-chart and c-chart
c
A product-focused process is commonly used to produce: A) high-volume, high-variety products. B) low-volume, high-variety products. C) high-volume, low-variety products. D) low-variety products at either high- or low-volume. E) high-volume products of either high- or low-variety.
c
A system using an automated work cell controlled by electronic signals from a common centralized computer facility is called: A) an adaptive control system. B) robotics. C) a flexible manufacturing system. D) an automatic guided vehicle (AGV) system. E) a manufacturing cell.
c
Acceptance sampling: A) is the application of statistical techniques to the control of processes. B) was developed by Walter Shewhart of Bell Laboratories. C) is used to determine whether to accept or reject a lot of material based on the evaluation of a sample. D) separates the natural and assignable causes of variation. E) is another name for 100% inspection.
c
According to the text, what is the most common choice of limits for control charts? A) ±1 standard deviation B) ±2 standard deviations C) ±3 standard deviations D) ±3 standard deviations for means and ± 2 standard deviations for ranges E) ±6 standard deviations
c
An assembly line is an example of a: A) product-focused process. B) process-focused process. C) repetitive process. D) line process. E) specialized process
c
An operating characteristics curve shows: A) upper and lower product specifications. B) product quality under different manufacturing conditions. C) how the probability of accepting a lot varies with the population percent defective. D) when product specifications don't match process control limits. E) how operations affect certain characteristics of a product.
c
Control charts for variables are based on data that come from: A) acceptance sampling. B) individual items. C) averages of small samples. D) averages of large samples. E) the entire lot.
c
If x-bar = 23 ounces, σ = 0.4 ounces, and n = 16, what will be the ±3σ control limits for the x-bar chart? A) 21.8 to 24.2 ounces B) 23 ounces C) 22.70 to 23.30 ounces D) 22.25 to 23.75 ounces E) 22.90 to 23.10 ounces
c
Jars of pickles are sampled and weighed. Sample measures are plotted on control charts. The ideal weight should be precisely 11 oz. Which type of chart(s) would you recommend? A) p-chart B) c-chart C) both an x-bar chart and an R-chart D) an x-bar chart, but not an R-chart E) both a p-chart and a c-chart
c
One fundamental difference between a process chart and a flowchart is that: A) the process chart adds a time dimension to the horizontal axis, while a flowchart is not time-oriented. B) the process chart includes the supply chain, while the flowchart stays within an organization. C) the process chart is more like a table, while the flowchart is more like a schematic diagram. D) the process chart focuses on the customer and on the provider's interaction with the customer, while the flowchart does not deal directly with the customer. E) None of these is true, because a process chart and a flowchart are the same thing.
c
Process X has fixed costs of $10,000 and variable costs of $2.40 per unit. Process Y has fixed costs of $9,000 and variable costs of $2.25 per unit. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The crossover point is approximately 6667 units. B) It is impossible for one process to have both of its costs lower than those of another process. C) Process Y is cheaper than process X at all volumes. D) Process X should be selected for very large production volumes. E) Process X is more profitable than process Y and should be selected.
c
Product focused processes: A) allow more customization, but are not very efficient. B) are desirable because resource needs increase slowly with the complexity of a process. C) are processes that are specialized for relatively few products or customer groups. D) apply only to service firms, not to manufacturers. E) are profitable because customers demand flexibility, not specialization.
c
The Central Limit Theorem: A) is the theoretical foundation of the c-chart. B) states that the average of assignable variations is zero. C) allows managers to use the normal distribution as the basis for building some control charts. D) states that the average range can be used as a proxy for the standard deviation. E) controls the steepness of an operating characteristic curve.
c
The normal application of a p-chart is in: A) process sampling by variables. B) acceptance sampling by variables. C) process sampling by attributes. D) acceptance sampling by attributes. E) process capability ratio computations.
c
The number of late insurance claim payouts per 100 should be measured with what type of control chart? A) x-bar chart B) R-chart C) p-chart D) c-chart E) either p-chart or c-chart
c
The purpose of an x-bar chart is to determine whether there has been a: A) change in the dispersion of the process output. B) change in the percent defective in a sample. C) change in the central tendency of the process output. D) change in the number of defects in a sample. E) change in the AOQ.
c
The upper and lower limits for diving ring diameters made by John's Swimming Co. are 40 and 39 cm., respectively. John took 11 samples with the following average diameters (39, 39.1, 39.2, 39.3, 39.4, 39.5 39.6, 39.7, 39.8, 39.9, 40). Is the process in control? A) Yes, no diameters exceeded the control limits. B) No, some diameters exceeded the control limits. C) No, there is a distinguishable pattern to the samples. D) No, the range is not in control. E) There is not enough information to make a decision.
c
Three of the four types of processes are: A) goods, services, and hybrids. B) manual, automated, and service. C) process focus, repetitive focus, and product focus. D) modular, continuous, and technological. E) input, transformation, and output.
c
Under which of the following situations will the average outgoing quality (AOQ) decrease? A) The true percentage defective of the lot increases. B) The number of items in the sample decreases. C) The number of items in the lot decreases. D) The probability of accepting the lot for a given sample size and quantity defective increases. E) The difference between the number of items in the lot and the number of items in the sample increases.
c
Up to three standard deviations above or below the centerline is the amount of variation that statistical process control allows for: A) Type I errors. B) about 95.5% variation. C) natural variation. D) all types of variation. E) assignable variation.
c
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between AOQ and the true population percent defective? A) AOQ is greater than the true percent defective. B) AOQ is the same as the true percent defective. C) AOQ is less than the true percent defective. D) There is no relationship between AOQ and the true percent defective. E) The relationship between these two cannot be determined
c
A job shop is an example of a(n): A) repetitive process. B) continuous process. C) line process. D) intermittent process. E) specialized process.
d
A run test is used: A) to examine variability in acceptance sampling plans. B) in acceptance sampling to establish control. C) to examine points in a control chart to check for natural variability. D) to examine points in a control chart to check for nonrandom variability. E) to test the validity of the Central Limit Theorem
d
Acceptance sampling is usually used to control: A) the number of units of output from one stage of a process that are then sent to the next stage. B) the number of units delivered to the customer. C) the quality of work-in-process inventory. D) incoming lots of purchased products. E) all of the above.
d
Acceptance sampling's primary purpose is to: A) estimate process quality. B) identify processes that are out of control. C) detect and eliminate defectives. D) decide if a lot meets predetermined standards. E) determine whether defective items found in sampling should be replaced.
d
An acceptance sampling plan's ability to discriminate between low quality lots and high quality lots is described by: A) a Gantt chart. B) the Central Limit Theorem. C) a process control chart. D) an operating characteristic curve. E) a range chart.
d
Consumer's risk is the probability of: A) accepting a good lot. B) rejecting a good lot. C) rejecting a bad lot. D) accepting a bad lot. E) none of the above
d
For a 3-sigma x-bar chart where the process standard deviation is known, the upper control limit: A) is 3σ below the mean of sample means for a 3σ control chart. B) is 3σ above the mean of sample means for a 3σ control chart. C) is 3σ/ below the mean of sample means for a 3σ control chart. D) is 3σ/ above the mean of sample means for a 3σ control chart. E) cannot be calculated unless the average range is known.
d
Harley Davidson: A) utilizes job shops to make each of its modules. B) uses product focused manufacturing. C) uses a large number of modules to build a small number of different bikes. D) uses work cells to feed its assembly line. E) All of the above are true.
d
In mass service and professional service, the operations manager should focus extensively on: A) automation. B) equipment maintenance. C) sophisticated scheduling. D) human resources. E) cost-cutting initiatives.
d
Natural variations: A) are variations that are to be identified and investigated. B) are variations that can be traced to a specific cause. C) are the same as assignable variations. D) lead to occasional false findings that processes are out of control. E) play no role in statistical process control.
d
One of the similarities between process focus and mass-customization is: A) the volume of outputs. B) the use of modules. C) many departments and many routings. D) the variety of outputs. E) All of the above are similarities.
d
Service blueprinting: A) provides the basis to negotiate prices with suppliers. B) mimics the way people communicate. C) determines the best time for each step in the process. D) focuses on the provider's interaction with the customer. E) uses the schematic of a house to diagram a service process.
d
Ten samples of a process measuring the number of returns per 100 receipts were taken for a local retail store. The number of returns were 10, 9, 11, 7, 3, 12, 8, 4, 6, and 11. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution for the p-bar chart. A) There is not enough information to answer the question. B) .081 C) 8.1 D) .0273 E) .0863
d
The causes of variation in statistical process control are: A) cycles, trends, seasonality, and random variations. B) producer's causes and consumer's causes. C) mean and range. D) natural causes and assignable causes. E) Type I and Type II.
d
The crossover point is that production quantity where: A) variable costs of one process equal the variable costs of another process. B) fixed costs of a process are equal to its variable costs. C) total costs equal total revenues for a process. D) total costs for one process equal total costs for another process. E) the process no longer loses money.
d
The number of defects after a hotel room cleaning (sheets not straight, smears on mirror, missed debris on carpet, etc) should be measured using what type of control chart? A) x-bar chart B) R-chart C) p-chart D) c-chart E) either x-bar chart or R chart
d
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the average outgoing quality level? A) An AOQ value of 1 is ideal, because all defects have been removed. B) AOQ is always greater than AQL but less than LTPD. C) AOQ rises (worsens) following inspection of failed lots. D) AOQ is very low (very good) for extremely poor quality lots. E) None of the above is true.
d
Which of the following is TRUE regarding vision systems? A) They are consistently accurate. B) They are modest in cost. C) They do not become bored. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above is true.
d
Which of the following is true of a p-chart? A) The lower control limit is found by subtracting a fraction from the average number of defects. B) The lower control limit indicates the minimum acceptable number of defects. C) The lower control limit equals D3 times p-bar. D) The lower control limit may be at zero. E) The lower control limit is the same as the lot tolerance percent defective.
d
Which of the following is true regarding the concept of flexibility? A) It is the ability to respond with little penalty in time, cost, or customer value. B) It may be accomplished with digitally controlled equipment. C) It may involve modular or movable equipment. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above is true.
d
Which of the following phrases best describes product focus? A) low volume, high variety B) Finished goods are usually made to order. C) Processes are designed to perform a wide variety of activities. D) high fixed costs, low variable costs E) high inventory
d
Which of the following provides automatic placement and withdrawal of parts and products into and from designated places in a warehouse? A) AGV B) CAD/CAM C) CIM D) ASRS E) FMS
d
Which of the following statements about acceptance sampling is true? A) Acceptance sampling draws a sample from a population of items, tests the sample, accepts the entire population if the sample is good enough, and rejects it if the sample is poor enough. B) The sampling plan contains information about the sample size to be drawn and the critical acceptance or rejection numbers for that sample size. C) The steeper an operating characteristic curve, the better its ability to discriminate between good and bad lots. D) All of the above are true. E) All of the above are false.
d
Which of the following technologies could enable a cashier to scan the entire contents of a shopping cart in seconds? A) ASRS B) AGV C) CAD/CAM D) RFID E) FMS
d
Which one of the following technologies is used ONLY for material handling, NOT actual production or assembly? A) robots B) CNC C) CAD D) AGVs E) FMS
d
A Cp value of 1.33 indicates a standard of how many standard deviations (sigmas)? A) 6 B) 1.33 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
e
A process that is assumed to be in control with limits of 89 ± 2 had sample averages for the x-bar chart of the following: 87.1, 87, 87.2, 89, 90, 88.5, 89.5, and 88. Is the process in control? A) Yes. B) No, one or more averages exceeded the limits. C) Not enough information to tell. D) No, there is a distinguishable trend. E) No, two or more consecutive points are very near the lower (or upper) limit.
e
A quasi-custom product: A) gets its apparent customization from the combinations available from a small number of modules. B) is often the output of repetitive focus facilities. C) is a valid description of a fast food sandwich. D) only applies in services. E) All but D are true.
e
Acceptance sampling: A) may involve inspectors taking random samples (or batches) of finished products and measuring them against predetermined standards. B) may involve inspectors taking random samples (or batches) of incoming raw materials and measuring them against predetermined standards. C) is more economical than 100% inspection. D) may be either of a variable or attribute type, although attribute inspection is more common in the business environment. E) All of the above are true
e
An x-bar control chart was examined and no data points fell outside of the limits. Can this process be considered in control? A) Not yet, there could be a pattern to the points. B) Not yet, the R-chart must be checked. C) Not yet, the number of samples must be known. D) Yes. E) Both A and B
e
High fixed costs and low variable costs are typical of which approach? A) product B) process C) mass customization D) repetitive E) A and C
e
In the mass service and service factory quadrants of the service process matrix, the operations manager could focus on all of the following except: A) automation. B) standardization. C) tight quality control. D) removing some services. E) customization.
e
Natural variations: A) affect almost every production process. B) are the many sources of variation that occur when a process is under control. C) when grouped, form a pattern, or distribution. D) are tolerated, within limits, when a process is under control. E) All of the above are true.
e
Plots of sample ranges indicate that the most recent value is below the lower control limit. What course of action would you recommend? A) Since there is no obvious pattern in the measurements, variability is in control. B) One value outside the control limits is insufficient to warrant any action. C) Lower than expected dispersion is a desirable condition; there is no reason to investigate. D) The process is out of control; reject the last units produced. E) Variation is not in control; investigate what created this condition.
e
The process capability measures Cp and Cpk differ because: A) only one ensures the process mean is centered within the limits. B) Cp values above 1 indicate a capable process, while Cpk values above 2 indicate a capable process. C) They do not differ: both are identical. D) Cp values for a given process will always be greater than or equal to Cpk values. E) Both A and D are correct.
e
The statistical definition of Six Sigma allows for 3.4 defects per million. This is achieved by what Cpk index value? A) 6 B) 1 C) 1.33 D) 1.67 E) 2
e
Value-stream mapping: A) is a variation of time-function mapping. B) examines the supply chain to determine where value is added. C) extends time function mapping back to the supplier. D) starts with the customer and works backwards. E) All of the above are true
e
What have restaurants such as Steakhouses and Stacked Restaurants replaced their traditional paper menus with? A) spoken descriptions B) singing descriptions C) menus painted on the walls D) index cards containing a picture of each item E) iPad menus
e
What is the statistical process chart used to control the number of defects per unit of output? A) x-bar chart B) R-chart C) p-chart D) AOQ chart E) c-chart
e
When a lot has been accepted by acceptance sampling, we know that: A) it has more defects than existed before the sampling. B) it has had all its defects removed by 100% inspection. C) it will have the same defect percentage as the LTPD. D) it has no defects present. E) All of the above are false.
e
Which of the following companies use a mass customization approach? A) Dell B) Align Technology C) Frito-Lay D) Arnold Palmer hospital E) A and B
e
Which of the following industries is most likely to have low equipment utilization? A) auto manufacturing B) commercial baking C) television manufacturing D) steel manufacturing E) restaurants
e
Which of the following is not one of the strategies for improving service productivity? A) self-service B) automation C) scheduling D) separation E) mass customization
e