ISSA Domain One Basic and applied science
How many bones are in the axial skeletal system? What are the major bones inside this system?
80 bones. The skull, spine and ribs
What percentage does those 6 element make up in your body?
98 percent
What is a force?
Interaction that creates work, action or physical change; it is broken down into magnitude, direction, application, line of force and exhibited in push or pull type motion.
What is frontal plane of motion?
divides body into front and back
What is the sagittal plane of motion?
divides body into left and right.
What is the transverse plane?
divides body into top and bottom
What is isometric contraction?
joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction
What are the three type of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Two types of muscle fibers
slow twitch and fast twitch
examples of saddle joints
thumb
How many bones in the lower extremities?
60 bones
How many bones in the upper extremities?
60 bones
How many bones are in the appendicular system?
126 bones
How many bones in the pelvic girdle?
2 bones
How many bones are in the skeletal system?
About 206 bones all together
What is Newton's first law?
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
What kind of exercise happen in the traverse plane of motion?
Any rotational exercise.
examples of bipennate muscles
Arrangement on both sides of tendon; soleus
Examples of unipennate muscles
Arrangement on both sides; flexor policis longus
What are the two different system inside the skeletal system
Axial and appendicular system.
What are the two parts of the cardiorespiratory system?
Circulatory system and respiratory system
What are the 6 categories of joint?
Gliding, condyloidal, ball and socket, hinge, saddle and pivot.
What are the different types of muscle contraction?
Concentric, Eccentric and isometric
What are the characteristic of a flat bone? Also name some example
Curved surface and provide protection. Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle and scapula
Examples of hinge joint
Elbow, ankle and knee
What is the law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Examples of multiplepennate
Fibers are arranged obliquely or diagonal and have several tendon attachments; deltoid.
What are the five main categories of bones?
Flat bones, short bones, long bones, seasmaoid bones and irregular bones.
What is Newton's third law?
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is Newton's second law?
Force equals mass times acceleration
What is a third class lever? Name an example
Force is between fulcrum and resistance. Shovel
What are the different planes or motion?
Frontal plane, Sagittal plane and transverse plane.
What is a first class lever? Name an example
Fulcrum between the force and resistance. Seesaw
What muscle stabilize the posterior side of the foot and ankle?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What muscle stabilizes the knee on the posterior side?
Hamstrings
What is a sarcomere?
It is a structural unit of a myofibril (muscle fiber).
What bones are foot and ankle made up of?
It is made up of tibia and the talus bones.
What is dynamic balance movement?
It is where constant agonist-antagonist muscle contractions occur in order to matin a certain position or posture.
What is sustained force movement?
It is where continuous muscle contractions occur in order to keep moving a weight.
What is a ballistic movement?
It is where inertial movement exist after and explosive or quick, maximum-Force contraction. Here is pre-tensing of the muscle in the eccentric contraction so the muscle can contract concentrically with maximum speed and quickness
What is a guided movement?
It occurs when both agonist and the antagonist contract to control the movement.
What is the main responsibility of the endocrine system?
It releases hormones and responsible for metabolic activities.
What is the main responsibility of the digestive system?
Its responsible for breaking down food and eliminating waste.
What exercises happen in the frontal plane of motion?
Lateral raises, side lunges and lateral flexion of the spine.
What are the characteristic of a long bones? Also name some example
Long, cylindrical shaft and provide structural support. Tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
What exercise happen in the sagittal plane of motion?
Lunges, biceps curls, squats and walking occur in the sagittal plane of motion
What are the four components of force
Magnitude, direction, point of application and line of action.
What are the responsibility of agonist muscle? Give some examples.
Main muscle responsible for movement; prime mover. Biceps brachili during biceps curl.
What are slow twitch fibers?
Muscles that help enable long-endurance feats such as distance running
What are the responsibility of assistant muscle? Give some examples.
Muscle that plays a secondary role in movement. Shoulder during a chest press.
What are the responsibility of antagonist muscle? Give some examples.
Muscle with an action directly opposite of the agonist. Triceps during elbow flex ion it biceps curl.
What are the six elements is your body majority made up of?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous
What are the 6 type of muscle fiber?
Parallel, fusiform, triangular, unipennate, bipennate and mutipennate
examples of pivot joints
Pivotal radius at the radioulnar joint
What muscle stabilizes the anterior side of the knee?
Quads
What is kinesthesis?
Receptor in the joints, muscle and tendons help you know where your body is in space.
What are golgi tendon organs?
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Examples of parallel fibers
Run parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; the stylohyoid also called the neck muscle
Examples of fusiform muscles fiber
Run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle; the biceps brachii
What are muscle made up of?
Sarcomeres
What muscle stabilizes the knee on the medial side?
Sartorial and gracilis
What are muscle spindles
Sensory receptors within muscles -run parallel to muscles -sensitive to changes in muscle length and rate of length of change -regulate contraction of muscles via stretch reflex mechanism (prevents overstretching) Think: sensitive to lengthening, so opposite action = shorten and not over stretch
What are the characteristic of a Irregular bone? Also name some example
Serve a variety of purposes; include the bones of the spine. Bones in the ischium, pubis.
examples of ball and socket joints
Shoulder and hip
What are the characteristic of a Sesamoid bones? Also name some example
Small bones in the tendon of a musclotendinous joint. Patella, flexor tendons or the time and thumb
What are the characteristic of a short bones? Also name some example
Small, cubed-shaped. Carpals and Tarsals
examples of triangular muscles fiber
Spread of a broad area: pectoral is
Which joint allow movement?
Synovial joint
examples of gliding joints
Tarsals of the foot
What muscle stabilizes the knee on the lateral side?
The TFL
What is stability?
The ability to maintain a balanced state
What is angle of muscle pull?
The angle at which muscle pulls relative to the long axis of the bone on which it pulls.
What is homestasis?
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes.
Insertion
The distal (farther from the midline) attachment.
What is bones make up the knee?
The end of the femur and tibia bones. This joint primary flexes and extends the Lower leg.
What muscle is a two joint muscle?
The hamstring
origin
The proximal (closer to midline or the body) attachment
What ligaments and muscle does the spine rely on?
The rectus, abdominus, internal/external obliques, transverse adbominis.
What part of the nervous help with body moment?
The somatic system it is responsible for voluntary actions.
Action
The specific movements that each muscle is responsible for.
What are the different parts of the spine?
The vertebral column which is the most important functional unit of the body.
What is power?
The work done in a unit of time
What is the main purpose of ligaments?
They are connective tissue which connect bone to bone to form joints.
What is a myosin filament?
Thick protein filament.
What is actin?
This term refers to a thin protein filament that acts with myosin filaments to produce muscle action.
What muscle stabilize the anterior side of the foot and ankle?
Tibialis anterior
What is the main function of the muscular system?
To provide muscle tissue that connects to bones for movement to occur.
What is a second class lever? Name an example
Weight/ resistance is between the fulcrum and application of force. Wheelbarrow
What is work?
What happens when a force is allied to an object. Defined by the equation force = force x distance.
Examples of conogyloidal joint
Wrist between the radius and the carpal bones
What are the three classes of levers?
first class, second class, third class
What is the circulatory system?
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries that act as a transport system.
What is eccentric contraction?
muscle lengthens to allow movement
What is a concentric contraction?
muscle shortens to produce movement
What are fast twitch fibers?
muscles fatigue faster but are used in powerful bursts of movements like sprinting
What does SITS stand for?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
What is the respiratory system?
the lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide
What is a fulcrum?
the pivot point of a lever
What is biomechanics?
the study of forces and their effects on living systems
Innervation
the supply of nerves to a specific body part