J1100-01 Exam 2 Study Guide

Examples

-Twitter -WordPress -YouTube -Facebook -Blogger -Reddit

Which of these terms describes a person who does not subscribe to a newspaper, but still benefits from the work of the newspaper?

Free rider

person who receives a benefit without paying for it

Free rider

(public and private) merchandise or possessions

Goods

-Reduced postal rates -Monopoly on public notices -Deliverers exempt from minimum wage, overtime, and child labor laws

Government subsidy (public funding)

According to Michael Schudson, what is more important than keeping the trust of the audience?

Holding government officials accountable

Which of these does Jacob Nelson call "one of the most important, yet least studied, aspects of journalism?"

How journalists perceive and pursue their audiences

Associated with lower levels of trust

Ideological extremism

When journalism is considered a "private company selling products" it is adhering to which model?

Market Model

-Media Mass -Media News -Specific platforms -Specific organizations -Local, National, or International

Measurement issues

-Credibility of -Skepticism toward -Confidence in

Measuring trust in news

Which describes a funding method based around charging readers by the individual article?

Micropayments

Knowing what kind of stories will interest the public

News Judgment

Inviting audience contributions (crowdsourcing)

Processing and editing

A sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive

Subsidy

What is one complication of measuring trust in journalism?

Surveys often use different names for trust and journalism

-Technologies that was once dispersed across a newsroom are in the palm of a reporters hand

Technology

Michael Schudson writes that the term "the media" didn't really exist before which piece of technology?

Television

-High-Quality journalism -> Informed, participatory citizens ->Strong democracy - Journalism helps citizens make sense of life -Democracy corrects itself through informed decision-making

The Ideal

TRUE or FALSE: Since the 20th century, advertising has made up the majority of revenue for U.S. newspapers.

True

True or False: Public goods are difficult to sustain by market transactions alone.

True

Which is a feature of the impact of social media on the production of journalism?

Unprecedented access to the audience

Measurement tools have (until recently) been quite

Unsophisticated

Costs vary with the level of output

Variable Cost

(people are busy, they need journalists to translate events for them) (Act on behalf of the public) (Citizens are passive, but monitorial) (We should have low expectations of citizens)

Walter Lippmann

-High-quality journalism -A desire to be informed on the part of the citizens

When the Ideal needs to become a reality

What about broadcasters?

-Had to adapt or risk being left behind in the text-dominant early internet -Technology did not yet exist to do more sophisticated video/audio work

When the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to Inform one another, that's citizen journalism.

-Jay Rosen, 2008

-Journalism's public forum function -Compared to letters but distinct because of lower barriers to entry, interactivity, and speed -Lots of variation in how news organizations manage comments -Have been met with journalistic skepticism

Comments

Editorial strategy of serving their audience as quickly and as locally as possible, meaning that legacy media organizations reorder their publishing priorities to break news over digital media first.

Digital First

Which of the following describes a feature of convergence journalism?

A journalist using technology to perform functions previously distributed among multiple newsroom departments

Engaging readers in the development of story ideas

Access and observation

TRUE or FALSE: Only consumers of news benefit from the coverage journalists provide.

False

True or False: Reactive reporting is reporting on causes and consequences.

False

Which statement best describes the Broadcast Model?

Few senders to many receivers

Which is an example of a positive externality in journalism?

Fewer people get sick as a result of a newspaper investigation on poor food safety practices at a local restaurant.

Costs remain constant whatever the level of output

Fixed Cost

-Legacy news organizations move online -New roles emerging - videographers and video editors at newspapers -Normal for digital-first organizations

Industry

For the ideal of journalism to thrive, citizens must have a desire to be what?

Informed

What did Walter Lippmann conceive would eventually replace journalists?

Intelligence bureaus comprised of social scientists

What Makes Something News?

Interesting enough to the general public to warrant reporting

Many Senders -> Direction of Communication -> Many Receivers

Internet Model

-Tailored news sources -More consumer choices -Higher advertiser power

Internet loss of monopoly on attention

Commenting on and evaluating the work

Interpretation

-Changing the reader experience -Blurring public/private lives of journalists -Hoaxes and unverified news going viral -Echo chambers and polarization

Issues raised by social media

Allowing community members to actually buy a stake in the publication is an example of which funding model of journalism?

The cooperative

-"The imagined audience" -Comes from the notion of "Imagined communities" -We have an idea (or ideal) of who our audience is -News Organizations "have a tacit vision of who their audience is

The journalist-audience relationship

Which is one trend Craft & Davis identify in developing the "new news?"

The market has not found an efficient way to encourage payment for digital news access

-Assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something -One in which confidence is placed

Trust

Reflect belief about journalism's performance they don't measure journalism's performance itself

Trust surveys

What is a news beat?

A specific topic area of news coverage

Which of these is not an obligation citizens have to journalism?

Be a citizen journalist

(More choice, more competition) Changes in politics (more partisan)

"Changes in the information ecosystem"

People with strong partisan identities will perceive neutral, factual coverage as biased against the party they support

(Hostile media effect)

We graduate from wanting media when we want it, to wanting it without the filler, to wanting media to be way better than it is, to publishing and broadcasting ourselves when it meets a need or sounds like fun."

(Rosen, 2006, para. 16)

Few Senders -> Direction of Communication -> Many Receivers

Broadcast Model

Four major changes

-Blogs (web logs) -Citizen Journalism -Comment Section -Social Media

What about magazines?

-Designed for a different news cycle -News weeklies struggled with the speed of online news

Into the 21st century

-From text to multimedia -Rethinking the news cycle -Some online-only content -Emphasis on interactivity -Web forums -Chatrooms -Online Q&A sessions

- Strategy and policy development -Overseeing content distribution -Monitoring success of stories online -Moderating/managing interaction on social media and comment sections

-New(er) newsroom role: The social media/engagement editor

How does Newsgathering Work?

-News is more than mere information; it is the result of processes and judgments constructed through institutions devoted to newsgathering

Analytics can tell us

-Number of visitors -Time Spent -Social Media Mentions -How they came to the site -Pages visited

Costs involved in creating journalism

-Payroll -Production cost -Cost of Doing Business -Information gathering

But potential was there from the start

-Text was quick and easy to load -Publication cycle meant sites could be updated regularly

What do Craft and Davis argue the internet has caused information to become?

A commodity

-Frees journalism from political parties -Separate newsroom from boardroom -Elevates prestige of journalists independent inquirers

Advertising

-High Point 1976 (72%) -Low Point 2016 (32%)

Americans reporting that they trusted the press

Which of these topics would be an example of a proactive story?

An investigation into plans to attack the U.S. Capitol

-How a journalists looks at information and assesses the best method of conveying it to an audience (expanding the story craft)

Attitude

What Web 2.0 technology does Hermida say focuses on "openness, connection, and sharing?"

Blogging

-Covering what went uncovered in the mainstream -Snark -Transparency over objectivity

Bloggings Distinctions from journalism

-Audiences could create their own content with easy-to-use interfaces -Journalists adopted blogging into their routines-reporting but also adding context and commentary -Started out as blogs: Talking Points Memo, Gawker -Started out as bloggers: Ezra Klein, Nate Silver -Live blogging key part of politics and sports coverage

Blogs

-Audience members capturing newsworthy content especially of unfolding news events -Egalitarian approach to journalism

Camera phones and "Citizen Journalism"

What is a term used to refer to the activity of users who gather, report, analyze, and share news and information?

Citizen Journalism

-Personal blog -Social media post -News tip -Contribution of photograph, video, or audio

Citizen Journalism is not

-Central to dramatization- if it bleeds it leads -Stories about violent crimes, murders, battles and wars, conflicts between nations and poltical parties, etc -News photos as embodying tension -Strong oppositions serve not only to dramatize individual events but also provide overarching frames for organizing diverse material

Conflict

-Bringing traditional journalists and web specialists together in a single newsroom; -Enabling the mix of textual, visual, and audio content - this makes digital journalism unique; -Blurring of formats of print and broadcast media; -Massive multi skilling in newsrooms, revamping of journalism education

Convergence

Which business model is characterized by members of the community buying an ownership stake in the news company?

Cooperative

-frequently relates to controversy and trends -Can relate to lifestyles, to a new council by-law, or to technology

Currency

-Subscriptions -Paywalls

Direct market transactions

Encouraging the sharing of articles, subscribing, etc.

Distribution

Proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production

Economy of Scale

-The breadth and diversity of participation -The ability of citizens to shape the news agenda rather than have it shaped for them -The ability of citizens to document things that would otherwise go undocumented -More people with the ability to do journalism means more eyes on the powerful and more watchdogs on Government

Egalitarian View (widest/inclusive/Expansive)

Which is a trend associated with blogging that has influenced journalism?

Emphasizing transparency over objectivity

Depth of the involvement that a news customer has with a media product

Engagement

Which is one way social media has changed the roles of news workers, according to Craft & Davis?

Engagement editors and digital curators now act as gatekeepers

According to Pew Research, what is the leading kind of news consumed on Facebook?

Entertainment

-That the quality of the contribution matters as much, if not more, than the quantity -That trained and responsible journalists have a role to play in ensuring what reaches the public is accurate and responsible -That citizen journalism has been exploited as a source of free labor and an excuse to cut back on paid positions -That powerful institutions need other powerful institutions (i.e., large news organizations) to keep an eye on them

Expert View

-Newsgathering opportunities -Unprecedented access to audience (vice versa) -New questions about personal/professional boundaries -Amplified speed of the news cycle -Social media as a principal means of accessing news -Greater opportunities for personalization -Causes an echo chamber effect

Explain the impact of social media on how journalism is produced and consumed

A side effect or consequence of an industrial or commercial activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved

Externality

-Measure of the effect a news event will have on an audience -Represents its weight and importance, it reflects the wider significance of a decision or event

Impact

Typically, articles containing multiple news values are more likely to appear where?

In a prominent role

-Engagement was not part of their routines -Audience feedback was very limited in scope -Letters, phone calls, etx -Characterized by a "we write, you read"

In the past, journalists did not have to worry about their audience

Which is an example of how convergence is impacting journalism?

Increased engagement via social media and interactive story features

Which describes the direction of communication in the internet model?

It's a two-way direction between senders and audiences

(Public is the god term of the press) (More on the Dewey side)

James Carey

(People yearn to participate and should be given the tools) (Journalists' primary task: Empower, build community, act alongside the public) (Citizens are active and capable)

John Dewey

-Journalists assert autonomy from political parties -Newsrooms separate from business department

Journalists want autonomy

Media products predating the Internet, typified by a dependence upon heterogeneous audiences, advertising income and one-way communication from sender to receiver.

Legacy Media

-We still don't know why people do what they do with news content, what they value -What should news organizations do with this information?

Limitations

What pre-Internet limitations helped news compete for advertising expenditures?

Limited supply of advertising space

-Reduction in journalists -Reduction in journalism coverage -Reduction in newspaper output -Newspapers close -Bureaus close

Market Failure

Unsustainable business model

Market Failure

-Paywall -Native advertising and sponsored content

Market based

Application of the criteria for the selection of events published as news

News Values

Which term describes the criteria journalists apply to decide what gets reported on?

News Values

-This patterned, repeated practices, forms, and rules that journalists use to do their jobs -Without some routine method of coping with unexpected events, news organizations would flounder and fail -Beat Reporting "A specific topic area of news coverage, such as the police beat or the local government beat"

Newsgathering Routines

Which term describes a piece of information determined to be important or interesting enough to share with the public?

Newsworthy

Deny Access

Non-Excludable

Competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field

Non-Rivalrous

-Non profits -Government subsidy -Public funding

Non-market-based

-People like to know about things which are unusual or different. This is the old-man-bites-dog syndrome -Out of the ordinary, least expected, or not predicted -It is unexpected within the meaningful and the consonant that is brought to one's attention

Novelty/Rarity

-Advertisers have more power over setting rates -Rates based on impact (clicks, likes, views, shared) -Exposure and impact are highly trackable

Online Advertising

-Advertising breaks news tie to political parties -New publications reach mass audiences for advertising

Owners want to make profit

Also known as

Participatory journalism, collaborative media, street journalism, gorilla journalism -18th century Pamphleteers among the earliest examples of citizens performing journalism in America

Which statement most closely matches what Walter Lippman believed?

People are busy and they need journalists to translate events for them.

(Non-Profits)

Philanthropic/foundation funding

-Funded partisan newspapers -Slanted but trusted reporting -No Journalists as information gathering and news producing professionals

Political parties

-Limited supply of news content competing for attention -Limited supply of advertising space competing for advertisers' expenditures -Ability to bundle products

Pre-internet monopoly on attention

-Publishers set rates -Rates based on size, color, location -Maximum exposure potential is publication circulation -Print had monopoly on space, access to audience

Print Advertising

-Reporting on causes and consequences -Proactive reporting depends on the journalists recognition of tension, disagreement and polarization and includes coverage or acknowledgement of structural or cultural conflicts

Proactive

-Web text journalists inserting audio into the story -Photojournalists and videographers writing stories -Audio journalists making photographs and writing a text summary of the report -Social Media post about the event and story

Process of individual journalists

-Whether a statement or an action is news or not depends on who said it or did it what the president/prime/minister/expert says or does make news -The actions of the elite are.. More consequential than the activities of others -Persons in leadership or top management positions, celebrities

Prominence

-Geographical -Cultural -Psychological -Distance from the audience

Proximity

Which news value focuses on events close to the audience?

Proximity

-Focus on here and now -Standard news reporting is essentially reactive-it involves looking for stories of the day that have a public or human-interest element to them, and conveying the public the nature and significance of the event involved

Reactive

-Incorporated into working routines -Expectation of a social media presence

Social Media

Inviting readers to determine priorities

Selection and filtering

According to the textbook, what piece of technology has allowed journalists to interview sources from around the world without "a massive live truck?"

Skype, or other video conferencing technology

-Consume the News (High quality to Low quality) -Become an educated consumer of news (media literate) -Welcome ideas and views that are challenging -Demand high standards from journalists -Protect press and speech freedoms -Participate in Democracy and empower others to participate too

Some basic expectations of citizens

-Mid 1990s: Tentative embrace by new organizations -Created opportunities for everyday people to express themselves

The role of the internet

Which would be an example of citizen journalism?

The use of a Wordpress site to convey community perceptions of a local government meeting

Which is an example of how the medium impacts the news-making process?

Time dictates broadcast news be edited down to the second

(recency) currently what is going on -be news -relates to the importance of the "when" element, as well as to the comparison news value of currency

Timeliness