ITSS Exam 1 Review
what is an organization? - technical definition
Formal social structure that processes resources from environment to produce outputs A formal legal entity with internal rules and procedures, as well as a social structure
Digital Goods
Goods that can be delivered over a digital network (music, video, software, newspapers, books)
Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN)
Graphic representation of activities in a business process
Business Information as an Asset
IS is an instrument for creating value
Social Media
IT for sharing content among network of users - allows communities of practice
True or False: information systems potentially change an organization's structure, culture, politics, and work
True
Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
Systems for knowledge workers to help create new knowledge and integrate that knowledge into business
business processes: sequencing/flows
Temporal representation
Building a Collaborative Environment: Collaborative Business Culture
- value on team - managers rely on team and their purpose is to build teams
Pull Based Supply Chain (demand driven)
- web-based - customer orders triggers events in supply chain
organizational culture encompasses set of assumptions that define goal and product:
- what products the organization should produce - how and where it should be produced - for whom the products should be produced
Emergence of Enterprise Application Solutions
-Customer Relationship Management (CRM) -Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) -Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
Customer and supplier intimacy
-Customers who are served well become repeat customers who purchase more -Close relationships with suppliers result in lower costs
Major Types of AI
-Expert systems -Machine learning -Neural networks and deep learning networks -Genetic algorithms -Natural language Processing -Computer vision -Robotics
**Enterprise Application Challenges
-Highly expensive to purchase and implement enterprise applications -High risk to Org, High visibility -Requirement Gaps -Technology changes -Transition Issues -Business process changes -Organizational learning, changes -Switching costs, dependence on software vendors -Data standardization, management, cleansing
Classic Interdependence Between Organizations and Information Systemss
Business firm and its Information System depend on each other; in well run orgs, there is an interplay between these; not two separate islands
Types of E-commerce
Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-business (B2B) Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
Business Value of CRM
churn rate - number of customers who stop using or purchasing products or services from a company
Developing Taxonomy
classification or index
Business can be seen as...
collection of business processes
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: Arrow
connector between shapes
example of structured process
customer returns, order entry, purchasing, payroll
Supply Chain Downstream
organizations and processes responsible for delivering products to customers
Cookies - Good or bad
used to remember things about websites you have visited (login info, shopping cart items, language preference...)
Genetic Algorithms (GAs)
useful for finding optimal solution for specific problem by examining very large number of possible solutions for that problem (minimization of costs, efficient scheduling, optimal jet engine design)
what is a Business?
- An organization or economic system where goods and services are exchanged for one another or for money. - every business requires some form of investment and enough customers to whom its output can be sold on a consistent basis in order to make profit - can be privately owned, not-for-proft, or state owned
KWS Examples
- CAD Computer Aided Design (3D printing) - Virtual Reality Systems (3D medical modeling, augmented reality systems, virtual reality modeling systems, simulate real life events)
Information vs Data
- Data are streams of raw facts - Information is data shaped into meaningful form - data is streamlined through an information system to get information
functions of an organizational information system
- IS had various processes that are influenced by suppliers, customers, regulatory agencies, stockholders, competitors
IT/IS Organizational Structure
- Often headed by Chief Information Officer (CIO) --> Or Chief Security Officer (CSO), Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO), Chief Privacy Officer (CPO), Chief Data Officer (CDO), Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)
routines and business processes
- Routines (standard operating procedures):Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed to cope with virtually all expected situations - Business processes: Collections of routines - Business firm: Collection of business processes
what is an information system?
- System consists of equipment that collects, processes, stores, displays, and disseminates information - support decision making, coordination, and control - IS = IT + Procedures + People
tactical plans:
- address "what"; specific product designs, system selection and implementation, resource mgmt - created by/for vice presidents and director levels in org
dynamic processes
- are flexible, informal, and adaptive processes that normally involve strategic and less structured managerial decisions and activities - exceptions frequent and expected
examples of dynamic processes
- collaboration, social networking, ill-defined, ambiguous situations
eliminating information silos - problems with information silos
- data duplicated - data inconsistency - data isolated - disjointed processes - lack of integrated enterprise information - inefficiency: decisions made in isolation - increased cost for org
information technology (in regards to resistance to change) - Flattening Organizations; what happens?
- decision making is pushed to lower levels - fewer managers are needed (IT enables faster decision making and increases span of control) - orgs flatten because those in authority increasingly rely on knowledge and competence rather than formal positions
competitive advantage (using IS)
- delivering better performance - charging less for superior products - responding to customers and suppliers in real time (ex. Amazon, Walmart, UPS)
organizational politics
- divergent viewpoints lead to political struggle, competition, and conflict - political resistance greatly hampers organizational change
Push Based Supply Chain (build-to-stock)
- earlier SCM systems - schedules based on best guesses of demand
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
- for some firms, this is their big enterprise system - knowing the customer - 3 silos: sales, marketing, service
operational answers:
- how, when, who, where - process improvement, cost containment initiatives, system programming, training and retention programs, maintenance and sustainability - created by/for operational managers in org
managing conflict within in organization
- make sure we are able to point out if something is wrong...
consequences of improved decision making
- relying solely on forecasting, experience, or simply luck - creating wrong product, marketing, cost - over/under production - misallocation of resources - poor production quality - missed customer expectations
complementary assets
- required to derive value from a primary investment
Levels of organization
- senior management (top of triangle) - middle management -scientists and knowledge workers (mid triangle) - operational management - production and service workers, data workers (bottom triangle)
Business Processes
- sets of activities, routines, steps - flows of material, information, knowledge - may be tied to functional area or be cross-functional
structured process
- standardized processes that involve day-to-day operations - structure changes slowly and with agony
strategic plans:
- typically answer "why" in terms of overall direction of org. - typically created by/for executives, boards
5 Components of Information Systems
1. Hardware (computer side) 2. Software (computer side) 3. Data (bridge) 4. Procedures (human side) 5. People (human side) - Automation moves work from human side to computer side - as you get to human side (to the right), increasing difficulty of change
steps in BPM
1. Identify processes for change 2. Analyze existing processes 3. Design the new process 4. Implement the new process 5. Continuous measurement
4 Stages of Knowledge Management
1. Knowledge acquisition 2. Knowledge storage 3. Knowledge dissemination 4. Knowledge application
Strategic Business Objectives of IS
1. Operational excellence 2. New products, services, and business models 3. Customer and supplier intimacy 4. Improved decision making 5. Competitive advantage 6. Survival
types of knowledge management systems (KMS)
1. enterprise-wide KMS 2. knowledge work systems 3. intelligent techniques
goal of AI?
1. natural language processing: translate, text-to-speech, speech-text 2. computer vision: object identification, pattern recognition, image process and analysis 3. machine learning: neural networks, deep learning, predictive analytics 4. robotics: sensing, locomotion, manipulation
Organizational Knowledge - 3 types
1. structured, explicit (formal rules, reports and presentations) 2. semistructured (emails, videos) 3. unstructured, tacit knowledge
what is an organization? - behavioral definition
A collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that is delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution
Primary Measures of Organizational Health: Business Intelligence
Analytics - Descriptive: Reports, Visuals, (After the fact) - Predictive: Forecasting (Future) - Prescriptive: Optimization (happening right now, inventory)
Accounting and Finance Systems
Budgeting and Forecasting/Planning (implementation considerations: business intelligence, funding)
what is information technology?
Computer hardware, software, and data Data Management Technology Networking and telecommunications technology IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is built upon
Computer/computer program vs. information system
Computers and software are technical foundation and tools, similar to the material and tools used to build a house
solution to information silos
ERP (enterprise applications)
ERP Solution Components
ERP Hardware - servers, databases - local, outsourced, or cloud; you REALLY need good internet lines for data in & out - workstations: local or remote, device ERP Application Programs - configurable vendor applications, tailored to be industry specific ERP Data Bases - Computer program within database to keep database consistent when conditions arise - where things are stored Business Processes and Procedures - Adapt in inherent processes and procedures, or design new ones. Automate Controls: enforce business rules. Training & consulting: Training to implement, top management support, preparing for change, dealing with resistence, training to use ENFORCE BUSINESS ROLES!!!!!!
Some companies use this in order to help them adopt ERP from silos solutions
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) - connects system islands - provides integrated information -
pace of change
Expected life of technological assets How far in the future will your expected investment be relevant?
True or False: Information technology does not control innovation, as a critical element of the organization
False It DOES control innovation as a critical element of an organization
Business value of enterprise systems
Increase operational efficiency Provide firm wide information to support decision making Enable rapid responses to customer requests for information or products Include analytical tools to evaluate overall organizational performance
BMPN Software and Tools
LucidChart, Microsoft Visio
Primary Measures of Organizational Health: Profit/Loss Statement
Periodic Look at Profitability - revenues, expenses
New Ways of B2B Buying and Selling
Private industrial networks, Net marketplaces (e-hubs), Exchanges
Competitive Landscape
Products, Customers, Competitors, Resources Development of Market Share (Make vs. Buy vs. Acquire)
Supply Chain Systems
REquisitions/Orders - items Purchasing - purchase orders, vendor management inventory/warehousing - stock, replenishment, fullfillment shipping and receiving - receipts and returns, distribution accounts payable - invoice matching, vendor payments (accounting)
Business Process Redesign also known as
Re-engineering
Budgeting and Capital
Return on Investment in Building, Acquiring, Sustaining, and Protecting Assets
Knowledge Management
Set of business processes developed in an organization to create, store, transfer, and apply knowledge
Primary Measures of Organizational Health: Balance Sheet
Snapshot of Organization - assets, liabilities, equity
Who fixes problems with business processes?
Someone with knowledge of business -- business analyst (NOT only computer programmer, network engineer, or database admin)
IT Governance
Strategy and policies for using information technology within an organization, specifying the decision rights and accountabilities to ensure that information technology supports the organization's strategies and objectives.
Excel Fundamentals: Absolute References
a cell that is "locked" so rows and columns won't change when copied
Business Process Management (BPM)
a management technique that includes methods and tools to support the design, analysis, implementation, management, and optimization of business processes
improved decision making
accurate, timely, and complete info enables objective, data-driven decision-making
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: Square
activity or process
core competencies
activity where the organization is a "leader" (rely on knowledge, experience, sharing across boundaries of business units)
Earning Money from Social Media
advertising freemium sales
natural language processing
alexa, siri google translate
business processes may be...
assets or liabilities
Third-Party Persistent Cookies
available anytime; trackers (ads)
what do you want to do when business process modeling?
avoid ambiguity!
Excel Fundamentals: Relative References
basic cell references that adjust and change when copied or when using AutoFill
expert systems
capture tacit knowledge and turn them into set of rules
documenting business processes: tasks
input, modify, output
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: cylinder
data store
Case-based reasoning (CBR)
descriptions of past experiences of human specialists, represented as cases, are documented and stored in a database for later retrieval when the user encounters a new case with similar parameters - found in medical diagnostic systems, customer support
robotics
design, construction, and operation of machines that can substitute humans (robots used in bomb disposal)
Email Do's and Don'ts
do: 1. have a clear subject line 2. use professional salutation 3. proofread 4. reply to all emails 5. keep private material private dont's 1. forget signature line 2. use humor 3. assume recipient knows what you're talking about 4. overuse '!!!'
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: Swim Lanes
each lane represents department
Effects of Emerging Tech Organizations and IS
emerging technology help augment Info Systems which also give you new opportunities that feed back into strategic business process
knowledge workers
employees whose main contribution to the organization is specialized knowledge, such as knowledge of customers, a process, or a profession researchers, engineers, architects, scientists
machine learning - neural networks
example: credit card fraud even though it wasnt fraud. pattern was not followed for once so it alarms - learns patterns of input data, constantly improving
Supply Chain Upstream
firms' suppliers, suppliers' suppliers, processes for managing relationships with them
Types of Cookies
first-party persistent, third party persistent, session
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: Diamond
gateway or decision
The uncertainty of investment in IT
good returns not guaranteed
Content Management System (CMS)
help capture, store, retrieve, distribute, preserve documents and semi-structured knowledge
computer vision systems
identify people in crowds, passport control, facebook deepface, etc
Private Industrial Network
in diagram, has huge firm in middle, and suppliers on one side and distributors on other
investments in IT will hopefully result in superior returns
increases productivity, revenue, long-term strategic positioning
IS become bound up in organizational politics because they influence a key resource:
information
Holistic view of Importance of MIS in Business
interdependence of IS and Business Organizations
Authoritative Management Style
leader dictates and controls all decisions in the job; provides long-term direction and vision for the employees
artificial intelligence
logical, self-learning technology (self-driving cars, clones, 3D printing)
what is organizational culture influenced by?
management (executives, boards, etc), workforce, competition, regulatory
organizational culture
may be powerful unifying force as well as restraint on change
examples of collaboration management systems
microsoft teams, google docs
Net Marketplace
more balanced entities (suppliers and buyers)
Building a Collaborative Environment: Command and Control
no value placed on teamwork or lower level participation in decisions
documenting business processes: identity
of those accountable, roles, swimlanes
Social Media and You - protect yourself
personal information sharing, digital is forever, companies analyze everything you digitally say or do, big data= big money, steps to remove or mask digital footprints
virtualization
physical assets no longer necessary (virtual office, virtual reality)
Benefits of Disintermediation to Customer
price to deliver good is cheaper without middle-man (distributor)
Learning Management Systems (LMS)
provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training
Social Media Roles
providers, users, communities
Human Resources Systems
recruiting, HR actions, time and attendance, benefits administration, payroll (accounting)
Social Media Information System (SMIS)
sharing content among networks of users
mobile commerce (m-commerce)
significant part in today's e-commerce (B2C, B2B)
ethics
social impact (not always a simple right or wrong)
BPMN Shapes and Symbols: Circle
start/end
Purpose of Information Systems in Business
support the achievement of the organization's strategic, tactical, and operational goals
Dangers/Risk/Security of Social Media
synthetic friends, click farms, problems from external sources, false identities, attracts annoying spam accounts
CrowdSourcing
the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community, such as Facebook and Twitter users (GoFundMe, finding somebody missing)
Synergies
the total is greater than the sum of its parts; strategic acquisitions (and merging technology)
organizational strategy determines IS strategy
true
documenting business processes: decisions
two or more alternatives
Session Cookies
typically last only for current session (non personalized shopping cart)
E-Commerce, why is it different
ubiquity, global reach, universal standards, richness
First-Party Cookies
used only by website that created it (bank website info)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - B2B component
various industries have various EDI standards - computer to computer exchange of standard transactions such as invoices, purchase orders
ERP Application Integration
various modules feeding single database
intelligent agents
work without direct human intervention to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for user, process, or application Ex: deleting junk mail, finding cheapest airline chatbots
Collaborative Management Style
• No single manager to resolve disputes • Need committees and steering groups to provide enterprise process management • Slow and expensive
Improving Process Quality
•Process efficiency-Ratio of outputs to inputs• Process effectiveness-How well a process achieves organizational strategy
key components of a business
•Product, Goods, and Services •Customers •Management and Operations •Investment, Sustainability •Profit, Return
components and characteristics of an organization
•Use of hierarchical structure •Separation of business functions •Goals, management and leadership styles, types of tasks (Accountability, authority in system of impartial decision making) •Routines and business processes •Organizational politics, culture, environments, and structures
