ISU BIO 196 Final Exam

What adaptations are often found in predators?

1. Morphological Weapons (claws, fangs) 2. Behavioral (group hunting, attack strategy) 3. Chemical (venom)

What are the apoplast and symplast? Why are they important in plants? How do they differ in transport of water or sugars?

Apoplast is everything external to the plasma membrane ( cell mem, extracellular space, interiors of vessel elements and tracheids) Symplats consist of cytosol of all living cells in a plant and the plasmodesmata Major pathways through plants and aids in transportation of water and solutes. Transmembrane pathway associated with water moving across cells and cell dividers

Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system? See Concept 35.1 (Page) a. pith ... vascular tissue system b. cortex ... ground tissue system c. phloem ... epidermis d. xylem ... ground tissue system e. guard cells ... ground tissue

B

Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote? a. Meiosis b. Fertilization c. Mitosis d. Alternation of generations

B

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. See Concept 30.3 (Page) a. flowers b. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations c. a sporophyte phase d. a vascular system e. seeds

A context: Angiosperms are recognized on the basis of being flowering plants.

Which term describes the male gametophytes of flowering plants? a. Pollen grains b. Micropyle c. Microsporocytes d. Megaspores

A context: Pollen grains are the male gametophytes of flowering plants; they contain a generative cell that develops into sperm.

Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow? a. Chloroplast b. Holdfast c. Sporophyte d. Flagella

A holdfast attaches spores to surfaces on which they can grow.

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true? a. Reinforcement decreases the morphological difference between two incipient species. b. Reinforcement is also called dispersive selection. c. Reinforcement is a type of natural selection. d. Reinforcement increases the number of intermediate phenotypes.

C context: Reinforcement is a type of natural selection called disruptive selection, which favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes.

Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? a. Carpel b. Stamen c. Petals d. Sepal

C context: The petals of a plant serve to attract pollinators.

What is endosperm? a. tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo b. the female portion of a flowering plant c. via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo d. the male portion of a flowering plant e. the leaves that are a part of the embryo

C context: The triploid endosperm is a source of nourishment for the embryo.

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false? a. All deuterostomes are triploblastic and have three tissue layers. b. All deuterostomes have a similar pattern of early embryonic development. c. All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies. d. All deuterostomes have a coelom.

C context: This statement is false; in the deuterostome lineage, only adult echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry.

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. See Concept 22.2 (Page) a. the organisms in the Galapagos had been specially created to thrive in that environment b. the shape of a bird's beak does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce c. organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species d. all island species should be similar to each other e. none of the above

C. context: Darwin reasoned that natural selection had increased the match between the organisms and their environment.

According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods. See Concept 24.4 (Page) a. geographic isolation b. punctuated equilibrium c. nondisjunction d. adaptive radiation e. gradualist

B Context: This is the definition of punctuated equilibrium.

Hybrid zones provide an opportunity to investigate _____. See Concept 24.3 (Page) a. mutations b. the evolution of reproductive isolation c. polyploidy d. punctuated equilibrium e. allopatric speciation

B context: A hybrid zone allows researchers to see what happens when closely related species come together. Reproductive barriers may be strengthened or weakened, depending on environmental and genetic factors.

The primary growth of a plant adds _____ and secondary growth adds _____. See Concept 35.2 (Page) a. height ... branching b. height ... girth c. branching ... flowers d. girth ... height e. branching ... girth

B context: Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots through primary growth. Lateral meristems add girth to woody plants through secondary growth.

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____. a. seedless vascular plants b. bryophytes c. gymnosperms d. charophyceans e. angiosperms

B context: Bryophytes, such as mosses, are the extant plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia.

How do cations enter root hairs? a. phagocytosis b. diffusion c. endocytosis d. osmosis e. active transport

B context: Cations diffuse into root hairs.

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to itsoriginal habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true? a. The birds were separated by a vicariance event. b. The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species. c. The populations will be able to interbreed even though they are different species. d. The populations were sympatric while they diverged.

B context: Different species cannot interbreed.

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____. See Concept 33.1 (Page) a. Lycophyta b. Porifera c. Echinodermata d. Cnidaria e. Ctenophora

B context: Evidence that supports this includes the lack of true tissue in sponges and the close similarity between choanocytes and choanoflagellates.

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity? See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. nematode b. flatworm c. earthworm d. clam e. mouse

B context: Flatworms are acoelomates, even those that are not classified as acoels.

The diploid phase of the life cycle is shortest in which of the following? See Concept 31.2 (Page) a. angiosperm b. fungus c. gymnosperm d. moss e. fern

B context: Most fungi are haploid except for a very brief diploid stage that is seen only when a fungus reproduces sexually.

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? See Concept 30.3 (Page) a. anthers b. petals c. carpels d. stamens e. ovaries

B context: Petals play a role in attracting pollinators.

Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs? a. Crown b. Trunk/ground c. Twig d. Trunk/crown

B context: These ectomorphs need long legs to jump from one broad perch to another.

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. See Concept 27.3 (Page) a. photoautotrophs b. chemoautotrophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs

B context: They use inorganic molecules (in redox reactions) for energy, and carbon dioxide for carbon.

What can we learn about the history of life from fossils?

By studying the fossil record we can tell how long life has existed on Earth, and how different plants and animals are related to each other. Often we can work out how and where they lived, and use this information to find out about ancient environments

What is the range of values of (K-N)/K and how does this term affect population growth?

Can equal 0 if the K is equal to N, It can also equal one if the N equals 0. There is a limit to population growth in this model.

What is evolution?

Change in a population over time

A paramecium is a(n) _____. a. entamoeba b. diatom c. ciliate d. apicomplexan e. plasmodial slime molds

C context: A paramecium makes use of its cilia to move and feed.

What are the 3 major clades of bilaterian animals

Deuterostome Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa (exoskeleton)

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. a. triploid ... fertilization b. diploid ... meiosis c. haploid ... mitosis d. haploid ... meiosis e. diploid ... mitosis

D context: Diploid microsporangia form haploid microspores by meiosis.

In moss, _____ produce sperm. a. protonemata b. sporangia c. archegonia d. embryos e. antheridia

E context: Moss antheridia, found on the tops of male gametophytes, produce sperm.

The_______________ of species, such as the high concentration of marsupial mammals in Australia, can provide evidence about common ancestors. In addition, the endemic species found on many island chains yield information about evolution on those islands.

geographic distribution

examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

global ecology

How is a pattern of gradual evolution different from a pattern of punctuated equilibria?

gradual: evolution is slowly changing over time punctuated equilibria: periods of little changes with periods of sudden change (spurts of change)

What is the evidence for the different endosymbiosis events?

i) Presence of DNA: ii) Size of Ribosomes: iii) Inhibition by antibiotics: iv) Evolutionary relationship: v) Same size: vi) Plasma-Membrane: vii) Enzyme secretion: viii) Replication and protein synthesis: ix) Bacterial binary fission: x) Electron transport chain:

function in respiration and feeding: water that comes in the mouth leaves through the slits. Organisms can filter this water for food and in fish gills became associated with these slits.

pharyngeal slits

_________________ include similarities in structure, development, and DNA sequences in different organisms. Vestigial structures are _______________ structures that have a reduced function or no function at all. Examples include the pelvic bones of whales.

Homologies Homologous

How could you decide whether a shared trait is homologous or analogous?

Homologous structures share a similar embryonic origin; analogous organs have a similar function. For example, the bones in the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones in the human arm. These structures are not analogous. The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bird are analogous, but not homologous.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of K-selected and r-selected species?

K selected -long lifespan -slow development -few, large offspring -parental care R selected -short lifespan -rapid development -many small offspring -no/little parental care

How is climate affected by the presence of lakes/oceans and the different ocean currents?

Large lakes and oceans moderate the climate of nearby land environments During the day, the land warms, hot air rises, cool breeze comes off of the water. During the night, the land cools, cold air flows offshore, replaced with warmer air.

What is a life table and how is it used to develop survivorship curves?

Life tables summarize birth and death rates for organisms at different stages of their lives. Survivorship curves are graphs that show what fraction of a population survives from one age to the next.

Describe how fungi's mode of nutrition contributes to their role as decomposers.

Most fungi get organic compounds from dead organisms. Fungi use enzymes to digest organic remains and then absorb the resulting organic compounds. As decomposers, fungi are vital for the health of ecosystems. They break down nonliving organic matter and release the nutrients into the soil.

the result of differential survival and reproduction. It is the only mechanism of evolution that consistently

Natural selection

What is endosymbiosis as it pertains to the evolution of eukaryotes?

Endosymbiosis: symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other. The large and small cells formed a symbiotic relationship in which both cells benefited. Some of the small cells were able to break down the large cell's wastes for energy. They supplied energy not only to themselves but also to the large cell. It allowed these kinds of eukaryotic cells to gain a reproductive advantage over their neighbors when the mitochondria, a rich source of energy, moved in with them.

What distinguishes eutrophic from oligotrophic lakes?

Eutrophic: nutrient rich, oxygen poor (green water) Oligotrophic: nutrient poor, oxygen rich (clear water)

True or false? The endosperm tissue that nourishes the developing plant has the same nutritional characteristics regardless of the plant species.

False context: The characteristics of the endosperm tissue vary by plant species; some tissues contain large amounts of starch (corn), while others contain large amounts of protein (beans).

Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Primary succession occurs in an area where there were no original organisms present and where soil has not yet formed. Secondary succession occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves soil or substrate intact.

What are the two major climatic factors that determine the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

Temperature and precipitation

What metabolic innovation occurred first in the cyanobacteria

The evolution of O2-producing cyanobacteria that use water as terminal reductant transformed Earth's atmosphere to one suitable for the evolution of aerobic metabolism and complex life

What is ecological succession?

Transition in species composition of a community following a disturbance, establishment of a community in an area virtually barren of life

What are monophyletic groupings

consisting of all the descendants of one common ancestor

What definition works well when looking at the fossil record

descent with modification, the idea that living species have descended from ancestral species that were different from the present-day species

What is convergent evolution?

occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures.

organisms that can make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis.

photoautotroph

What is a homology?

similarity in underlying structural elements due to common ancestry, even if function and appearance differ

What distinguishes the dominant species of a community?

species in a community that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass.

What are the general characteristics of Mollusca

-bilateral w 3 germ layers -calcium shells (loss in some groups) -open circulatory system (closed in cephalopods) -sexual reproduction (except snails) -organs; not just tissues -well developed nervous system -beaklike jaw for prey

What are the defining features of the prokaryotes

-cell wall surrounded by capsule (sticky layer of polysaccharide/protein) -unicellular -much smaller than eukaryotes -well organized. lack complex compartmentalization -endospores (resistant cell developed when bacteria exposed to harsh conditions) -fimbriae (stick to their substrate or to one another by means of hairlike appendages) -flagella 1.) no membrane bound organelles 2.) small size 3.) lack a nucleus 4.) reproduce by binary fission 5.) cell wall

What are all of the different roles of fungi

-decomposers -mutualists(Plants and animals, green algae and cyanobacteria, and predators) -Parasites

How does the change in fox friendliness or change in phenotype of dogs illustrate artificial selection?

-difference between natural selection and artificial selection is whether the difference in reproductive success is driven by naturally occurring processes, or whether the selection is imposed by humans -They are similar in the way that certain favorable phenotypic traits are passed from generation to generation

What is frequency dependent selection? How does negative frequency dependent selection help maintain genetic variation in a population?

-fitness of phenotype depends on how common it is in the population -negative frequency dependent selection: can cause maintenance of multiple phenotypes in a population

What are the key derived traits of tetrapods

-four limbs and feet with digits -a neck that allows head movement separate from the body -Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone -the absence of gills (except some aquatic species) -Ears for detecting airborne sounds

In many species, females prefer males that are showy and brightly colored. Which type of sexual selection is this? Why might females benefit from mating with males that are brighter and showier? (your book discusses one major hypothesis)

-intersexual selection ("Mate choice") -females prefer male traits that are correlated with "good genes."

What conditions promote the formation of fossils?

-low oxygen environment -antiseptic, acidic/basic environment with few detritivores (bacteria/fungi) leading ot a slow rate of decomp. -sediment covers specimen -quiet, isolated space -bodies are not disturbed -chance

What is gene flow? How does this affect genetic diversity? What is the relationship between gene flow and speciation?

-movement of alleles between populations; alleles transferred by movement of fertile individuals (migration) / gametes (i.e pollen) -Gene flow within a population can increase the genetic variation of the population, whereas gene flow between genetically distant populations can reduce the genetic difference between the populations. -If two populations become isolated from one another and there is no gene flow between the two populations, they may develop into two distinct species. Speciation occurs when there is little or no inter-breeding (gene flow) between the two groups.

What are the similar traits between Archaea and Eukarya

-no Peptidoglycan in cell wall -several kinds of RNA polymerase -Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis is Methionine -growth not inhibited in response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol

What is sexual selection? What are the two mechanisms by which adaptations that promote mating success can evolve?

-process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates -Intrasexual selection: traits that enhance male competitiveness ex. male competing for a mate intersexual selection: traits that enhance attractiveness ex. female mate choice

What are the various avenues of sympatric speciation? What process of sympatric speciation is especially applicable to plants?

-reproductive barrier (i.e cannot physically mate) -sexual selection -habitat differentiation -polyploidy: chromosomal duplications

What is the morphological and biochemical evidence of common ancestry between charophytes and embryophytes

-rings of cellulose - synthesizing proteins -particular structure of flagellated sperm -nodes and internodes -single apical cell -specialized cells (amylum stars) for starch storage -formation of a phragmoplast during cell division

What are the characteristics of amphibians

-salamanders:amphibians with tails and some aquatic (terrestrial as adults and through life) -Frogs: lack tails but have powerful legs for movement on land, leathery skin in toads. -Caecilians: legless, nearly blinds resemble earthworms and absence of lefs is a secondary adaptation to subterranean living. -snakes are caecilians being legless are homoplastic traits

What are the key characteristics that show the common ancestry between fungi and animals

1. Chitin ( forming cell walls/exoskeleton) 2. Store energy as glycogen 3. Molecular (nuclear) sequence support 4. Single posterior flagellum

What are the major types of interspecific interactions found within communities? For each type, how do the two species involved influence each other (+/+, +/-, etc.)?

1. Competition (-/-): occur between organisms in an ecosystem when their niches overlap, they both try to use the same resource and the resource is in short supply 2. Predation (+/-): one organism kills and consumes another. 3. Parasitism (+/-): Relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism. 4. Mutualism (+/+): association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits. 5. Commensalism (+/0): an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

What are the various modes of natural selection and how do they alter the frequency distribution of a trait? Assume that variation in the trait is genetically based.

1. Directional selection: favors individuals at one extreme of phenotype 2. Stabilizing selection: favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotype 3. Disruptive selection: favors individuals both extremes of phenotypes -Natural selection only acts on the population's heritable traits: selecting for beneficial alleles and, thus, increasing their frequency in the population, while selecting against deleterious alleles and, thereby, decreasing their frequency.

What features of the genetic code (DNA or RNA) provide evidence that all life descended from a common ancestor?

1. DNA is the molecule of inheritance (RNA for some viruses) for all organisms 2. DNA/RNA has same chemical structure in all organisms 3. enzymes The universal genetic code in DNA and RNA shows that all living species descended from an ancient common ancestor.

What are the mechanisms of density-dependent population regulation?

1. Disease 2. Competition 3. Predation

What are Darwin's four postulates?

1. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. 2. Some trait differences are heritable. 3. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. 4. Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

The Precambrian time began at least _____ million years ago. a. 4,600 b. 570 c. 251 d. 65 e. 25

A

Which of the following is regarded as a density-independent factor in the growth of natural populations? See Concept 53.5 (Page) a. flooding b. predation c. emigration d. interspecific competition e. intraspecific competition

A context: Density-independent factors are unrelated to population size.

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants. a. Ferns b. Pine trees c. Lilacs d. Mosses e. Charophyceans

A context: Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

Karyogamy produces a _____. a. diploid zygote b. haploid zygote c. spores d. mycelium e. hypha

A context: Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei.

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. a. flipper b. baleen c. blowhole d. rib e. cage tail

A context: The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous.

A carpel is composed of _____. a. zygote, anther, and endosperm b. stigma, style, and ovary c. ovule, megasporocyte, and anther d. petal, sepal, and stamen e. ovary, ovule, and anther

B

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? a. temperature and light b. temperature and rainfall c. light and rainfall d. plants and animals e. temperature and plants

B

Which organism does not cause disease in plants? a. Fungus. b. Herbivore. c. Virus. d. Bacteria.

B context: An herbivore consumes plants.

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation? a. Directional selection b. Disruptive selection c. Stabilizing selection

B context: Disruptive selection eliminates phenotypes near the average and favors the extreme phenotypes, resulting in increased genetic variation in a population.

In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do? See Concept 38.1 (Page) a. Both sperm fertilize a single egg cell. b. One fertilizes an egg, and the other combines with two polar nuclei, which develop into stored food cells (endosperm). c. Each one fertilizes a separate egg cell. d. One fertilizes an egg, and the other fertilizes the fruit. e. One fertilizes an egg, and the other is kept in reserve.

B context: Fertilization of an egg produces a zygote, and the combination of the two polar nuclei produces a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm.

Which of the following statements is correct? See Concept 32.4 (Page) a. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Radiata. b. All animals share a common ancestor. c. Sponges are diploblastic animals. d. Eumetazoans have three embryonic tissue layers. e. The origin of all extant animal phyla can be traced to the Cambrian explosion.

B context: It is thought to have been a protist similar to a choanoflagellate.

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? a. Karyogamy b. Plasmogamy c. Spore d. Heterokaryotic

B context: Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm from different individuals

Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma? a. Germination b. Pollination c. Gametogenesis d. Fertilization

B context: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.

Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? a. Eukarya b. Prokarya c. Archaea d. Bacteria

B context: Prokarya was not one of the groups described in Woese's tree of life analysis.

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____. See Concept 54.1 (Page) a. range b. ecological niche c. environmental habitat d. biome e. territory

B context: The competitive exclusion principle states that when the populations of two species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other species.

Where does the majority of stem growth in a plant occur? a. Axillary buds. b. Apical meristem. c. Both the apical meristem and lateral branches. d. Lateral branches.

B context: The majority of stem growth in a plant occurs at the apical meristem.

Which of the following parts of a plant remains on the plant even after several years of growth? a. Cortex b. Primary xylem c. Primary phloem d. Epidermis

B context: The primary xylem is located close to the pith of the plant and remains a part of the plant even after several years of growth.

The Mesozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago. a. 4,600 b. 570 c. 251 d. 65 e. 25

C

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? a. temperate broadleaf forest b. coniferous forest c. desert d. temperate grassland e. tropical rain forest

C Context: Deserts are characterized by levels of rainfall less than 30 cm per year.

Cup fungi are in the phylum _____. a. Zygomycota b. Chytridomycota c. Ascomycota d. Chordata e. Basidiomycota

C context: Cup fungi are a type of sac fungus.

In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into __________. See Concept 30.2 (Page) a. female sporophytes b. pollen grains c. female gametophytes d. male gametophytes e. ovulate cones

C context: Even though the gametophyte stage of alternation of generations is minimized in gymnosperms and angiosperms, spores still give rise to gametophytes.

The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____. See Concept 36.5 (Page) a. water b. minerals c. sugar d. hormones e. amino acids

C context: Phloem transports sugar from a sugar source to a sugar sink.

Topsoil _____. See Concept 37.1 (Page) a, is the relatively inert upper layer of soil b. does not retain water c. is a mixture of rock fragments, living organisms, and humus d. is uniform in texture e. is devoid of charged particles

C context: Topsoil is produced by the erosion of rock by living organisms and is rich in decomposing organic matter (humus).

Which of the following statements about the vascular cambium is true? a. It develops into cork cells on the outside of the cortex. b. It is located between the primary xylem and cortex. c. It is a layer of undifferentiated cells that develops into secondary xylem and phloem. d. It is a type of apical meristem.

C context: Vascular cambium is a type of lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem in a plant.

Which of the following is radially symmetrical? See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. an automobile b. a spoon c. a dog d. a doughnut e. a submarine sandwich

D context: A doughnut has no front, no back, no left, and no right.

Why is the decomposition of dead organisms important for soil formation? a. The process produces acidic compounds that dissolve the rock surface. b. The process increases the amount of silt in the soil c. .The process makes negatively charged ions more easily absorbed by plant roots. d. The process adds organic matter to the soil, which is necessary to support the growth of larger plants.

D context: Decomposition of dead organisms adds organic matter, or humus, to the soil; humus is necessary to support plant growth.

A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____. See Concept 28.3 (Page) a. amoebas b. ciliates c. diatoms d. dinoflagellates e. species of red algae

D context: Dinoflagellate blooms, episodes of explosive population growth, cause red tides in coastal waters.

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. See Concept 31.1 (Page) a. endocytosis b. photosynthesis c. chemosynthesis d. absorption e. ingestion

D context: Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorbing small molecules from the surrounding medium.

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. See Concept 31.1 (Page) a. cause the decay of cellulose and lignin b. control soil nematodes c. sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants d. help plants take up nutrients and water e. provide carbohydrates to the plant partner

D context: Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations with the roots of plants, which enhance the absorption of nutrients.

Why are shared derived characters more useful than shared ancestral characters to infer phylogeny

Derived characteristics are unique to a clade, we can determine the clade in which each characteristic appeared. We use this information to infer evolutionary relationships.

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. a. courtship b. gliding c. extended hops d. flight e. all of these

E context: All of these are, or may have been, functions of feathers.

In wild populations, individuals most often show a _____ pattern of dispersion. See Concept 53.1 (Page) a. uniform b. density-dependent c. equilibrium d. random e. clumped

E context: Individuals are often found clumped because they are interacting or are attracted to areas that provide the most favorable environmental conditions.

Almost all of the members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae in a mutualistic partnership with plants. See Concept 31.4 (Page) a. Basidiomycota b. Ascomycota c. Chytridiomycota d. Zygomycota e. Glomeromycota

E context: Nearly all glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae.

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. a. tertiary consumers b. producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. detritivores

E context: The earthworm is feeding on the remains of dead organisms.

True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the embryo.

False context: The endosperm in a seed is not the embryo, but the food supply for the embryo.

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

True context: A mushroom consists mainly of hyphae that are heterokaryotic, which means they have two distinct haploid nuclei per cell; these nuclei may fuse in specialized cells called basidia and become diploid in preparation for meiosis and spore production.

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

True Context: Allopatric speciation may occur when populations are separated geographically; this type of speciation can begin with a vicariance event, in which a geographic barrier such as water isolates a population, or a dispersal event, in which a subset of a population migrates to a different habitat.

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics.

True context: Convergent evolution occurs when selective pressures produced by similar conditions (such as habitat) favor the evolution of similar solutions.

True or false? Plants do not produce many defenses against pathogens unless they are threatened because defensive structures and compounds require much energy and materials to produce and maintain.

True context: The production and maintenance of defensive structures and compounds requires more energy than a plant may have at all times.

What is an extremophile?

a microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.

What are the 4 derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their life?

a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

Do mutations arise by chance or nonrandomly?

chance

an organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

chemoautotroph

an organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live. That means you: your body gets its energy from food, and you must consume other organisms such as plants and animals in order to survive.

chemoheterotroph

What is a symbiotic relationship?

close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits

True or false? Soil texture affects the amount of water available to plants; water is held best by clay and sand particles.

false context: Soil texture does indeed affect the amount of water available to plants, but water is held best by the smallest soil particles, clay and silt.

The __________ has provided evidence for extinct species and for transitional forms of organisms, such as the ancestors of present-day horses.

fossil record

What comprises the life history of an organism?

its pattern of survival and reproduction, along with the traits that directly affect survival and the timing or amount of reproduction.

focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

landscape ecology

In aquatic systems, what are the primary zones and what are the factors that create these zones?

littoral zone: shallow water Pelagic zone: open water Photic zone: upper lit layer with photosynthesis Aphotic zone: little light, no photosynthesis Benthic zone: bottom of lakes, streams, oceans

Why are protists thought to be important ecologically?

many protists form symbiotic relationships (i.e termites) and are important producers Protists produce almost one-half of the oxygen on the planet through photosynthesis, decompose and recycle nutrients that humans need to live, and make up a huge part of the food chain. Humans use protists for many other reasons: Many protists are also commonly used in medical research.

What structural traits of particular groups of protists enable them to live in marine intertidal environments

modified mitochondria and flagella (excavates)

heterotrophic organisms that make use of light energy as their energy source. They also cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. They use organic compounds from the environment

photoheterotroph

What are unique traits of the 4 major groups within the phyla

polyplacophota (chitons; marine, unsegmented) gastropods (snails, slugs) bivalves (clams, mussels) cephalopods (squids, octopus)

contains skeletal elements and muscles, which provide a source of locomotion in aquatic species, such as fishes. In some terrestrial vertebrates, the tail also helps with balance, courting, and signaling when danger is near.

post-anal tail

ways that mineralized skeletons were likely advantageous,

provides a protective mechanism for many organisms but also assists in movement of insects. The internal skeleton (endoskeleton) present in many animals provides the structural network for support, protection, and movement.

How do scientists learn the age of fossils? Distinguish between relative and absolute dating.

radiometric/absolute dating: based on t​he decay of radioactive​e isotope. In this process​,​ a radioactive "parent" isotope decays to a "daughter" isotope at a characteristic rate. The rate of decay is expressed by the half-life, the time required for 50% of the parent ​isotope to decay Relative dating: shows characteristic of a geologic time, allows defining/identification of geologic periods

Which types of characters are used in constructing phylogenies and why (shared derived traits vs. ancestral; homology vs. homoplasy)?

shared character is one that two lineages have in common derived character is one that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals ancestral trait is what we think was present in the common ancestor of the species of interest homology traits that are shared by two or more different species that share a common ancestor. These traits are similar in structure or genetics, but may have very different functions and appearances. homoplasy is a shared character between two or more animals that did not arise from a common ancestor. A homoplasy is the opposite of a homology, where a common ancestor provided the genes that gave rise to the trait in two or more animals.

How do direct observations of natural populations provide evidence of evolution?

studying current populations can show how they adapt to environmental changes Ex.) Soapberry bugs adapted their beak length to match the depth of the seed of their host fruit

What are phylogenies?

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. systematics. a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Lecture Answer: pictorial representations of evolutionary relationships

What is an ecological niche?

the position of a species within an ecosystem, describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem.

Why is natural selection not simply a matter of chance?

the survival and reproductive success of an individual is directly related to the ways its inherited traits function in the context of its local environment

What are the characteristics that likely have led to the incredible diversity of Arthropods

their segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages -coevolution with other groups (insects with plants; herbivores to pollinators to seed predators) -all types of habitats

What is meant by a life-history trade-off?

when an increase in one life history trait (improving fitness) is coupled to a decrease in another life history trait (reducing fitness), so that the fitness benefit through increasing trait 1 is balanced against a fitness cost through decreasing trait 2

What are the derived traits found in embryophytes (making them a monophyletic) group

• Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes - Alternation of generations - Walled spores produced in sporangia - Multicellular, dependent embryos - Apical meristems - development of cuticle (to prevent water loss)

What are the major types of anti-predator defenses?

1. Mechanical defense 2. Chemical defense 3. Aposematic coloration 4. Cryptic coloration 5. Batesian mimicry 6. Mullerian mimicry 7. Mobbing 8. Crypsis 9. Alarm calls

What are the levels of study of ecology

1. Organismal Ecology 2. Population Ecology 3. Community Ecology 4. Ecosystem Ecology 5. Landscape Ecology 6. Global Ecology

What are the four principal requirements of evolution by natural selection?

1. Phenotypic variation 2. Inheritance of traits 3. Fitness differences 4. More offspring produced than survive

How does solar energy influence global temperature, precipitation and wind patterns?

1. Precipitation: Precipitation happens when sun hits the equator, hot air rises, cools, then descends 2. Wind Patterns: Seasonal variation increases towards the poles because of earth's tilt 3. Temperature: Solar energy drives temperature and climate, depending on the angle the sun hits a certain area.

What are the major trophic levels of a food chain/web?

1. Producers 2. Herbivore 3. Omnivore 4. Carnivore

What are the major kinds of mutations, and how do they alter DNA sequences?

1. Substitution: changes in base (single base substitutions are called point mutations) base pair is replaced by a different base pair. The term also refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein with a different amino acid. 2. Insertions: addition of genetic material. An insertion mutation can be small, involving a single extra DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece of a chromosome. 3. Deletions: involving the loss of genetic material. It can be small, involving a single missing DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece of a chromosome.

Explain how the different body plans and associated traits have led to the diversity of animals

1. Symmetry- none, bilateral, radial 2. Tissue Organization - none, diploblastic, triploblastic 3. Body cavities - not monophyletic 4.Devlopmental stages - protostomes and deuterostomes 5. segmentation - rings in earthworms, vertebrae in fish, appendages in lobsters

What are the three main survivorship curves? For each, what is the pattern of survivorship across an organism's lifetime?

1. Type I survivorship curve: -low death rates early and middle life -high death rates in older groups 2. Type II survivorship curve: -constant death rate 3. Type III survivorship curve: -high death rates early -lower death rate later

What are the three major patterns of dispersion found within populations and what factors might affect these patterns?

1. Uniform 2. random 3. clumped

What are the main features of a scientific theory?

1. Well Documented explanation of nature 2. Based on application of scientific method 3. Most rigorous and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge 4.Falsifiable

What are the main factors controlling the distribution of a species?

1. dispersal 2. behavior 3. biotic factors 4. abiotic factors

What are the evolutionary forces that can take a population out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

1. mutations 2. natural selection 3. nonrandom mating 4. genetic drift 5. gene flow.

What are the three possible outcomes when two newly formed species come into secondary contact?

1. reinforcement of barriers 2. fusion of species 3. stability

What kinds of testable predictions can be derived from the theory of evolution as it applies to the fossil record?

1.) species that lived in the past should be different from extant species 2.) simple life should be found in the strata and more complex forms should only occur in recent strata 3.) there should be transitional forms between major taxonomic groups

What are the four main steps that are believed to have led to the origin of life on Earth?

1.The abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides. 2. The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. 3. The packaging of these molecules into "protobionts", droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings. 4. The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible.

Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era. a. Paleozoic b. Triassic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Jurassic

A

Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true? a. Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells. b. The haploid Ulva cells are genetically identical to their diploid parents. c. Haploid cells produce gametes by meiosis. d. Gametes of the same mating type fuse to produce a diploid zygote.

A

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans? a. apes b. Old World monkeys c. lorises d. prosimians e. New World monkeys

A

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Paleozoic era. a. Amphibians b. Reptiles c. Sponges d. Dinosaurs e. Mammals

A

Which statement about endotoxins is true? See Concept 27.6 (Page) a. Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down b. .An example of a prokaryote that produces endotoxins is Clostridium botulinum. c. The source of endotoxins is endospores. d. Endotoxins are proteins secreted by prokaryotes. e. Endotoxins are components of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.

A Context: Endotoxins are a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

Acid precipitation _____. a. decreases soil fertility b. promotes the attachment of anions to soil particles c. enhances the diffusion of cations into root hairs d. increases soil fertility e. has no effect on soil fertility

A context Acid precipitation promotes cation exchange. However, the precipitation then washes the ions away before they can diffuse into root hairs.

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? a. Mycelium b. Motile spores c. Basidium d. Asci

A context: A mycelium is a network of filaments that forms the body of a fungus.

Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange? a. Pharyngeal gill slit b. Dorsal nerve cord c. Endoskeleton d. Notochord

A context: A pharyngeal gill slit is an opening into the throat that can be used for feeding and gas exchange.

Charles Darwin _____. See Concept 22.2 (Page) a. proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution b. was the first to realize that fossils are remains of ancient organisms c. proposed that unused parts of the body deteriorate d. was the first person to conclude that organisms evolve e. eagerly published his theory before it was well-developed

A context: Although Wallace submitted his work for publication first, Darwin's work was known to have pre-dated Wallace's work and was much more detailed; therefore, Darwin was given credit for the theory.

Most members of which of the following groups are most closely associated with a wet or moist environment? See Concept 34.4 (Page) a. amphibians b. birds c. dinosaurs d. mammals e. pterosaurs

A context: Amphibians typically have a water-permeable skin that does not easily resist drying. Thus, amphibians tend to be found in moist environments.

The formation of the abscission layer cuts off transport of substances to and from the leaf. As the concentration of sugar trapped within a leaf increases, _____ pigments are produced. a. anthocyanin b. melanin c. phycoerythrin d. xanthophylls e. carotenoid

A context: Anthocyanin pigments, which have a deep red coloration, are produced when sugar gets trapped in leaves.

How does auxin produce gravitropism in a plant that is placed on its side? a. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. b. Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and stimulates elongation of cells in that region. c. Auxin accumulates on the side of the leaf opposite the sunlight and inhibits elongation of cells in that region. d. Auxin accumulates on the lower surface of the root and stimulates elongation of cells in that region.

A context: Auxin inhibits elongation in the region of the root where it accumulates.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? a. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. b. The drug-susceptibility trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps. c. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. d. The drug-susceptibility trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin

A context: Bacterial cells have higher fitness when they are drug resistant in the new environment in which people have been medicated with antibiotics.

What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? a. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus b. Composition of the cell wall c. Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences d. Number of cells in the organism

A context: Before the tree of life analysis, organisms were classified as prokaryotes if they lacked a membrane-bound nucleus or eukaryotes if they possessed a membrane-bound nucleus.

Which characteristics define a chordate? a. The presence of four specific morphological traits b. The ability to live on land c. The presence of a well-developed circulatory system d. The development of an anus from the blastopore

A context: Chordates are defined by the presence of four morphological traits: a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail behind the anus.

Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? a. diatoms b. cellular slime molds c. brown algae d. golden algae e. water molds

A context: Diatoms are characterized by glasslike walls containing silica.

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers? a. Disruptive selection b. Directional selection c. Stabilizing selection

A context: Disruptive selection causes both extreme phenotypes (large and small beaks) to be favored over the intermediate phenotypes.

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. See Concept 22.3 (Page) a. embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other b. the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops c. all animals develop similar embryonic gills d. the embryological development of many plants and animals is almost identical e. mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms

A context: Early in development, the similarities among all vertebrate embryos are more apparent than the differences.

Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with __________. See Concept 28.4 (Page) a. algae b. bacteria c. seaweed d. amoebas e. fungi

A context: Forams derive nourishment from photosynthetic algae living within their shells.

Which of the following is a difference between plants and fungi? See Concept 31.1 (Page) a. Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic. b. Plants have diploid and haploid phases, and fungi have only haploid stages. c. Plants produce spores. d. Fungi are strictly asexual, and plants undergo sexual reproduction. e. Fungi have cell walls.

A context: Fungi are heterotrophic and absorb their nutrients, and plants are photosynthetic.

What is genetic drift? a. A change in allele frequencies caused by random events b. The production of an evolutionarily independent group of organisms c. The physical splitting of a habitat d. The motion of continental plates over time

A context: Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies over time.

What are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock? a. Gravel b. Silt c. Sand d. Clay

A context: Gravel particles are the largest particles formed from the breakdown of rock.

Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____. See Concept 30.2 (Page) a. Mesozoic b. Cenozoic c. Carboniferous d. Precambrian e. Paleozoic

A context: Gymnosperms were the dominant plants of the Mesozoic.

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring? a. Heritability b. Adaptation c. Fitness d. Evolution

A context: Heritability is the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring.

The germination of seeds _____. See Concept 38.1 (Page) a. depends on imbibition b. depends on maturation of the embryo c. results in the cotyledon being the first structure to emerge from the seed d. occurs after a certain species-specific period of time e. depends on the growth of the embryo rupturing the seed

A context: Imbibition, the absorption of water by the seed, causes the seed to expand and rupture.

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____. See Concept 54.1 (Page) a. Batesian mimicry b. warning coloration c. aposematic coloration d. Müllerian mimicry e. cryptic coloration

A context: In Batesian mimicry, a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model.

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length? a. apes b. monkeys c. lorises d. hominids e. prosimians

A context: In addition to these characteristics many monkeys have tails.

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. a. mitosis ... mitosis b. binary fission ... mitosis c. mitosis ... meiosis d. meiosis ... meiosis e. meiosis ... mitosis

A context: In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. a. diploid sporophyte b. diploid sorus c. diploid gametophyte d. haploid gametophyte e. haploid sporophyte

A context: In ferns, while the gametophyte generation is independent, the diploid sporophyte is much larger.

In pine, the embryo develops within the __________. See Concept 30.2 (Page) a. female gametophyte b. male gametophyte c. microsporophyll d. pollen cone e. macrogametophyte

A context: Large ovulate cones make megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, where one fertilized egg will develop into an embryo.

Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation? a. Mammals and reptiles in the post-dinosaur age b. Anolis lizards of the Caribbean c. Horses and deer in the post-dinosaur age d. Honeycreeper songbirds of the Hawaiian islands

A context: Mammals and reptiles are not descended from a single lineage.

Miller and Urey's experiments that attempted to recreate conditions on early Earth were significant because _____. See Concept 25.1 (Page) a. they showed that organic molecules such as amino acids could be produced from inorganic molecules b. they showed how polymers could form spontaneously on a clay substrate c. they produced the first protocells d. proved the endosymbiotic theory e. they showed how radiometric dating could be used to give the absolute ages of rocks and fossils

A context: Miller and Urey showed that under conditions postulated to have existed on early Earth, it was possible to spontaneously form essential organic molecules.

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____. See Concept 34.6 (Page) a. method of reproduction b. presence or absence of hair c. method of locomotion d. size e. habitat

A context: Monotremes are egg-laying mammals, marsupials are pouched mammals, and eutherians are placental mammals.

Which part of a flower develops into the seed? a. Ovule b. Pericarp c. Carpel d. Endosperm cell

A context: Once pollination has occurred, the fertilized ovule develops into the seed.

Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? a. kinetoplastids b. metazoans c. ciliates d. brown algae e. diatoms

A context: Parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, are classified as kinetoplastids.

Plant hormones act by directly affecting the activities of _____. See Concept 39.1 (Page) a. signal transduction pathways b. genes and enzymes c. membranes d. genes e. enzymes

A context: Plant hormones act by activating/deactivating signal transduction pathways, which in turn can affect membranes, enzymes, and genes.

Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? a. 10 MendAliens per hectare b. 4,000 MendAliens per hectare c. 4 MendAliens per hectare d. 200 MendAliens per hectare e. 0.1 MendAliens per hectare

A context: Population density is calculated as population size divided by area: 200 MendAliens / 20 hectares = 10 MendAliens per hectare.

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

A context: Proteus vulgaris is classified with proteobacteria.

Which compound is not used in the localized response to pathogen invasion? a. Salicylic acid. b. Phytoalexins. c. Proteinase inhibitors. d. Nitric oxide.

A context: Salicylic acid is a phytochemical involved in the systemic acquired resistance response in plants.

Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? a. Stramenopila b. Alveolata c. Metazoa d. Rhodophyta e. Euglenozoa

A context: Stramenopiles are characterized by cells that bear fine hairlike projections on their flagella.

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is _____. See Concept 34.3 (Page) a. an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage b. a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body c. a swim bladder d. a lateral line system e. jaws

A context: The cartilaginous skeleton of sharks and their relatives is reinforced with calcium.

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____. See Concept 32.2 (Page) a. Neoproterozoic era b. Pliocene c. Jurassic d. Cenozoic e. Devonian

A context: The common ancestor is likely to have been a protist that lived during the Neoproterozoic.

Which of these contains two haploid nuclei? a. the heterokaryotic stage of the fungal life cycle b. zygote c. spore-producing structures d. mycelium e. hypha

A context: The heterokaryotic stage is produced by plasmogamy.

What is the initial localized response of a resistant plant to pathogen invasion? a. Hypersensitive response. b. Systemin production. c. Systemic acquired resistance. d. Plant death.

A context: The hypersensitive response causes the infected plant cells to die and sends a signal to the rest of the plant to prepare its defenses.

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. a. seed coat b. endosperm c. cotyledon d. fruit e. sporophyte

A context: The integuments of the ovule develop into a tough seed coat.

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. a. tertiary consumers b. producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. detritivores

A context: The shark that ate the human that ate the cow that ate the grass is the tertiary consumer.

Which of the following statements about seed formation in a flowering plant is true? a. The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells. b. Hypocotyls are the seed leaves of the embryonic plant. c. The terminal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a row of single cells that eventually forms the embryo. d. The basal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a globular mass that is the route for nutrient transfer to the developing embryo.

A context: The swellings that develop into cotyledons do indeed grow on top of the row of single cells produced by the basal cell.

A stamen consists of _____. a. anther and filament b. stigma and style c. ovary and sepal d. stigma and filament e. stigma and anther

A context: These are the components of a stamen.

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession? See Concept 54.3 (Page) a. Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees. b. Overgrazing causes a nutrient loss from soil. c. A mouse eats seeds, and an owl eats the mouse. d. Decomposition in soil releases nitrogen that plants can use. e. Introduced pheasants increase, and native quail populations disappear.

A context: This illustrates the replacement of species as a community matures.

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion. See Concept 32.2 (Page) a. Cambrian b. Pliocene c. Jurassic d. Cenozoic e. Devonian

A context: This saw the culmination of the rapid diversification of animals that began in the late Precambrian.

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? a. A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. b. A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. c. A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants. d. A paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer.

A context: This statement is true; the common characteristics of a paraphyletic group may have arisen from lateral gene transfer to some, but not all, lineages.

The release of CO2 into the soil results in the formation of _____. a. hydrogen ions and carbonate ions b. sodium ions and chloride ions c. hydrogen ions and oxygen ions d. potassium ions and calcium ions e. carbonate ions and oxygen ions

A context: When carbon dioxide combines with water hydrogen in the soil, cations and carbonate anions are released.

Which of the following statements about hormones is true? a. Hormones can function at very low concentrations. b. Hormones are produced at the sites where they are needed. c. Hormones are produced only in plants. d. Hormones are small inorganic molecules.

A context: Hormones can indeed function at very low concentrations.

What is a climograph and how do you read and interpret it?

A climograph is what scientists create to show a particular location's average temperature and precipitation during the year. displays yearly temperature and precipitation statistics for a particular location. Temperature (oC) is measured using the numbers on the left hand side of the chart. The average temperature for each month is plotted on the graph with a red dot and the dots are then connected in a smooth, red line

How is a theory different from a law?

A law is a theory that has been proven to be true and universal. A theory is a group of hypotheses that prove a law is true. A law is a statement of fact, but a theory is an explanation.

How do adaptations and acclimations differ?

Acclimation: physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor Adaptation: inherited trait that enhances survival or reproduction in a specific environment

What are some of the unique or specialized types of hyphae

Arbuscles-branching hyphae through fungi exchange nutrients with their plant hosts.

Describe the role of gut microbes in digestion & nutrition

As well as absorbing energy from food, gut microbes are essential to helping humans take in nutrients. Gut bacteria help us break down complex molecules in meats and vegetables,

How have some of the prokaryotic cells specialized for their mode of obtaining energy or carbon

Autotrophs- carbon source through CO2 or HCO3- -Photoautotroph- energy source (light with water as the electron donor) (Cyanobacteria- Cylindrospermum) -Chemoautotroph- energy source is from inorganic chemicals (Sulfolobus-Archaea)(Symbiotic bacteria of tube worms) Heterotrophs-Organic compounds -Photoheterotroph-energy source= light with water as the electron donor (Cyanobacteria-Chloroflexus aurantiacus) -Chemoheterotroph- energy source is organic compounds (carbon)(botulism- clostridium botulinum)

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. See Concept 33.3 (Page)44 a. roundworm b. annelid c. lancelet d. crustacean e. mollusc

B

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. See Concept 27.5 (Page) a. taxis b. symbiotic c. parasitic d. mutualistic e. commensal

B

Bioremediation is _____. See Concept 27.6 (Page) a. the use of biological processes to remedy diseases b. the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment c. the use of prokaryotes in producing pharmaceutical products d. the use of prokaryotes in producing transgenic organisms e. the modification of prokaryotes for industrial purposes

B

Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? a. plants, fungi, and choanoflagellates b. brown algae, red algae, and green algae c. dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and green algae d. chlorophytes, charophyceans, and red algae e. diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

B

Earth probably formed _____ years ago, and the first life evolved as early as _____ years ago. See Concept 25.1 (Page) a. 6,000 years ago ... 6,000 years ago b. 4.5 billion years ago ... 3.9 billion years ago c. 10 billion years ago ... 4.5 billion years ago d. Humans observed neither event, so there is no way to tell. e. 3.9 million years ago ... 2.0 billion years ago

B Context: Because fossils of bacterial communities have been discovered that are 3.5 billion years old, it is reasonable to assume life originated around 3.9 billion years ago.

Radiometric dating _____. See Concept 25.2 (Page) a. allows us to determine an absolute, errorless date b. allows us to indirectly date fossils up to billions of years old based on minerals in surrounding volcanic strata c. can be used to directly date fossils in sedimentary rock d. relies on the fact that the daughter isotope decays to the parent isotope at a constant rate e. only works on rocks younger than 75,000 years

B Context: By dating minerals in volcanic strata above and below the fossils, we can determine a reasonable age range for the fossils.

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection? a. A rabbit that is housebroken. b. A cow that produces a large quantity of milk. c. A chimpanzee that communicates through sign language. d. A dog that serves as the "eyes" for a blind individual.

B context: A cow's ability to produce milk is a heritable trait that can be manipulated by artificial selection.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment? a. Heritability b. Adaptation c. Fitness d. Evolution

B context: An adaptation is a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment.

Human survival literally depends on the produce of _____. See Concept 30.4 (Page) a. ginkgoes b. angiosperms c. gymnosperms d. cycads e. gnetophytes

B context: Angiosperms are the source of our major food crops, including rice, wheat, maize, and barley. They also provide cotton and linen, and medicines such as digitalis and codeine. Rubber, coffee, chocolate, and aromatic oils come from flowering plants. Woods such as oak, cherry, and walnut are derived from angiosperms.

Why do fleshy fruits often have seeds with very tough seed coats? a. So the seeds can extend the distance they travel by catching breezes b. So the seeds can survive the mechanical forces and conditions in an animal's gut c. So the seeds can adhere to passing animals d. So the seeds can be dispersed by propulsion

B context: Animals are the most common dispersal agents for fleshy fruits, and seeds must survive the passage through an animal's digestive tract.

Which term describes the direction of auxin transport in a plant? a. Circular. b. Polar. c. Multidirectional. d. Bidirectional.

B context: Auxin transport is polar; it always travels downward.

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? a. vascular tissue b. chloroplasts c. pollen d. roots and shoots e. embryo development within gametangia

B context: Both algae and seed plants have cells with chloroplasts.

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. a. tertiary consumers b. producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. detritivores

B context: By feeding on a producer, the cow is acting as a primary consumer.

Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. a. diatoms b. cellular slime molds c. brown algae d. golden algae e. water molds

B context: Cellular slime molds are amoebozoans

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

B context: Chlamydia trachomatis causes nongonococcal urethritis.

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? a. tundra b. coniferous forest c. temperate broadleaf forest d. temperate grassland e. desert

B context: Coniferous forests are the largest terrestrial biome on Earth. However, as a result of logging, they are disappearing at a very rapid rate.

To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and _____. See Concept 53.1 (Page) a. the growth rate of the population b. the size of the area in which they live c. the factors that limit population growth for that rabbit population d. their pattern of dispersion e. the birth rate

B context: Density is the number of individuals of population per unit area.

What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean? a. Phylogeny b. Specific ecological niches c. Competitors d. Conspecifics

B context: Different species evolved in response to the selective pressures created by specific ecological niches on the islands.

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today? a. Disruptive selection b. Directional selection c. Stabilizing selection

B context: Directional selection drives the average of the population in one direction, in this case, toward longer necks.

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? See Concept 31.2 (Page) a. budding and meiosis b. karyogamy and meiosis c. plasmogamy and meiosis d. diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition e. haustoria and karyogamy

B context: During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuse, and meiosis produces genetic variation in several ways.

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer? a. The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. b. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. c. The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein. d. The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

B context: If all these conditions are true, then the corn borer might evolve resistance to the toxic protein.

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. a. mitosis ... meiosis b. mitosis ... mitosis c. binary fission ... mitosis d. meiosis ... mitosis e. meiosis ... meiosis

B context: In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a. haploid gametophytes b. double fertilization c. a dominant sporophyte generation d. pollen production e. an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue

B context: In flowering plants one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei found within the ovule, thus forming triploid endosperm.

What is lateral gene transfer? a. Inheritance of a gene through mitosis b. Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage. c. Inheritance of a gene through meiosis d. Inheritance of a gene from a parent

B context: Lateral gene transfer is the physical transfer of a gene between distantly related lineages.

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. a. embryo sacs b. pollen grains c. megaspores d. endosperm e. male sporophytes

B context: Pollen grains are male gametophytes.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true? a. The development of more efficient surfaces for gas exchange in reptiles stimulated expansion into terrestrial habitats. b. The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water. c. Birds are more related to mammals than to dinosaurs. d. All vertebrates have jaws with which to catch their prey.

B context: Reptiles and their descendants reproduce on land via an amniotic egg, which prevents the embryo from drying out.

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? a. Male or female gametophytes b. Megaspores or microspores c. Sperm or eggs

B context: Review the life cycles of a pine tree and an angiosperm, respectively. In both life cycles, meiosis produces microspores (which develop into male gametophytes within pollen grains) or a megaspore (which develops into a female gametophyte or embryo sac within an ovule).

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. They are eukaryotes. b. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems. c. They are all multicellular. d. They ingest their food. e. They are heterotrophic.

B context: Sponges are considered animals, and they lack these levels of organization.

Plants must always compromise between _____ and _____. See Concept 36.1 (Page) a. maximizing access to light ... minimizing intake of CO2 b. maximizing photosynthesis ... minimizing water loss c. maximizing transport of minerals ... minimizing transport of sugars d. maximizing water loss ... minimizing H+ protons e. maximizing water absorption ... minimizing leaf area

B context: Structures, such as broad leaves, that enhance photosynthesis also maximize water loss. Plant form is generally a compromise between the two, depending on the plant's environment.

Cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in plants depends primarily on _____. See Concept 35.5 (Page) a. changes in the genomes of different cells in different parts of the plant b. regulation of gene expression c. developmental phase changes d. clonal analysis e. symmetrical cell division

B context: The DNA of all the somatic cells in a plant is the same. What changes during cell differentiation is which genes are turned on and which genes are turned off.

Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals. a. Approximately half the phyla of living organisms are found in Cambrian sediments. b. The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old. c. No animal fossils are found in strata formed before the Cambrian explosion.

B context: The Ediacaran biota was a group of early animals. Some are sponges, whereas others may be related to living cnidarians. Still others of these fossil organisms have proven difficult to classify. Read about this biota.

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____. See Concept 29.3 (Page) a. do not produce flowers b. lack true leaves and roots c. produce spores d. have cones but no seeds e. have flagellated sperm

B context: The bryophytes generally lack true leaves and roots, which all other plants have.

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____. See Concept 54.1 (Page) a. parasitism b. mutualism c. commensalism d. predation e. herbivory

B context: The cellulose-digesting microorganisms have a home and place to live; the hosts get nutrients from the microorganism's breakdown of cellulose.

Which term describes the portion of a peach that can be eaten by humans? a. Zygote b. Pericarp c. Endosperm d. Seed coat

B context: The edible portion of a peach is the pericarp, or fruit wall, which is a protective structure that encloses the seed and aids in its dispersal.

In the models that describe population growth, r stands for _____. See Concept 53.2 (Page) a. a time interval b. per capita population growth rate c. carrying capacity d. total number of individuals in the population e. population density

B context: The growth rate of a population is represented by r, which is equal to per capita birth rate minus per capita death rate.

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________. See Concept 54.4 (Page) a. the number of other islands in the archipelago b. the island's size and distance from the mainland c. how the island formed d. when the island formed e. the island's stage of ecological succession

B context: The island's size correlates to how many individuals the island can support, and its distance from the mainland correlates to how many individuals will populate the island.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? a. Spores b. Mycelium c. Hyphae d. Basidia

B context: The mycelium is a mass of filaments with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows for efficient nutrient absorption.

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. See Concept 31.4 (Page) a. a dikaryotic structure b. saclike structures c. yeasts d. flagellated zoospores e. lichens

B context: The production of saclike structures during sexual reproduction is characteristic of the phylum Ascomycota.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? a. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. b. Hyphae are produced by mitosis. c. The mycelium forms. d. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus.

B context: The spore undergoes mitosis to produce hyphae, which then form a filamentous network called a mycelium.

In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following? a. Time b. The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color. c. The number of individuals

B context: The value of the characteristic increases from left to right.

The protective layer that forms between the abscission layer and the stem consists of _____. a. mycorrhizae b. densely colored cells filled with a waxy layer c. a layer of green palisade cells d. irregularly shaped cells with very thick, lignified secondary walls e. weak, colorless, thin-walled cells

B context: These cells form a protective seal in the place where the leaf will detach.

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? a. It is the remnant of the pollen tube. b. It functions as a haploid food reserve. c. It functions as a triploid food reserve. d. It functions as a diploid food reserve. e. It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore.

B context: This gametophyte tissue is a source of nourishment for the embryo.

Which example below is a concern related to the debate over plant biotechnology? See Concept 38.3 (Page) a. transfer of genes to animal herbivores b. introduced genes spreading into related wild species and leading to the creation of "superweeds" c. increased reliance on petrochemical fertilizers d. increased depletion of soil nutrients e. reducing availability of enhanced crops to third-world nations

B context: This is one major concern of introducing GM crops into the biosphere. Return to Assignment

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes? See Concept 33.3 (Page) a. They are all parasitic. b. They are dorsoventrally flattened. c. They are radially symmetrical. d. They typically reproduce asexually. e. They are diploblastic.

B context: This is why they are also called flatworms.

Which of the following statements about systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is false? a. SAR results in the production of protective compounds distant from the site of initial infection. b. Salicylic acid is the only compound involved in SAR signaling. c. Hormones produced by an attacked leaf carry a signal to the rest of the plant. d. A suite of genes called the pathogenesis-related loci is expressed in response to a signal from an attacked leaf.

B context: This statement is false; salicylic acid is involved in the SAR response, but its function is unclear and there may be other molecules involved in SAR signaling.

Which of the following statements about nutrient uptake by plants is true? a. Root hairs increase the volume of roots for more efficient absorption of water and nutrients. b. Plants require other elements besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to grow, and they can obtain these in soil. c. Positively charged ions remain dissolved in water and are easily absorbed by plant roots. d. Plants can easily absorb mineral ions from soil with large amounts of organic matter.

B context: This statement is true; plants also require elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium.

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? See Concept 29.1 (Page) a. apical meristems b. the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of spores c. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes d. peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration e. alternation of generations

B context: Without sporopollenin, plant reproduction on land would have been much more difficult. This was one of the first problems that had to be solved in order for plants to take advantage of the habitats available on land.

A plant cell placed in a solution with a lower (more negative) water potential will _____. See Concept 36.2 (Page) a. lose water and burst b. lose water and plasmolyze c. gain water and plasmolyze d. gain water and become turgid e. lose water and become turgid

B context: Water moves from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. Loss of water pulls the plasma membrane away from the cell wall, producing plasmolysis.

How do the tilt of the Earth and the movement of the Earth around the sun determine seasonal variation in light and temperature across different latitudes?

Because of the angle of the sunlight on Earth's hemispheres that are pointed away from the sun are in winter and when a hemisphere is pointed towards the sun it causes summer. During winter the days are shorter and in the summer the days are longer.

Describe how horizontal gene transfer has influenced phylogenetic hypotheses

Because phylogenetic trees are based on the assumption that genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next, the occurrence of such horizontal transfer events helps to explain why trees built using different genes can give inconsistent results

How does biogeography provide evidence supporting evolutionary theory?

Biogeography, the study of the geographical distribution of organisms, provides information about how and when species may have evolved. Fossils provide evidence of long-term evolutionary changes, documenting the past existence of species that are now extinct.

Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____. a. Paleozoic b. Triassic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Jurassic

C

Fungi produce _____ spores. a. dikaryotic b. heterokaryotic c. haploid d. diploid e. triploid

C

Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____. a. chemoautotrophic b. photoheterotrophic c. photosynthetic d. decomposers e. chemoheterotrophic

C

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? a. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. b. Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. c. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. d. Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

C

_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. See Concept 28.6 (Page) a. Zooplankton b. Slime molds c. Phytoplankton d. Cyanobacteria e. Symbionts

C

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? a. Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells. b. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells. c. No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

C context: A cell's drug susceptibility or resistance does not affect its ability to infect another host, although a cell's drug resistance would increase that cell's chances to spread in an environment containing antibiotics due to increased survival.

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct? a. Adaptive radiation occurs in the presence of competitors. b. Adaptive radiation occurs in species that live in one habitat. c. Adaptive radiation occurs within a single lineage. d. Adaptive radiation occurs very slowly over time.

C context: Adaptive radiation occurs when a single lineage produces many descendant species.

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____. See Concept 54.2 (Page) a. whether it is early or late in ecological succession b. where it lives c. its food source d. the rate at which it uses energy e. the intensity of its competition with other species

C context: An organism's trophic level is determined by what it eats.

A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time? a. Decreased fitness of the insects, allowing the birds to catch them more easily b. Decreased fitness of small-beaked birds, creating a new species c. Increased fitness of large-beaked birds, leading to natural selection d. Increased fitness of the large-beaked birds, creating a new species

C context: Birds with larger beaks are better able to survive in the new environment.

The number of individuals that a particular habitat can support with no degradation of that habitat is called _____. See Concept 53.3 (Page) a. community b. survivorship c. carrying capacity d. biotic potential e. niche

C context: Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that a particular environment can comfortably support with little increase or decrease over a relatively long period of time.

Hox genes are thought to play an important role in the development of different morphologies because _____. See Concept 25.5 (Page) a. they affect the order of genes on certain chromosomes b. they affect the timing of development in the embryo c. they provide positional information in the embryo d. they affect the timing of reproductive development in the organism e. they paved the way for the development of multicellular organisms

C context: Changes in Hox genes can have large effects on body plans in different organisms.

The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria. a. fungi ... stramenopiles b. chlorophytes ... ciliates c. diplomonads ...parabasalids d. euglenozoans ... alveolates e. dinoflagellates ... metazoans

C context: Correct. The cells of diplomonads and parabasalids have modified or reduced mitochondria.

During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in _____. See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. slugs b. flatworms c. humans d. earthworms e. arthropods

C context: During gastrulation, the developing digestive tube of the embryo initially has a single opening, the blastopore. After the archenteron develops, a second opening forms at the opposite end of the gastrula. The mouth of many protostomes develops from the first opening, whereas in deuterostomes the mouth is derived from the second opening.

Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification? a. Jaws b. Amniotic egg c. Exoskeleton d. Bone

C context: Exoskeletons are present in groups other than the vertebrates, including some in the protostome lineage.

A certain species of salamander was split into two populations by a wide, dry valley, and the populations began to diverge from each other. After a period of time, some members of the two populations began to interbreed in a hybrid zone at the southern end of the valley. Only weak reproductive barriers existed by this time, so the two populations could freely interbreed and re-establish gene flow. This outcome in a hybrid zone is known as _____. See Concept 24.3 (Page) a. punctuated equilibrium b. speciation c. fusion d. reinforcement e. stability

C context: Fusion refers to the weakening of reproductive barriers, allowing the two populations to fuse and remain (or become) one species.

How does the haploid form of Ulva "switch" to its diploid form? a. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo meiosis and produce spores that germinate into diploid adults. b. Sporophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. c. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. d. Sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce spores that germinate into diploid adults.

C context: Gametophytes are haploid adults that produce cells that undergo mitosis and form gametes that fuse to form a diploid zygote.

Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located __________. See Concept 27.2 (Page) a. in mitochondria b. in eukaryotic cells c. on plasmids d. on the main chromosome e. on the outside of the cell wall

C context: Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located on plasmids.

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans? See Concept 33.5 (Page) a. jellies b. ants c. sea stars d. earthworms e. snails

C context: Humans and sea stars are deuterostomes.

Two animals are considered members of different species if they _____. See Concept 24.1 (Page) a. live in different habitats b. are geographically isolated c. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring d. look different e. are members of different populations

C context: If two individuals cannot interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring, they are members of different species.

Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals with no need to return to water at any stage of the life cycle? See Concept 34.5 (Page) a. hearts with more than two chambers b. tetrapod locomotion c. amniotic eggs d. lungs e. All of these are essential for a completely terrestrial existence.

C context: In contrast to the shell-less eggs of amphibians, amniotic eggs (of most reptiles, and a few mammals) have a shell that retains water and can be laid in a dry place.

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____. a. antheridia ... egg b. microsporangia ... egg cell c. antheridia ... sperm cell d. archegonia ... egg e. archegonia ... sperm cell

C context: In pines, a megaspore repeatedly grows and divides, giving rise to a female gametophyte. The female gametophyte is the site in which egg-bearing gametophytes develop.

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. a. microevolution b. gene flow c. adaptive radiation d. genetic drift e. paedomorphosis

C context: Mass extinctions reduce competition and allow for periods of rapid speciation.

How do cells in a meristem differ from cells in other types of plant tissue? See Concept 35.2 (Page) a. They store food. b. They are differentiating. c. They continue to divide. d. They are growing. e. They photosynthesize at a faster rate.

C context: Meristem is embryonic tissue, and it retains the ability to divide.

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. a. light b. wind c. moisture d. animals e. the development of a flower

C context: Moss sperm swim to archegonia.

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? a. Deuterostomes have radial cleavage. b. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus. c. Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.

C context: Most deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage, meaning that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. For example, if the cells of a sea urchin embryo are isolated at the four-cell stage, each can form a complete larva. It is the indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote that makes identical twins possible. Read about protostome and deuterostome development.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____. See Concept 37.3 (Page) a. use nitrates to make amino acids that plants can use b. convert nitrate to ammonium c. convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia d. convert nitrates to N2 e. change ammonium into nitrates

C context: Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) to NH3.

What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually? a. Their offspring can exist in both haploid and diploid stages. b. Their offspring may have more mutations. c. Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment. d. Their offspring are bigger and better able to reproduce.

C context: Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from their parents and may be better able to thrive if the environment changes.

Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island? a. Genetic drift occurred in the two populations. b. The separation of habitats reduced gene flow between the populations. c. All three answers are correct. d. Natural selection favored individuals that were more fit in the new environment.

C context: Physical isolation, natural selection, and genetic drift are all events that lead to speciation.

The binding of H+ ions to soil particles _____. a. displaces mineral anions b. displaces nitrates from soil particles c. displaces mineral cations d. promotes the clumping of soil particles e. is counteracted by acid precipitation

C context: Positively charged hydrogen ions displace positively charged mineral ions on soil particles.

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies? a. Disruptive selection b. Directional selection c. Stabilizing selection

C context: Stabilizing selection causes no change in the average of the population; extreme phenotypes (in this case, large and small babies) become less common.

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards? a. Disruptive selection b. Directional selection c. Stabilizing selection

C context: Stabilizing selection causes no change in the average of the population; extreme phenotypes (large and small lizards) become less common. Return to Assignment

Which structure does not protect stems and leaves from damage by herbivores? a. Trichomes. b. Spines. c. Stomata. d. Thorns.

C context: Stomata are openings that allow gases to diffuse in and out of leaves.

Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. See Concept 28.5 (Page) a. slime mold b. alpha proteobacterium c. cyanobacterium d. apicomplexan e. archaean extremophile

C context: Structural and molecular biological evidence supports the idea that endosymbiotic cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts found in red and green algae and land plants.

After leaf abscission, growth will resume from the _____. a. abscission layer b. petiole c. axillary bud d. 1protective layer e. palisade layer

C context: The axillary bud is an embryonic shoot found at the angle between the stem and leaf.

The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____. a. maple trees b. oysters c. sharks d. wheat e. rose bushes

C context: The mark-recapture method works best for active species whose individuals tend to be highly mobile.

Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? a. diatoms b. cellular slime molds c. red algae d. golden algae e. water molds

C context: The phycobilins and other accessory pigments of red algae allow them to absorb the wavelengths of light that penetrate deep water and to use them in photosynthesis.

Which structure determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity? a. Pith b. Mucigel c. Root cap d. Root hairs

C context: The root cap is a layer of protective cells that determines the direction of root growth by sensing gravity.

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a _____. See Concept 30.1 (Page) a. haploid gametophyte b. triploid endosperm c. diploid sporophyte d. haploid sporophyte e. diploid gametophyte

C context: The sporophyte generation is the dominant generation of vascular plants.

The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____. See Concept 37.3 (Page) a. it lives in a dry environment and uses moisture from the insects' bodies b. it's a method of self-cleaning to rid the plants of insects that get stuck in the plant c. it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil d. it has lost the ability to perform photosynthesis e. its flowers are fertilized by pollen in its digestive tract

C context: The sundew lives in nitrogen-poor soil and obtains its nitrogen from the digestion of insects

Which of the following is not a type of primary meristematic cell found in apical meristems? a. Procambium b. Ground meristem c. Vascular cambium d. Protoderm

C context: The vascular cambium is a type of cell found in lateral (not apical) meristems and is involved in secondary (not primary) growth.

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. See Concept 29.1 (Page) a. chrysophytes b. bacillariophytes c. charophytes d. rhodophytes e. psilophytes

C context: These green algae and plants share many homologous features.

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. See Concept 29.3 (Page) a. gymnosperms b. giant mosses c. ferns and other seedless plants d. gymnosperms and early angiosperms e. early angiosperms

C context: These were the dominant plant types of the time.

You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? a. 130 b. 14 c. 585 d. 234,000 e. 29

C context: To get the population size N, multiply the number marked in the first catch, M1, by the total number caught in the second catch, C, and divide that by the number of marked recaptures in the second catch, M2: N = (M1 x C) / M2 Or: (130 x 90) / 20 = 585.

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? a. temperate grassland b. coniferous forest c. tropical rain forest d. desert e. tundra

C context: Two of the characteristics of a tropical rain forest are the presence of epiphytes and an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? a. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. b. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. c. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. d. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

C context: Variation in fitness is required for selection to change the characteristics of a population over time. Remember that selection also requires that the variation in fitness be related to a heritable trait.

A major long-term problem resulting from excessive irrigation is the _____. See Concept 37.1 (Page) a. drowning (anoxia) of crop plants b. erosion of fine soil particles c. accumulation of salts in the soil d. encroachment of water-consuming weeds e. excessive cooling of the soil

C context: When irrigation water evaporates, the minerals dissolved in it are left behind and accumulate in increasing concentrations.

How do plants with C3 photosynthesis arrange their leaves to maximize light exposure? What is the structure of their leaves for photosynthesis reactions (light and carbon fixing - or Calvin Cycle)? How does this differ in plants with C4 or CAM types of photosynthesis?

C3 plants use carbon fixation pathways as the only mechanism to convert carbon dioxide into an organic compound. C4 plants cycle carbon dioxide into 4-carbon sugar compounds to enter into the calvin cycle. Efficient in hot dry climates, they make a lot of energy. CAM plants use methods of carbon fixation evolved from some plants in dry climates, most have the stomata open during the day when the sun is received from the sun.

What characteristics indicate that bacteria and archaea are distinctly different domains?

Cell walls: virtually all bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls; however, archaea and eukaryotes lack peptidoglycan. Various types of cell walls exist in the archaea. Therefore, the absence or presence of peptidoglycan is a distinguishing feature between the archaea and bacteria.

How did John Endler test the hypothesis that color patterns in guppies represent a trade-off between selection to avoid predation and selection to attract a mate?

Collected guppies from the wild and used experimental ponds. Each contained a full range of color variation. Manipulated 1.) intensity of predation and 2.) size of gravel. When predators were present, male guppies with traits that helped them hide (spot size similar to gravel size and drab colors), were more likely to breed. In populations without predators, males with sexy traits (spots opposite to gravel size and bright colors) were more likely to breed.

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

Community Ecology

How is the Shannon diversity index used to compare species diversity across different communities?

Compares the species diversity and relative abundance among a higher number greater than 0 is more diverse.

How does a plant defend against herbivores? a. The plant produces molecules that stimulate the herbivore's digestive enzymes. b. Plant cells at the site of attack are killed to starve the herbivore of nutrients. c. Plant cells produce salicylic acid to warn the rest of the plant about the attack. d. The hormone systemin is produced at the site of injury and signals the plant to produce proteinase inhibitors.

D

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s). a. four b. three c. integuments d. one e. two

D

The Cenozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago. a. 4,600 b. 570 c. 251 d. 65 e. 25

D

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are the _____. a. apes b. Old World monkeys c. lorises d. hominids e. New World monkeys

D

Which of the following is an elemental ion? a. NO3− b. K c. HCO3− d. K+

D

Which of the following is an example of sexual reproduction? See Concept 38.2 (Page) a. apomixis b. cuttings c. stump sprouts d. fragmentation e. fusion of sperm and egg nuclei in an ovule

D

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Mesozoic era a. Amphibians b. Reptiles c. Sponges d. Dinosaurs e. Mammals

D

All seed plants _____. See Concept 30.1 (Page) a. produce flowers b. are nonvascular c. exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation d. are heterosporous e. produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte

D Context: All seed plants produce separate male and female spores.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true? a. A crown ecomorph living on one island is always the same species as a crown ecomorph living on a neighboring island. b. The genetic relatedness of ecomorphs was determined by comparing their nuclear DNA sequences. c. Twig ecomorphs can jump very well. d. The phylogeny of ecomorphs on a given island reveals that adaptive radiation has taken place.

D Context: This statement is true; the historical evidence of adaptive radiation on an island is recorded in the evolutionary history of the ecomorphs currently living on the island.

The oldest fossils usually _____. See Concept 25.2 (Page) a. have the longest half-lives b. are found in sediments formed during the Cenozoic era c. contain more radioactive isotopes than younger fossils d. are found in the deepest strata e. are found above younger fossils

D Context: Younger sediments are deposited over older sediments; thus, relatively older fossils are found in deeper strata than relatively younger fossils.

Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations? a. Spore b. Zygote c. Gametophyte d. Sporophyte

D context: A gametophyte is the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations.

How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization in other plant groups? a. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with a polar nucleus to form a diploid cell that forms a nutrient-rich tissue. b. Two sperm nuclei fuse with a polar nucleus to form a diploid zygote. c. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote. d. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm.

D context: Angiosperms are unusual in that one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg and one sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid cell that develops into a nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the growing embryo.

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? a. Spores b. Mycelium c. Hyphae d. Basidia

D context: Basidia are specialized cells in the gills of a mushroom in which haploid nuclei fuse in preparation for meiosis.

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals? a. charophyceans b. angiosperms c. seedless vascular plants d. gymnosperms e. bryophytes

D context: Both gymnosperms and dinosaurs were dominant during the Mesozoic.

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. a. tertiary consumers b. producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. detritivores

D context: By feeding on a primary consumer, the human is acting as a secondary consumer.

What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil? a. respiration and photolysis b. photolysis c. photosynthesis and respiration d. respiration e. photosynthesis

D context: CO2 is a by-product of respiration.

Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds? See Concept 28.5 (Page) a. Cellular slime molds have haploid zygotes. b. Cellular slime molds have fruiting bodies that function in sexual reproduction. c. In plasmodial slime molds, the haploid condition is the dominant part of the life cycle. d. Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. e. Cytoplasmic streaming helps distribute nutrients and oxygen in cellular slime molds.

D context: Cellular slime molds function almost like multicellular organisms when food is depleted. They form a multicellular mass that forms fruiting bodies.

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it _____. See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. has bilateral symmetry b. is largehas tissue specialization c. has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end d. has a hard, outer covering

D context: Cephalization is an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end. It is associated with bilateral symmetry.

Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight? a. plants b. red algae c. diatoms d. oomycetes e. plasmodial slime molds

D context: Correct. Oomycetes (water molds and their relatives) include both decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight.

Which of the following is true of annelids? See Concept 33.3 (Page) a. They have an open circulatory system. b. They have a nerve net. c. They have a gastrovascular cavity. d. They perform gas exchange across their skin. e. They have pseudocoeloms.

D context: Cutaneous respiration occurs across their skins. Polychaetes have lateral extensions, called parapodia, which provide even more surface area for cutaneous respiration.

Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages? a. The presence of an endoskeleton b. Their ability to move c. Their habitat d. Their body plan

D context: Echinoderms exhibit a unique body plan characterized by an endoskeleton and a water vascular system.

Evergreen trees lose their leaves _____. a. in the spring b. in the summer c. every winter d. steadily all year e. every fall

D context: Evergreen trees, which retain most of their leaves during the winter, lose leaves steadily throughout the year.

Evolution works by _____. See Concept 25.6 (Page) a. converging on a particular phenotype b. molding the environment to conform to the organisms living in it c. predicting the future d. "tinkering" with existing structures e. constantly increasing complexity

D context: Evolution, and in particular natural selection, can only select for the best available traits. Modifications to those traits are usually made in small, incremental steps, and new inventions are rare.

Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____. a. provide food for humans b. protect seeds c. protect pollen d. disperse seeds e. provide a source of food to the plant's embryo

D context: Fruits evolved as seed-dispersing structures.

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true? a. Natural selection can be used by farmers to generate organisms with desirable traits. b. Natural selection is a process whereby genes are selected randomly for preservation in the next generation. c. Natural selection occurs in opposition to evolution. d. Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

D context: Individuals who are better able to survive and reproduce are more likely to be selected for than individuals who don't survive or cannot reproduce.

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata? See Concept 34.1 (Page) a. pharyngeal slits or clefts b. a hollow dorsal nerve cord c. a muscular, post-anal tail d. vertebrae e. notochord

D context: Lancelets and tunicates are two subgroups of chordates that lack vertebrae. Hagfishes do, too.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens? a. Small hen, large rooster b. Small hen, small rooster c. Large hen, small rooster d. Large hen, large rooster

D context: Large parents should be bred to produce larger offspring.

For an element to be considered a macronutrient _____. See Concept 37.2 (Page) a. it must be available in large amounts b. it must have a high atomic mass c. it should consist of three or more subunits d. it must be required in relatively large amounts e. it must be a large atom

D context: Macronutrients are those elements required in relatively large amounts.

Members of the phylum Mollusca _____. See Concept 33.3 (Page) a. have tentacles surrounding a central mouth/anus b. are filter feeders c. have closed circulatory systems d. are soft-bodied and often covered by a shell e. have segmented bodies and paired, jointed appendages

D context: Members of the phylum Mollusca are soft-bodied and are often covered by a shell.

The atmosphere of early Earth probably contained no O2 until the emergence of organisms that _____. See Concept 25.3 (Page) a. were oxygen respiring b. had chloroplasts c. used hydrogen sulfide as an energy source d. used water as an electron source for photosynthesis e. were chemoautotrophic

D context: Oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere due to the action of photosynthetic cyanobacteria.

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago. a. 400 b. 2,200 c. 3,500 d. 475 e. 130

D context: Plants evolved from green algae about 475 million years ago.

Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____. a. entamoeba b. diatom c. ciliate d. apicomplexan e. plasmodial slime molds

D context: Plasmodium, is an apicomplexan.

_____ are the oldest known primate group. a. apes b. Old World monkeys c. lorises d. prosimians e. New World monkeys

D context: Prosimian fossils date back to the end of the dinosaurs.

Why do some scientists believe that RNA, rather than DNA, was the first genetic material? See Concept 25.1 (Page) a. RNA could have evolved into DNA. b. RNA can replicate more accurately than DNA. c. All the proto-cells on early Earth contained RNA. d. RNA has both information storage and catalytic properties. e. RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

D context: RNA has been shown to catalyze certain reactions (as part of ribosomes, rRNA participates in the catalysis of the peptide bonds that form proteins). It can also store information and perform some self-replication.

Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? a. DNA b. Messenger RNA c. Ribosome d. Ribosomal RNA

D context: Ribosomal RNA was the molecule used to produce Woese's phylogeny because it evolves slowly and is critical to the function of the ribosome, which serves the same function in all three domains in the tree of life.

From the human perspective, which of the following kinds of fungi would be considered the least useful or beneficial? See Concept 31.5 (Page) a. decomposers b. mycorrhizal fungi c. yeasts d. rusts e. truffles

D context: Rusts include destructive plant parasites.

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

D context: S. pyogenes attracts the violet Gram stain.

Why do plants need secondary growth? a. To grow taller b. To produce new leaves c. To produce a more extensive root system d. To provide structural support for the plant

D context: Structural support in the form of widening stems and roots is achieved through secondary growth.

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. a. mutation b. paedomorphosis c. gene flow d. adaptive radiation e. mass extinction

D context: The appearance of an evolutionary novelty may allow for the exploitation of previously unexploited niches.

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____. a. bryophytes b. seedless vascular plants c. green algae d. gymnosperms e. charophyceans

D context: The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree in the activity indicates that angiosperms are most closely related to gymnosperms.

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into __________. See Concept 29.2 (Page) a. a gametophyte b. spores c. a fruit d. a sporophyte e. gametes

D context: The fertilized egg will develop into a sporophyte that releases haploid spores.

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. a. mutation b. paedomorphosis c. gene flow d. adaptive radiation e. mass extinction

D context: The finches that initially immigrated to the Galápagos Islands experienced little competition, the result of which was the promotion of speciation.

What characterizes the fruit of seeds that are dispersed by the wind? a. They are large. b. They contain a large amount of sugar. c. They are very fleshy. d. They have structures to extend the distance they travel on the wind.

D context: The fruits of seeds that are dispersed by the wind often have external structures that allow them to extend the distance they travel on the wind.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians? See Concept 33.2 (Page) a. an anus b. bilateral symmetry c. radula d. gastrovascular cavity e. mesoderm

D context: The gastrovascular cavity, characterized by a single opening, is the digestive compartment of cnidarians.

Which of the following seedlings will probably bend toward light? See Concept 39.2 (Page) a. one whose tip is cut off b. one whose tip is cut off and topped by a gelatin block containing no plant substances c. one whose tip is separated from its base by aluminum foil d. one whose tip is separated from its base by a gelatin block e. one whose tip is covered with a black plastic cap

D context: The gelatin block allows the passage of substances that regulate phototropism.

What is the physical basis of the phototropic response? a. Cell transport. b. Cell shortening. c. Photosynthesis. d. Cell elongation.

D context: The phototropic response is based on cell elongation.

Which structure formed by the male gametophyte allows sperm to reach the ovary of a flowering plant? a. Anther b. Micropyle c. Stigma d. Pollen tube

D context: The pollen tube is formed after a pollen grain is transferred to a receptive stigma and germinates, forming a tube that grows down through the style to the ovary of a flowering plant.

Which one of the following refers to the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves? See Concept 36.4 (Page) a. respiration b. bulk flow c. guttation d. transpiration e. osmosis

D context: The stomata in the leaves are entry points for the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis, but they are also exit points for the evaporation of water by transpiration.

What is the function of fimbriae? See Concept 27.1 (Page) a. They are components of the outer cell wall in gram-negative bacteria. b. They are used to transfer DNA during conjugation. c. They protect the cell from dehydration. d. They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes. e. They are used in motility.

D context: They are hair-like projections that aid in attachment. They are also known as attachment pili to distinguish them from the pili used in conjugation.

Which of the following steps occurs first during soil formation? a. Organic material is added to the rock surface. b. Lichens grow on the rock surface. c. Mosses grow on the rock surface. d. Weathering of solid rock occurs.

D context: Weathering is the process by which solid rock is broken down into smaller pieces and is the first step in soil formation.

Populations expand when resources such as food, water, and shelter are abundant. Under ideal conditions, including unlimited access to food and reproduction at physical capacity, a population will increase exponentially, producing a J-shaped growth curve. However, resources are rarely unlimited, and exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely. The logistic model describes how population growth slows as the population size approaches a habitat's carrying capacity (K). For a hypothetical mouse population, determine whether the actions described will increase KKK, decrease K, or not affect K. Drag each statement to the appropriate bin.

Density-dependent factors such as nesting space and food availability affect carrying capacity.

How does artificial selection differ from natural selection? How are they similar?

Different natural selection happens naturally, but selective breeding only occurs when humans intervene. For this reason selective breeding is sometimes called artificial selection. Similar Natural selection and selective breeding can both cause changes in animals and plants.

How does the age structure of a population influence population growth?

Different age groups have different reproductive capabilities. Pre-reproductive individuals are the young individuals which will enter the reproductive age after some time. They are the potential source of increase in population. Reproductive individuals are the ones which are actually adding new members to the population. Post reproductive individuals are older individuals which no longer take part in reproduction.

Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on other organisms. Describe positive & pathogenic interactions of bacteria with plants & animals.

Different species of bacteria live in our intestines, amny are mutualists, digesting foods we can't break down. Pathogenic prokaryotes usually cause illness by producing poisons, which are classified as exotoxins or endotoxins

What are the disadvantages (for an aquatic organism) and potential advantages of a land environment

Disadvantages -drought:sporopollenin in zygotes of some green algae -access to soil nutrients but don't have a method of transport for those nutrients -flagellated sperm requires water, and structural support against gravity Advantages -unfiltered light and abundant CO2

How does disturbance alter the structure of a community?

Disturbance influences species diversity and composition

Flowering plants first appeared during the _____. a. Precambrian b. Cenozoic c. Triassic d. Paleozoic e. Mesozoic

E

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

E

Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? See Concept 28.1 (Page) a. Some protists are multicellular. b. The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. c. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. d. Some protists are as small as prokaryotes. e. The second and third answers are correct.

E Context: Recognizing that the kingdom Protista as originally defined was not monophyletic and that some protists are more closely related to other eukaryotes than to each other, scientists have abandoned the kingdom Protista and reorganized the entire domain Eukarya.

Keystone species are those species _____. See Concept 54.2 (Page) a. that live primarily on or under rocks and stones b. that provide important foods and medicines c. that have the most biomass in the community d. with the largest number of individuals in a community e. whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

E context: A keystone species makes an unusually strong impact on community structure.

Jaws evolved _____. See Concept 34.3 (Page) a. from the bony armor of ostracoderms b. from arthropod jaws c. from the rasping tongue d. by modification of middle ear bones e. by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits

E context: According to a leading hypothesis, this marked a reduction in the number of pharyngeal gill slits and a change in the function of gills from feeding to respiration.

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. a. Microevolution b. Genetic drift c. Gene flow d. Paedomorphosis e. Adaptive radiation

E context: Adaptive radiation is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Which of these ions is most likely to be leached from the soil? a. iron ions b. potassium ions c. magnesium ions d. calcium ions e. chlorine ions

E context: Chlorine ions are negatively charged and are therefore not likely to be bound to negatively charged soil particles.

Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup? a. diatoms b. cellular slime molds c. brown algae d. golden algae e. chlorophytes

E context: Chlorophytes (green algae), like green plants, contain both chlorophylls a and b.

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

E context: Cyanobacteria are aerobic photosynthesizers.

_____ trees lose their leaves in preparation for winter. a. Fir b. Conifer c. Spruce d. Pine e. Deciduous

E context: Deciduous trees, such as maples, shed their leaves in preparation for the winter.

The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes. a. Stramenopila b. Chlorophyta c. Rhodophyta d. Mycetozoa e. Alveolata

E context: Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and ciliates are classified in Alveolata, a group characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus? See Concept 32.1 (Page) a. See if it reproduces sexually. b. See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote. c. Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic. d. Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular. e. Look for cell walls under a microscope.

E context: Fungal cells have cell walls, and animal cells do not.

Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants and animals. Which of the following is an example of such a relationship? See Concept 31.5 (Page) a. Fungi help break down plant material in the guts of grazing mammals. b. Fungi can help increase drought tolerance in plants c. Fungi help break down wood in the guts of termites. d. Endophytes in leaves produce toxins that deter herbivores. e. All of the above.

E context: Fungi enter into these and many other mutualistic relationships with other organisms.

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____. See Concept 32.3 (Page) a. organs b. blastula c. muscles d. central nervous system e. primary germ layers

E context: Gastrulation gives rise to either two or three germ layers.

What is the most important factor that holds a gene pool of a species together and prevents speciation? See Concept 24.1 (Page) a. sexual selection b. prezygotic barriers c. hybridization d. behavioral isolation e. gene flow

E context: Gene flow refers to the transfer of alleles among populations. As long as populations are exchanging alleles, speciation is unlikely.

Where do fern antheridia develop? a. on the tip of the haploid protonema b. on the underside of the sporophyte c. on the tip of the sporophyte d. on the tip of the gametophyte e. on the underside of the gametophyte

E context: Haploid antheridia in ferns develop on the underside of mature haploid gametophytes.

Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction in plants? See Concept 38.2 (Page) a. enhanced seed dispersal b. no need for a pollinator c. more robust offspring d. genetic variation e. enhanced survival of genetically favorable offspring

E context: In constant environments, asexually produced offspring have higher survival rates.

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? a. temperate grassland b. coniferous forest c. tropical rain forest d. desert e. tundra

E context: Permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil, is a characteristic of tundra.

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____. See Concept 36.3 (Page) a. nitrogen b. potassium c. water d. phosphorus e. sugar

E context: Phloem, not xylem, transports sugar.

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____. a. megaspore b. pollen cone c. eggs d. integument e. micropyle

E context: Pollen grains gain entry into the ovule via the micropyle.

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. a. style b. anther c. ovulate cone d. ovary e. stigma

E context: Pollen sticks to the sticky stigma.

Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____. See Concept 35.1 (Page) a. protect the plant from freezing b. protect the plant from soil microbes c. develop into lateral roots d. help the root slide between soil particles e. increase the surface area for absorption

E context: Root hairs are extensions of individual epidermal cells on the root surface, which increase the absorptive surface area of the root tremendously.

The breakdown of chlorophyll reveals the _____ pigments of a leaf. a. anthocyanin b. melanin c. phycoerythrin d. xanthophylls e. carotenoid

E context: The breakdown of chlorophyll unmasks the yellow and orange carotenoid colors.

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____. a. seed b. food reserve for the immature sporophyte c. immature female gametophyte d. immature male gametophyte e. immature sporophyte

E context: The diploid embryo will develop into a seedling and then into a mature pine tree.

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. See Concept 29.3 (Page) a. gametophyte b. archegonium c. spore d. antheridium e. sporophyte

E context: The diploid sporophyte generation is dominant in vascular plants; in bryophytes the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant.

In addition to transporting sugar, the phloem also _____. See Concept 36.6 (Page) a. transmits electrical signals b. transports viral RNA throughout the plant c. transports plant RNA throughout the plant d. transports proteins throughout the plant e. All of the above

E context: The phloem and symplasm are dynamic parts of the plant, with many important functions.

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise? See Concept 27.2 (Page) a. The mutation rate in prokaryotes is much higher than in eukaryotes. b. They have extremely short generation times and large populations. c. They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer. d. They have a relatively small genome. e. The second and third answers are correct.

E context: The short generation times and large population sizes in most prokaryotic species, coupled with their ability to exchange genes, helps to increase genetic variability beyond what we would expect in asexually reproducing organisms.

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. See Concept 27.4 (Page) a. Korarchaeota b. thermophiles c. extremophiles d. methanogens e. halophiles

E context: These archaea live in salty environments such as the Dead Sea.

Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA? See Concept 28.2 (Page) a. dinoflagellates and diatoms b. chlorophytes and radiolarians c. apicomplexans and forams d. gymnamoebas and slime molds e. diplomonads and parabasalids

E context: These groups are known for their modified mitochondria.

Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die? See Concept 28.6 (Page) a. Dinoflagellates attract zooplankton and other prey that the corals eat. b. Dinoflagellates protect the corals from pathogenic bacteria. c. Dinoflagellates secrete the calcium carbonate that forms the "exoskeleton" of coral animals. d. Dinoflagellates protect the corals from UV radiation. e. Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live.

E context: Without the extra nutrients provided by symbiotic protists, the corals cannot compete with other organisms for resources.

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart? a. apes b. Old World monkeys c. lorises d. hominids e. New World monkeys

E context: You might recall that the Western Hemisphere is also referred to as the New World.

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Ecosystem Ecology

What sort of non mutualistic associations can plants form with other organisms? How do these non mutualistic interactions result in acquisition of resources by the plant?

Epiphyte grows on another plant and obtains water and nutrients from rain, they are funny photosynthetic and do not take sugars from the host. Parasitic plants absorb sugars and minerals from the plant host Carnivorous plants all photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects

Describe characteristics of eukaryotic cells, contrast w/prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells -Cells with organelles (ex- Euglena) -Membrane bound organelles -Mitochondria, nucleus, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, Occasionally chloroplasts and vacuoles. -Well developed cytoskeleton Prokaryotic cells -Lack organized nuclei, lack membrane bound organelles -Genetic material is circular DNA that occurs in the cytoplasm (nucleoid). Cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili, ribosomes, fimbriae, cell membrane.

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

False Context: In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.

False context: An organism that is radially symmetric does not have a well-developed head region.

True or false? Plants use both active and passive transport processes to transport ions against their concentration gradients.

False context: Plants use passive transport, which requires no energy expenditure, to transport ions down their concentration gradients, but they can only use active transport, which requires energy in the form of ATP, to transport ions against their concentration gradients.

True or false? Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light is destroyed.

False Auxin is asymmetrically distributed in shoots because the auxin on the side of the plant facing the source of light moves to the side of the plant away from the light.

True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

False Heterozygote advantage results in more genetic variation in the population.

True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.

False The evolution of different ecomorphs is an example of disruptive selection. Each new ecomorph had characteristics that were ideal for a particular habitat, but as these characteristics developed, the lizards lost the ability to survive effectively in the other habitats on the island.

True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage.

False context: Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce asexually in the diploid stage by producing haploid cells that form spores, which then germinate into haploid adults. The haploid adults produce haploid gametes that can then participate in sexual reproduction.

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

False context: The last ice age produced many different species mainly because of vicariance events; the glaciers physically separated populations from each other.

What are the two fundamental features of community structure?

Feeding relationships (trophic structure) and species diversity

What is the nutritional mode of animals and how does this compare to fungi

Fungi are heterotrophs that grow on or near their food and that feed by absorption, most animals feed by ingesting their food and then using enzymes to digest it within their bodies.

results when alleles are transferred into or out of a population due to the migration of fertile individuals or their gametes. _____________ can bring new alleles (beneficial, harmful, or neutral) into a population.

Gene flow

evolution due to chance events and causes unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies. _________ can have a particularly significant effect in a small population, such as during a bottleneck or founder event.

Genetic drift

Can genetic drift lead to adaptation?

Genetic drift affects the genetic makeup of the population but, unlike natural selection, through an entirely random process. So although genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution, it doesn't work to produce adaptations.

What consequences does genetic drift have for genetic variation?

Genetic drift can result in the loss of rare alleles, and can decrease the size of the gene pool. Genetic drift can also cause a new population to be genetically distinct from its original population, which has led to the hypothesis that genetic drift plays a role in the evolution of new species.

How is new genetic variation created? (hint natural selection does not create new genetic variation)

Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring)

What are polyphyletic groupings

Group that does not include the common ancestor of all members of the taxon

Indicate whether each description applies to a specific group of gymnosperms or to all gymnosperms. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.

Gymnosperms (literally "naked seeds") are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary. Like other land plants, gymnosperms have a life cycle called alternation of generations.The four main groups of gymnosperms are cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers. Cycads have palmlike leaves. Ginkgos, represented by one surviving species, have deciduous, fanlike leaves. Gnetophytes include a variety of plants in three genera. Conifers, including redwoods, pines, and cypresses, have needle-like or scaly leaves and produce seeds in cones.

how does character displacement compare to reinforcement, which we talked about in unit 1

HARACTER DISPLACEMENT: -Competition over food, mates, or other resources occurs -Morphological and behavioral differences increase -Species diverge from one another REINFORCEMENT: -Hybrids are selected against -The extent of gene flow between the populations is reduced -Selection favors behavioral or morphological adaptations that prevent matings between members of the two populations in question

Why is it necessary to distinguish between homology and analogy to infer phylogeny?

Homologous structures are structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor. These structures may or may not have the same function in the descendants Analogous structures are structures that are similar in unrelated organisms.

What information would allow you to distinguish between homologous vs. analogous (AKA homoplastic) traits, or to decide whether similarities between taxa likely arose via convergent evolution? Be able to do this from descriptions of traits and/or phylogenetic information.

Homoplastic characters are analogous structures that arose independently. Such as "mole" eyes and body shapes. These characters are not helpful when making a phylogeny. Homologous characters are related traits (phenotypic and genetic) that have been passed down from ancestors to their descendants. These are used in phylogenies to indicate relationships between species. Analogous characters arise from convergent evolution. These organisms do not share these traits because of ancestry. It is common for organisms in similar environments to share similar traits. The information you need to decipher between these traits are whether or not they have been passed down to descendants. You also need to know if the organisms live in different places.

What is horizontal and vertical gene transfer? Give example

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is defined as the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells uncoupled with cell division EX: prokaryotes. In bacteria, three principal mechanisms can mediate horizontal gene transfer: transformation (uptake of free DNA), conjugation (plasmid-mediated transfer), and transduction (phage-mediated transfer). Vertical gene transfer is the transmission of genetic material from mother cell to daughter cell during cell division

How do humans influence atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and thus average global temperatures? Consider models that incorporate natural and human influences (i.e., forcing) on climate vs. models that only use natural influences on climate. How do they compare in their ability to accurately predict the pattern of warming we've seen in the last ~100 years? (Relevant figure from lecture below)

Humans put strain on the environment using vehicles, factories and natural resources for fuel. This causes more CO₂ to be put into the atmosphere which in turn plants can't take it in fast enough to produce O₂. The more CO₂ absorbs the sunlight that bounces off the earth trapping it in the atmosphere.

What is reinforcement, and how does it promote reproductive isolation between newly formed species?

Hybrids often are less fit than members of their parent species. In such cases, natural selection should strengthen prezygotic barriers to reproduction, reducing the formation of unfit hybrids.

What is the ABC hypothesis of flower formation? How is flower formation affected by the loss of any of the ABC genes?

Identifies how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the 4 types of floral organs. A=sepas, A+B= petals, C=carpel, C+B= stamens A and C are independent, B is dependent on A and C to make petals and carpels ABC accounts for floral phenotypic mutations, loss of genes may affect the formation of the flower.

In species in which males compete with each other for access to mates, males are often more aggressive, bigger, and/or have adaptations for physical combat (e.g., horns or antlers). This represents what form of sexual selection?

Intrasexual selection

What does it mean that humans and chimpanzees are sister species?

It indicates that we share a more recent common ancestor with chimpanzees than we do with any other living primate species.

Is xylem sap pushed, pulled, or both? How is this accomplished? What is the importance of adhesion and cohesion in this process?

It is pushed up through the roots bc of osmotic pressure in the roots. Cohesion-tension hypothesis is the transportation and water cohesion pulls water from shoots to roots. Transportation of xylem sap involved transpiration (evaporation of water from a plants surface) Transpired water is replaced as water travels from the roots up Adhesion of water molecules to xylem cell walls help offset force of gravity Cohesion makes it possible to pull a column of xylem sap

How has new data contributed to our current view of the tree of life (the 3-Domain system)?

It now includes the domain bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes), and eukarya. The three-domain system highlights the fact that much of the history of life has been about single-celled organisms

Why is influenza A so genetically diverse and difficult to track for yearly vaccines

It transfers so easily form different organisms the genes change as it passes from animal to animal. THe mutation rates are high and viral assortment occurs.

What causes seasonal turnover in lakes, and what effect does this have on the distribution of oxygen and nutrients?

Lake turnover is the seasonal movement of water in a lake. ... During the fall, the warm surface water begins to cool. As water cools, it becomes more dense, causing it to sink. This dense water forces the water of the hypolimnion to rise, "turning over" the layers. Mixing of the lake increases oxygen by exposing a greater volume of water to the atmosphere. If a substantial portion of the lake volume lost oxygen in the summer, a rapid fall turnover occurs. This can cause fish kills by diluting the oxygen that was available in the surface layer before mixing.

What are mycorrhizae? Why are they important for plants? What are the two major types of mycorrhizal associations that can be formed, and how do they differ?

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungus. May have been an evolutionary adaptation which helped in the plant colonization of land. Ectomycorrhizae forms a dense sheath/mantle over the surface of the root. Arbuscular mycorrhizae don't form the dense mantle,more common.

What essential macronutrients are required for plants

Nitrogen (NO₃-, NH₄+ ), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca ²+), Magnesium(Mg ²+), Phosphorus (H2PO4-, HPO42-), Sulfur (SO₄²-).

providing both mechanical and signaling cues to the developing embryo. In vertebrates, the notochord arises from the dorsal organizer and it is critical for proper vertebrate development.

Notochord

The branch of ecology concerned with the morphological, physiological, and behavioral ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments.

Organismal Ecology

How is transport of photosynthates (sugars) accomplished? Explain how and the cell types involved for different sources and sinks.

Phloem loading: mesophyll cell (leaf) to phloem cells (leaf minor vein), bulk flow with positive pressure, phloem unloading. Symplastic and apoplastic in the phloem loading Phloem loading: Mesophylls Pressure flow mesophyll to phloem sap,and water returning to xylem.

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

Population Ecology

Distinguish between primary and secondary endosymbiosis.

Primary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs a prokaryotic cell, such as a smaller cell that undergoes photosynthesis (eg. cyanobacteria). secondary endosymbiosis occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs and absorbs another eukaryotic cell.

What is primary and secondary growth? How do they differ from one another? What tissues are involved in each type of growth?

Primary growth: growth produced by the apical meristem, lengthening stems and roots, growth in height/length. Allows roots to go through the soil and shoots to increase exposure to light Secondary growth: growth produced by lateral meristems thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants.

What are the primary and secondary meristems? Where are they located? What tissues do each of the meristems produce? What is the function of these tissues in the root and shoot systems?

Primary meristem: three meristematic derivatives( protoderm, procambium and ground tissue) of an apical meristem. Causes growth in height. Secondary meristem: growth in plants, causing growth in thickness. Lateral meristems include the vascular cambium and, in woody plants, the cork cambium (cambium is another term for meristem). Meristems are constantly dividing unspecialized tissues, leading to elongation. Apical meristems are at the tips of roots and shoots, and provide additional cells which enable growth in length Lateral meristems are the vascular cambium and cork cambium and cause growth in circumference.

Why is it likely that the first genetic material was RNA, and that early life existed in an "RNA world"?

RNA has great capability as a genetic molecule; it once had to carry on hereditary processes on its own. It now seems certain that RNA was the first molecule of heredity, so it evolved all the essential methods for storing and expressing genetic information before DNA came onto the scene.

What causes the seasons on earth?

Seasons are caused by the amount of direct sunlight that reaches a certain part of the Earth. The amount of direct sunlight changes in most places as our planet revolves around the sun.

What are the two major strategies or patterns of reproduction?

Sexual reproduction: the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes) Asexual reproduction: reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes

How are short- and long-distance transport of nutrients accomplished

Short distance- accomplished by facilitated diffusion and active active transports, proton pumps, selective ion channels, water transport Long distance-bulk flow-high to low pressure, water movement through xylem cells (no cytoplasm just secondary (lignin) cell walls, vessel elements, tracheids

What effect does population size have on genetic drift?

Small populations tend to lose genetic diversity more quickly than large populations due to stochastic sampling error (i.e., genetic drift). This is because some versions of a gene can be lost due to random chance, and this is more likely to occur when populations are small.

What are the two components that describe species diversity?

Species richness- number of different species in a community Relative abundance- proportion each species represents all of individuals in the community.

How have the basal group differed from the rest of animals

Sponges are the basal group, they do not have true tissue, there is often no symmetry. The rest of animals have some sort of symmetry and have true tissue.

What is a reproductive isolating mechanism? What are the various ways by which such mechanisms can prevent gene flow before or after zygote formation? Which is more efficient?

Temporal isolation, in biology, a type of reproductive isolation mechanism among sexual organisms in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species, which could otherwise breed with one another, from mating and producing hybrid offspring. Evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms prevents nascent species from interbreeding, can lead to speciation -prezygote: prevent mating/fertilization -postzygote: prevent hybrids from reproducing

How is a species' fundamental niche distinguished from a realized niche?

The Fundamental Niche is the potential mode of existence of the species, given its adaptations. The realized niche is the actual mode of existence of a species resulting from its adaptions as well as from competition with other species and it can only be the same size as or smaller than the fundamental niche.

What are the feeding (nutritional) modes of the protists

The major modes of nutrition among protists are autotrophy and heterotrophy

What is the carrying capacity (K) of a population?

The maximum population an environment can support.

What are the major biomes and some of their distinguishing characteristics?

Tropical forest: very diverse, vertically layered, competition for light, constant rain Desert: low precipitation, temperature varies Savanna: hot and dry, long dry seasons Chaparral: cool rainy winters, dry hot summer Temperate Grassland: highly seasonal precipitation, cold dry winter, hot wet summer Northern Coniferous forest: largest biome, variable climate, threatened by logging Temperate Broadleaf forest: significant precipitation, hot summers Tundra: low precipitation, cold winters, cool summers Aquatic: Marine (largest biome, huge impact on biosphere), freshwater (influenced by soil and surrounding terrestrial biome)

True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria.

True

True or false? Plant growth involves both the production of new cells by mitosis and the expansion of cell volume.

True

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.

True context: In an environment without antibiotics, individual cells probably would not differ in their reproductive rates or their survival. Without the application of the drug (antibiotic), it would be very difficult to analyze any differences—one wouldn't even be able to sort the cells!

What is the difference between climate and weather?

Weather: Short term change in the atmosphere Climate: describes what the weather is like over a long period of time in particular areas

How does the airflow around mountains affect the local climate?

Winds carry moist air over the land. When air reaches the mountain, it rises because the mountains are in the way. As the air rises, it cools, and because cool air can carry less moisture than warm air, there is usually precipitation (rain).

What is a clade?

a branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

Identify and distinguish between monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups: on a phylogeny, and if described

a monophyletic taxon is defined as a group that consists of the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms and all of its descendants a paraphyletic taxon is defined as a group that consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants a polyphyletic group is defined as a group of unrelated organisms that lacks a most recent common ancestor

What are mycorrhizae?

a mutual symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. permits the plant to obtain additional moisture and nutrients. This is particularly important in uptake of phosphorus, one of the major nutrients required by plants. When ____________ are present, plants are less susceptible to water stress.

What is the logistic model of population growth?

a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity ( K).

How does this differ from a keystone species?

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

How does cell structure illustrate descent from a common ancestor?

all living thing share a common chemistry and cell structure (DNA, RNA, and cell membranes)

What is character displacement and why does it occur?

an evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same environment. Under such conditions, natural selection favors a divergence in the characters--morphology, ecology, behavior, or physiology--of the organisms. Ex: Darwin's finches and the island dwelling Anolis lizards

What is a population bottleneck and how does it differ from founder effect?

bottleneck: large scale decrease in population size followed by an increase in population size founder effect: few individuals become isolated and establish a new population

Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans. Select all that apply. a. All triploblastic animals possess a coelom. b. In both protostomes and deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. c. Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes). Submit

C

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. a. proteobacteria b. chlamydias c. spirochetes d. gram-positive bacteria e. cyanobacteria

C

The largest seaweeds are _____. a. diatoms b. cellular slime molds c. brown algae d. golden algae e. water molds

C

When are the Zoonotic viruses likely to cause pandemics

Passes between humans and animals which changes the genetic code of the virus making it harder to combat with medications because of drug resistance.

All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. a. entamoeba b. diatom c. ciliate d. apicomplexan e. plasmodial slime molds

A

Animals first appeared during the _____. a. Precambrian b. Cenozoic c. Triassic d. Paleozoic e. Mesozoic

A

Bony fish first evolved during the _____ . a. Paleozoic b. Cenozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian

A

Life arose during the _____. a. Precambrian b. Cenozoic c. Triassic d. Paleozoic e. Mesozoic

A

Most modern animal phyla evolved during the _____ era. a. Paleozoic b. Cenozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian

A

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____. See Concept 31.1 (Page) a. hyphae ... mycelium b. mycelia ... hypha c. sporangia ... dikaryon d. hyphae ... chytrid e. mycelia ... dikaryon

A

The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the _____. a. Precambrian b. Cenozoic c. Triassic d. Paleozoic e. Mesozoic

A

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. a. tertiary consumers b. producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. detritivores

B context: Autotrophs, such as phytoplankton, are producers.

How does auxin produce phototropism? a. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and causes them to shorten. b. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation. c. Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and causes them to shorten. d., Auxin accumulates in cells on the side of the plant facing the source of light and stimulates their elongation.

B context: Auxin is redistributed to cells on the side of the plant opposite the source of light and stimulates their elongation.

What are the major traits that are different between Archaea and Bacteria?

Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; not archaea...lipid bilayer cell membrane in bacteria; lipid bilayer or a monolayer in archaea....Bacteria contain fatty acids on the cell membrane; archaea contain phytanyl

We discussed several alternatives to the biological species concept. For each, i) how are species defined, and ii) what are the advantages/disadvantages of this species concept?

Basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring. Advantages: Simple concept, most widely used particularly for plants. Disadvantages: Too much decisions on how much difference between individual is too much variation. Almost all populations are made up of non-identical individuals.

Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular kingdoms. Select all that apply. a. Animals have sensory organs at their anterior end. b. Animals are motile. c. Animals are ingestive heterotrophs.

C

What are analogous phenotypes

Structure that looks the same but is not related or coded for by same genes ex., butterfly, bird wing, arm

Why are viruses as a group so genetically diverse and have significant "species" diversity?

Viral variation can be generated by a number of mechanisms. Major rearrangements in genome structure and organization can occur by genetic recombination. Gene duplications, gene exchanges and gene adoptions also occur. However, the most common form of variation is mutation by nucleotide substitution.

How have the animals differed from Choanoflagellates

animals have cadherin proteins (signaling proteins)

develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine

dorsal hollow nerve cord

True or false? Primary growth can occur at both the apical and lateral meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

false context: Primary growth results in increased length and occurs only at the apical meristems at the tips of the roots and stems in a plant.

What are paraphyletic groupings

group of animals which contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of the descendants

True or false? Fruits provide food to the developing plant.

False context: Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal; the endosperm provides food to the developing plant.

What is meant by the trophic structure of a community?

the partitioning of biomass between trophic levels (subsets of an ecological community that gather energy and nutrients in similar ways, that is, producers, carnivores).

What is the biological species concept? What are the disadvantages associated with this definition of species?

- According to this concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring—but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups - criterion of gene exchange doesnt apply to asexual species -cannot be applied to extinct species -difficult to apply to populations that are geographically separated

What is genetic drift? What consequences does genetic drift have for genetic variation? Can genetic drift lead to adaptation? What effect does population size have on genetic drift?

- chance events altering allele frequencies 1. Significant in small populations 2. can cause allele frequencies to change at random 3. can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations 4. can cause harmful alleles to become fixed -because its all random, unlike natural selection it cannot lead to adaptation

How does fungi benefit humans: agriculture, food, medicine, etc.

- recyclers of organic matter/decomposers - eat mushrooms, fungi ripen blue cheese - yeasts for beer, bread - help produce antibiotics like penicillin - helps researchers gain insight to diseases like Huntington's and Parkinson's through analysis of homologous structures in fungi

What are the key traits associated with further adaptation and tolerance of land environment in Reptilia and Mammalia jointly

-amniotic egg Eggs are key for land species: the shell-less dehydration, mammals lost the shell. Extraembryonic membranes: plays roles in nutrition, gas exchange and waste removal. -Milk, hair, skin, kidney Nutrients, heat/cold protection and water conservation. Jaw joint bones to middle ear bones.

What is speciation? What are the two major ways that gene pools can become isolated? Be able to distinguish between examples of allopatric vs. sympatric speciation.

-an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species -allopatric speciation: formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated; geographic barriers that prevent gene flow -sympatric speciation: isolation without physical separation

We are living during the _____era. a. Paleozoic b. Triassic c. Mesozoic d. Cenozoic e. Jurassic

D