J1100-01 Exam 2 Study Guide
Examples
-Twitter -WordPress -YouTube -Facebook -Blogger -Reddit
Which of these terms describes a person who does not subscribe to a newspaper, but still benefits from the work of the newspaper?
Free rider
person who receives a benefit without paying for it
Free rider
(public and private) merchandise or possessions
Goods
-Reduced postal rates -Monopoly on public notices -Deliverers exempt from minimum wage, overtime, and child labor laws
Government subsidy (public funding)
According to Michael Schudson, what is more important than keeping the trust of the audience?
Holding government officials accountable
Which of these does Jacob Nelson call "one of the most important, yet least studied, aspects of journalism?"
How journalists perceive and pursue their audiences
Associated with lower levels of trust
Ideological extremism
When journalism is considered a "private company selling products" it is adhering to which model?
Market Model
-Media Mass -Media News -Specific platforms -Specific organizations -Local, National, or International
Measurement issues
-Credibility of -Skepticism toward -Confidence in
Measuring trust in news
Which describes a funding method based around charging readers by the individual article?
Micropayments
Knowing what kind of stories will interest the public
News Judgment
Inviting audience contributions (crowdsourcing)
Processing and editing
A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive
Subsidy
What is one complication of measuring trust in journalism?
Surveys often use different names for trust and journalism
-Technologies that was once dispersed across a newsroom are in the palm of a reporters hand
Technology
Michael Schudson writes that the term "the media" didn't really exist before which piece of technology?
Television
-High-Quality journalism -> Informed, participatory citizens ->Strong democracy - Journalism helps citizens make sense of life -Democracy corrects itself through informed decision-making
The Ideal
TRUE or FALSE: Since the 20th century, advertising has made up the majority of revenue for U.S. newspapers.
True
True or False: Public goods are difficult to sustain by market transactions alone.
True
Which is a feature of the impact of social media on the production of journalism?
Unprecedented access to the audience
Measurement tools have (until recently) been quite
Unsophisticated
Costs vary with the level of output
Variable Cost
(people are busy, they need journalists to translate events for them) (Act on behalf of the public) (Citizens are passive, but monitorial) (We should have low expectations of citizens)
Walter Lippmann
-High-quality journalism -A desire to be informed on the part of the citizens
When the Ideal needs to become a reality
What about broadcasters?
-Had to adapt or risk being left behind in the text-dominant early internet -Technology did not yet exist to do more sophisticated video/audio work
When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to Inform one another, that's citizen journalism.
-Jay Rosen, 2008
-Journalism's public forum function -Compared to letters but distinct because of lower barriers to entry, interactivity, and speed -Lots of variation in how news organizations manage comments -Have been met with journalistic skepticism
Comments
Editorial strategy of serving their audience as quickly and as locally as possible, meaning that legacy media organizations reorder their publishing priorities to break news over digital media first.
Digital First
Which of the following describes a feature of convergence journalism?
A journalist using technology to perform functions previously distributed among multiple newsroom departments
Engaging readers in the development of story ideas
Access and observation
TRUE or FALSE: Only consumers of news benefit from the coverage journalists provide.
False
True or False: Reactive reporting is reporting on causes and consequences.
False
Which statement best describes the Broadcast Model?
Few senders to many receivers
Which is an example of a positive externality in journalism?
Fewer people get sick as a result of a newspaper investigation on poor food safety practices at a local restaurant.
Costs remain constant whatever the level of output
Fixed Cost
-Legacy news organizations move online -New roles emerging - videographers and video editors at newspapers -Normal for digital-first organizations
Industry
For the ideal of journalism to thrive, citizens must have a desire to be what?
Informed
What did Walter Lippmann conceive would eventually replace journalists?
Intelligence bureaus comprised of social scientists
What Makes Something News?
Interesting enough to the general public to warrant reporting
Many Senders -> Direction of Communication -> Many Receivers
Internet Model
-Tailored news sources -More consumer choices -Higher advertiser power
Internet loss of monopoly on attention
Commenting on and evaluating the work
Interpretation
-Changing the reader experience -Blurring public/private lives of journalists -Hoaxes and unverified news going viral -Echo chambers and polarization
Issues raised by social media
Allowing community members to actually buy a stake in the publication is an example of which funding model of journalism?
The cooperative
-"The imagined audience" -Comes from the notion of "Imagined communities" -We have an idea (or ideal) of who our audience is -News Organizations "have a tacit vision of who their audience is
The journalist-audience relationship
Which is one trend Craft & Davis identify in developing the "new news?"
The market has not found an efficient way to encourage payment for digital news access
-Assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something -One in which confidence is placed
Trust
Reflect belief about journalism's performance they don't measure journalism's performance itself
Trust surveys
What is a news beat?
A specific topic area of news coverage
Which of these is not an obligation citizens have to journalism?
Be a citizen journalist
(More choice, more competition) Changes in politics (more partisan)
"Changes in the information ecosystem"
People with strong partisan identities will perceive neutral, factual coverage as biased against the party they support
(Hostile media effect)
We graduate from wanting media when we want it, to wanting it without the filler, to wanting media to be way better than it is, to publishing and broadcasting ourselves when it meets a need or sounds like fun."
(Rosen, 2006, para. 16)
Few Senders -> Direction of Communication -> Many Receivers
Broadcast Model
Four major changes
-Blogs (web logs) -Citizen Journalism -Comment Section -Social Media
What about magazines?
-Designed for a different news cycle -News weeklies struggled with the speed of online news
Into the 21st century
-From text to multimedia -Rethinking the news cycle -Some online-only content -Emphasis on interactivity -Web forums -Chatrooms -Online Q&A sessions
- Strategy and policy development -Overseeing content distribution -Monitoring success of stories online -Moderating/managing interaction on social media and comment sections
-New(er) newsroom role: The social media/engagement editor
How does Newsgathering Work?
-News is more than mere information; it is the result of processes and judgments constructed through institutions devoted to newsgathering
Analytics can tell us
-Number of visitors -Time Spent -Social Media Mentions -How they came to the site -Pages visited
Costs involved in creating journalism
-Payroll -Production cost -Cost of Doing Business -Information gathering
But potential was there from the start
-Text was quick and easy to load -Publication cycle meant sites could be updated regularly
What do Craft and Davis argue the internet has caused information to become?
A commodity
-Frees journalism from political parties -Separate newsroom from boardroom -Elevates prestige of journalists independent inquirers
Advertising
-High Point 1976 (72%) -Low Point 2016 (32%)
Americans reporting that they trusted the press
Which of these topics would be an example of a proactive story?
An investigation into plans to attack the U.S. Capitol
-How a journalists looks at information and assesses the best method of conveying it to an audience (expanding the story craft)
Attitude
What Web 2.0 technology does Hermida say focuses on "openness, connection, and sharing?"
Blogging
-Covering what went uncovered in the mainstream -Snark -Transparency over objectivity
Bloggings Distinctions from journalism
-Audiences could create their own content with easy-to-use interfaces -Journalists adopted blogging into their routines-reporting but also adding context and commentary -Started out as blogs: Talking Points Memo, Gawker -Started out as bloggers: Ezra Klein, Nate Silver -Live blogging key part of politics and sports coverage
Blogs
-Audience members capturing newsworthy content especially of unfolding news events -Egalitarian approach to journalism
Camera phones and "Citizen Journalism"
What is a term used to refer to the activity of users who gather, report, analyze, and share news and information?
Citizen Journalism
-Personal blog -Social media post -News tip -Contribution of photograph, video, or audio
Citizen Journalism is not
-Central to dramatization- if it bleeds it leads -Stories about violent crimes, murders, battles and wars, conflicts between nations and poltical parties, etc -News photos as embodying tension -Strong oppositions serve not only to dramatize individual events but also provide overarching frames for organizing diverse material
Conflict
-Bringing traditional journalists and web specialists together in a single newsroom; -Enabling the mix of textual, visual, and audio content - this makes digital journalism unique; -Blurring of formats of print and broadcast media; -Massive multi skilling in newsrooms, revamping of journalism education
Convergence
Which business model is characterized by members of the community buying an ownership stake in the news company?
Cooperative
-frequently relates to controversy and trends -Can relate to lifestyles, to a new council by-law, or to technology
Currency
-Subscriptions -Paywalls
Direct market transactions
Encouraging the sharing of articles, subscribing, etc.
Distribution
Proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production
Economy of Scale
-The breadth and diversity of participation -The ability of citizens to shape the news agenda rather than have it shaped for them -The ability of citizens to document things that would otherwise go undocumented -More people with the ability to do journalism means more eyes on the powerful and more watchdogs on Government
Egalitarian View (widest/inclusive/Expansive)
Which is a trend associated with blogging that has influenced journalism?
Emphasizing transparency over objectivity
Depth of the involvement that a news customer has with a media product
Engagement
Which is one way social media has changed the roles of news workers, according to Craft & Davis?
Engagement editors and digital curators now act as gatekeepers
According to Pew Research, what is the leading kind of news consumed on Facebook?
Entertainment
-That the quality of the contribution matters as much, if not more, than the quantity -That trained and responsible journalists have a role to play in ensuring what reaches the public is accurate and responsible -That citizen journalism has been exploited as a source of free labor and an excuse to cut back on paid positions -That powerful institutions need other powerful institutions (i.e., large news organizations) to keep an eye on them
Expert View
-Newsgathering opportunities -Unprecedented access to audience (vice versa) -New questions about personal/professional boundaries -Amplified speed of the news cycle -Social media as a principal means of accessing news -Greater opportunities for personalization -Causes an echo chamber effect
Explain the impact of social media on how journalism is produced and consumed
A side effect or consequence of an industrial or commercial activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved
Externality
-Measure of the effect a news event will have on an audience -Represents its weight and importance, it reflects the wider significance of a decision or event
Impact
Typically, articles containing multiple news values are more likely to appear where?
In a prominent role
-Engagement was not part of their routines -Audience feedback was very limited in scope -Letters, phone calls, etx -Characterized by a "we write, you read"
In the past, journalists did not have to worry about their audience
Which is an example of how convergence is impacting journalism?
Increased engagement via social media and interactive story features
Which describes the direction of communication in the internet model?
It's a two-way direction between senders and audiences
(Public is the god term of the press) (More on the Dewey side)
James Carey
(People yearn to participate and should be given the tools) (Journalists' primary task: Empower, build community, act alongside the public) (Citizens are active and capable)
John Dewey
-Journalists assert autonomy from political parties -Newsrooms separate from business department
Journalists want autonomy
Media products predating the Internet, typified by a dependence upon heterogeneous audiences, advertising income and one-way communication from sender to receiver.
Legacy Media
-We still don't know why people do what they do with news content, what they value -What should news organizations do with this information?
Limitations
What pre-Internet limitations helped news compete for advertising expenditures?
Limited supply of advertising space
-Reduction in journalists -Reduction in journalism coverage -Reduction in newspaper output -Newspapers close -Bureaus close
Market Failure
Unsustainable business model
Market Failure
-Paywall -Native advertising and sponsored content
Market based
Application of the criteria for the selection of events published as news
News Values
Which term describes the criteria journalists apply to decide what gets reported on?
News Values
-This patterned, repeated practices, forms, and rules that journalists use to do their jobs -Without some routine method of coping with unexpected events, news organizations would flounder and fail -Beat Reporting "A specific topic area of news coverage, such as the police beat or the local government beat"
Newsgathering Routines
Which term describes a piece of information determined to be important or interesting enough to share with the public?
Newsworthy
Deny Access
Non-Excludable
Competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field
Non-Rivalrous
-Non profits -Government subsidy -Public funding
Non-market-based
-People like to know about things which are unusual or different. This is the old-man-bites-dog syndrome -Out of the ordinary, least expected, or not predicted -It is unexpected within the meaningful and the consonant that is brought to one's attention
Novelty/Rarity
-Advertisers have more power over setting rates -Rates based on impact (clicks, likes, views, shared) -Exposure and impact are highly trackable
Online Advertising
-Advertising breaks news tie to political parties -New publications reach mass audiences for advertising
Owners want to make profit
Also known as
Participatory journalism, collaborative media, street journalism, gorilla journalism -18th century Pamphleteers among the earliest examples of citizens performing journalism in America
Which statement most closely matches what Walter Lippman believed?
People are busy and they need journalists to translate events for them.
(Non-Profits)
Philanthropic/foundation funding
-Funded partisan newspapers -Slanted but trusted reporting -No Journalists as information gathering and news producing professionals
Political parties
-Limited supply of news content competing for attention -Limited supply of advertising space competing for advertisers' expenditures -Ability to bundle products
Pre-internet monopoly on attention
-Publishers set rates -Rates based on size, color, location -Maximum exposure potential is publication circulation -Print had monopoly on space, access to audience
Print Advertising
-Reporting on causes and consequences -Proactive reporting depends on the journalists recognition of tension, disagreement and polarization and includes coverage or acknowledgement of structural or cultural conflicts
Proactive
-Web text journalists inserting audio into the story -Photojournalists and videographers writing stories -Audio journalists making photographs and writing a text summary of the report -Social Media post about the event and story
Process of individual journalists
-Whether a statement or an action is news or not depends on who said it or did it what the president/prime/minister/expert says or does make news -The actions of the elite are.. More consequential than the activities of others -Persons in leadership or top management positions, celebrities
Prominence
-Geographical -Cultural -Psychological -Distance from the audience
Proximity
Which news value focuses on events close to the audience?
Proximity
-Focus on here and now -Standard news reporting is essentially reactive-it involves looking for stories of the day that have a public or human-interest element to them, and conveying the public the nature and significance of the event involved
Reactive
-Incorporated into working routines -Expectation of a social media presence
Social Media
Inviting readers to determine priorities
Selection and filtering
According to the textbook, what piece of technology has allowed journalists to interview sources from around the world without "a massive live truck?"
Skype, or other video conferencing technology
-Consume the News (High quality to Low quality) -Become an educated consumer of news (media literate) -Welcome ideas and views that are challenging -Demand high standards from journalists -Protect press and speech freedoms -Participate in Democracy and empower others to participate too
Some basic expectations of citizens
-Mid 1990s: Tentative embrace by new organizations -Created opportunities for everyday people to express themselves
The role of the internet
Which would be an example of citizen journalism?
The use of a Wordpress site to convey community perceptions of a local government meeting
Which is an example of how the medium impacts the news-making process?
Time dictates broadcast news be edited down to the second
(recency) currently what is going on -be news -relates to the importance of the "when" element, as well as to the comparison news value of currency
Timeliness
