ISS
When did modern humans become the only species in the genus Homo living in Europe and mainland Asia?
About 30,000 ya
Of the four populations listed below, which has the most genetic diversity of modern humans?
Africa
What happened by 33kya according to the fossil record?
All fossils are modern Homo sapiens in form
Cave art seems to have first appeared in Europe during the:
Aurignacian
Which of the following tool traditions is associated with the very first European cultures?
Aurignacian
The dry land connection between Siberia and North America is associated with which hypothesis about how the first hunter-gatherers got to America?
Bering Land Bridge
Modern human occupation dates to 100 kya in:
China
When do AMH make it to Europe? What's the evidence?
Close to 40,000 y/o (e.g. Romanian Iron Gates, 37,800 y/o)
What is the Younger Dryas?
Cold and dry climate change 11,500 - 13,000 ya. During this period of time humans took advantage of the vulnerability of animals drawn to shrinking water holes. It may have helped hasten their extinction.
What can we say about AMH and art?
Created Cave Art: symbolic behavior dating back over 30,000 yrs Pictures of large game animals and hunting, plus anthropomorphic figures (in Europe, Africa, and Australia) Anatomically correct, well drawn
True/False. The only site where early modern human cave paintings were found is Lascaux.
--
The Neolithic Revolution began about
11,000-10,000 years ago
According to the most recent evidence, the first modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa roughly ____________ years ago.
200,000
Modern human occupation of Europe began around:
40,000 ya
Neanderthals go extinct by:
40,000 ya
When did some of the earliest migrations to Australia take place?
50,000 years ago
When did the Climatic Maximum happen that impacts modern humans?
8,000-6,000 ya Higher average annual temperatures around the globe (sometimes 5 degrees F higher than those in July in the present).
Clovis Culture
North American archaeological complex, dating roughly 13,500-13,000 ya in the West. Associated with "Paleo-Indians" and hunting Big-Game/Megafauana
Which hypothesis for the settlement of the New World relies on travel by canoe, raft, or another form of water transport?
Pacific Coastal Route
Collectors
Practice horticulture (domestication of some plants) They have some domesticates dogs as well They have larger groups They occasionally have surplus of food More sedentary
Out of Africa
Prominent model for the emergence of AMH (anatomically modern human). H. erectus left Africa 1 mya and replaced all other hominin populations. Evidence came from mtDNA. Also known as Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis
Multi-regionalism/ Regional Continuity
Prominent model for the emergence of AMH (anatomically modern human). Proposes that ancestral humans left Africa over 1 mya (as Homo erectus) and spread to Europe, Asia, S.E. Asia, as well as some that stayed in Africa)
Assimilation
Prominent model for the emergence of AMH (anatomically modern human). Suggests interbreeding between groups, e.g. with Neanderthals
What happened when societies became agricultural?
Sedentism increased, craft specialization (not everyone has to do subsistence activities) increased, there was less variety of plant species (reliance on a small selection of plants)
Agriculturalists and disease
Settled populations (in order to tend cultivated crops and domesticated animals). Larger and denser populations Lived in closer proximity to animals. Individuals were more likely to encounter each other and spread infectious disease (such as smallpox, measles, mumps, chickenpox) Often exposed to poor sanitation, contaminated water supplies, domesticated animals, water-dependent insects and invertebrates, handling of feces (fertilizer). Extensive investment in a single food crop often provides too limited a diet for many people, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. If crop fails, starvation can result. Can also lead to dental problems because increased starch and dirt and grit in the food causes dental wear and cavities.
What's the earliest date we have for AMH arrival in Asia?
Sites of Tianyuan Cave, China (40 kya) and Niah Cave, Borneo, Indonesia (40-45 kya)
Foragers
Small groups move frequently to seasonally available resources Don't really store things No domestication (except they have watchdogs in their camps) They don't stick around one place for long
Which European tool industry is most associated with a culture of hunting horses?
Solutrean
Which of the following is an Upper Paleolithic cultural period?
Solutrean
Once humans got to Alaska how could they hypothetically move south if it had massive ice sheets?
Sometimes ice sheets would pull apart and create an "ice-free" corridor Humans would have used this as a migratory route to the south
The continual and dramatic growth of the human population and human activity has been termed:
The Great Acceleration
What are the proposals for the beginning of the anthropocene?
The Industrial Revolution
What does the term "Mitochondrial Eve" refer to?
The common direct maternal ancestor to all women alive today was born in East Africa around 180,000 years ago. Eve's lineage spread out and split into descendant lineages, characterized by distinct genetic mutations
What is the Holocene?
The geological epoch that we are now living in. The Holocene follows the Pleistocene epoch and began roughly 11,000-10,000 years ago.
What can we say about AMH and their tools?
They had a huge amount of variation in stone tool technologies. Tools are much more precisely made than in any previous period Used to make needles, awls, points, knives, harpoons, art.
What evidence do we have of some the semi-permanent settlements created by AMH by 40k y/a?
They made shelters using mammoth bones (e.g. the Mezzerich site)
Neolithic Revolution
Transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, 10k y/a, new settlement patterns, new craft/task specializations.
True/False. According to the Regional Continuity Model, gene flow prevented local populations of premodern humans from becoming separate species.
True
True/False. Agriculture is linked to an overall decline in human health.
True
True/False. Archaeologists are actually hunting on islands and under the waves for evidence of the ancient mariners who likely settled the Americas.
True
True/False. Between 1 mya and 30,000 ya, there were four species of the genus Homo living at the same time as Homo sapiens.
True
True/False. Decorated ochre fragments found at Blombos Cave were as old as 73,000 ya.
True
True/False. Due to their low population density, slow population growth rate, and limited technology, humans exerted very little environmental impact until the end of the Ice Age.
True
True/False. People probably could have walked to the New World between 25kya and 11kya.
True
True/False. Radioactive nucleotides were found in a non-indigenous tree in New Zealand.
True
True/False. The Holocene epoch begins around 11-12,000 years ago.
True
True/False. The industrial revolution first began in Europe.
True
True/False. The landmass called Beringia was periodically submerged and un-submerged due to rising sea-levels.
True
True/False. The multiregional continuity model proposes that modern humans did not appear only in Africa.
True
True/False. There are no Clovis tools in Asia.
True
True/False. Although the first Americans probably came from Asia (Siberia), there are no Asian precursors for Clovis points.
True.
True/False. Cro-Magnon was the first modern human in Western Europe.
True.
True/False. Foragers had healthier bones and teeth compared to those of agriculturalists.
True.
True/False. Population growth and cultural changes accelerated greatly since the late 1700s and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution; measurable environmental impacts are now global.
True.
True/False. The mitochondrial Eve hypothesis argues that all modern humans can trace their mtDNA to one woman who lived in Africa about 200,000 ya.
True.
The period of time between 13,000 and 11,500 years ago when the climate became colder and dryer but did not have extreme glacial conditions is called:
Younger Dryas
In video 2, what images were painted in the cave?
a cattle-like animal
The Younger Dryas is:
a cooling period
What is the anthropocene?
a geological epoch during which human behavior became one of earth's major geological processes and processes of change
Modern humans have:
a high vertical forehead, round and tall skull, and small brow ridges
What is red ocher?
a pigment used to make cave paintings
The vast majority of countries, world leaders, and scientists:
agree that climate change is an urgent problem
According to Alyssa Crittenden, one of the challenges hunting-gathering mothers face is:
being able to care for infants and children while being responsible to gather food for them
The largest global environmental problem is:
climate change
Lascaux is
famous for its impressive cave paintings
What is a "band"-level society or social group?
few dozen individuals; al related by marriage, descent, and common interest; fluid membership; relatively egalitarian; leaders' have temporary power—some modern bands include today's hunter-gatherers
The Paleo-Indian period is associated with which of the following?
fluted points
When did anatomically modern humans (AMH) appear?
fossil evidence that they first appeared 200 from heidelbergensis; more recently we think it's 300,000-400,000 ya.
What is "accelerating" in the "great acceleration"?
greenhouse gasses; human population size; global inequality
Since the Industrial Revolution:
human impact on the environment has become global
For most of human history, we were:
hunter-gatherers
Small groups who moved to find available resources for food are called:
hunter-gatherers
When did the human population on earth reach one billion?
in the early 1800s
What were the effects of industrialization?
increased pollution of water and air Unsanitary conditions in the slums were ideal focal points for the spread of infectious diseases Typhus, typhoid, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, malaria, and yellow fever epidemics were common Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases enhanced by the crowding and harsh working conditions. Imperialism and colonialism spreads diseases to more remote areas of the world.
Hunter/gatherers are more prone to ____________ _________ mostly parasites & zoonoses.
infectious disease
In the video, paleoanthropologist John Hawks proposes that Neanderthals:
interbred with modern humans
The hypothesis that all modern humans descended from a lineage in Africa:
is supported by mtDNA evidence
Know the consequence of biocultural evolution
large brains, bipedalism = spread of humans all over the world, gradual increases in population, Neolithic revolution = more food, more surplus, larger populations, increased population density, increases in inequality, increases in disease, decreases in health, more labor, Industrial revolution = use of nonrenewable energy resources, increase in carbon emissions, first slums, climate change, nuclear isotope contamination
We have evidence that Upper Paleolithic humans:
made rock art
What evidence do we have that humans have caused changes in the climate?
measurements of carbon dioxide emissions
The 24,000 ya DNA from the Mal'ta boy explains that:
modern humans in North America 24,000 ya were related to Siberians at that time
Mitochondrial Eve is the:
most recent common matrilineal ancestor of humans today
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the agricultural revolution?
new forms of inequality
The term Anthropocene suggests that:
no other species has changed the planet as much as humans
Few infectious diseases impacted hunter-gatherers— not enough people are around to become infected to keep the disease going at high rates. Plus they are _________, moving around alot.
nomadic, semi-nomadic
Agricultural societies are more sedentary and uses less varieties of species. This means they're ____________ hunter-gatherer societies.
not as healthy as
A species with a high amount of genetic variation is ___________ than a species with less genetic variation.
older
Which of the following is an advantage of the agricultural revolution?
people could specialize in other kinds of work, not just subsistence work
What was found at the Caverna da Pedra Pintada site?
rock art
In contrast to modern-day hunter-gatherers, those of the Pleistocene-Holocene:
specialized in hunting large mammals
Which of the following refers to sources of food and the way it is obtained?
subsistence strategy
What hypothesis about the arrival of the first Americans was challenged in Video 3?
that humans arrived only recently (in the last 1,000 years) in the Amazon
What is the "great acceleration"?
the dramatic continual and roughly simultaneous surge in growth rate across a large range of measures of human activity
According to Video 2, the 40,000 ya cave art found in Borneo challenges the idea that:
the first modern human cave art only appeared in Europe
Which of the following is TRUE about Paleolithic tools?
they included compound tools
True/False. The bow and arrow probably first appeared during the Magdalenian.
true
In Video 1, paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall proposes that Neanderthals:
were killed by modern humans, leading to their extinction
According to the video, The International Union of Geological Sciences decides:
what to name each geological epoch
New World Sea Hypothesis
Early humans traveled along the coast of the northern Pacific Rim
New World Land Hypothesis
Early humans used the Bering land bridge connecting Asia and North America in the late Pleistocene
True/False. Although motherhood is important, it had little impact on human evolution.
False
True/False. Art can be used to stop climate change.
False
True/False. Food-getting strategies have little impact on the structure of society.
False
True/False. Foragers are known for their large, densely populated, sedentary villages.
False
True/False. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam most likely met and mated.
False
True/False. Modern humans were the first Homo to make tools.
False
True/False. The Holocene is the period prior to the one in which we now live.
False
True/False. The growth rate of the world's population is equally distributed among nations.
False
True/False. The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 1 million years ago in Africa.
False
True/False. Humans have adapted to drinking milk as adults, but not to HIV/AIDS.
False.
True/False. Modern humans began to occupy the New World 50,000 ya.
False.
True/False. The world population growth rate and the rate of cultural change both increased slightly with the beginnings of agriculture and the earliest cities and civilizations; measurable environmental impacts resulted and impacted communities globally.
False. Environmental impacts resulted but their effects tended to be only locally felt.
True/False. Earliest evidence of AMHs (anatomically modern humans) came from Asia.
False. From Africa Omo, Ethiopia; 195ka
True/false. Hunter-gatherers/foragers work as hard as farmers. 6 hrs.; 2.5 days/week subsistence.
False. Hunter-gatherers/foragers DON'T work as hard as farmers.
Which of the following did the least amount of work every day?
Foragers
What evidence do we have supporting the Coastal Route or Pacific Rim Hypothesis?
Geologic evidence suggests that there were pockets of land along the Alaskan and Canadian coasts between 17 and 15 kya (milder climate). In the Channel Islands (California), archaeological sites from around 12,000 years ago show that people were well-adapted to hunting on coast and on islands and getting around by boats. These California sites are also very important because it shows different stone tools from inland early big-game hunters who were using Clovis
In which of the following cultural periods did Venus Statues emerge?
Gravettian
Which major reef system has been damaged by 34,000 tons of dissolved nitrogen from fertilizer runoff, 62,000 pounds of pesticides and 19,000,000 tons of sediment from human activity?
Great Barrier Reef in Australia
In the film, John Green discusses the domestication of snails in:
Greece
H/G Noninfectious disease:
Low rates of noninfectious disease (heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension). May be fewer diseases due to diet and lifestyle (varied nutrition, well-balanced diet). May also be due to lower life-expectancy (they don't live long enough to develop these diseases). Injuries can also be major cause of death
After AMH make out of Africa, where do we find the oldest fossils?
Middle East (Israel, 115k ya) and Qafzeh (110 kya)
