JSCC ANT-200 Chapter 1
ethnology
- Uses data collected by a series of researchers - Is usually synthetic - Is comparative and cross-cultural
ethnography
- Uses fieldwork to collect data - Is often descriptive - Is specific to a group or community
5 specialities of biological anthropology
1) Human biological evolution as revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology) 2) Human genetics 3) Human growth and development 4) Human biological plasticity (the living body's ability to change as it copes with environmental conditions, such as heat, cold, and altitude) 5) Primatology (the study of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman primates)
science
A systematic field of study that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world.
...how diverse people can get along peaceably.
According to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for understanding...
Paper and plastic
According to garbology, what are actually the most significant major waste problems?
...no language is a homogenous system.
According to sociolinguistics...
organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.
Adaptation refers to the process by which
...through material remains.
Anthropological archaeologists reconstruct, describe, and interpret human behavior and cultural patterns mainly...
poor
Anthropologists have traditionally studied groups that are ____________.
humanistic
Anthropology is a(n) _______________ science.
b, d, & e
Anthropology is: a) the study of plants native to certain regions b) the study of all societies c) the study of non-Western and non-industrial cultures only d) the study of the human species around the world and through time. e) offers a cross-cultural perspective
mold human biology.
Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces
North American girls do better at sports where they compete as individuals, such as gymnastics and swimming.
Because of cultural traditions, how do North American girls compare to Brazilian girls?
human biological diversity
Biological anthropology is the study of ______________ in time and space.
...less important in cultural anthropology.
Comparing cultural anthropology to sociology, statistics traditionally has been...
food production
Cultivation of plants and domestication (stockbreeding) of animals; first developed in the Middle East 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.
...in their social and cultural context.
Cultural and linguistic anthropology view creative expression...
...allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed.
Cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also...
form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.
Cultures are traditions and customs that
accelerated.
During the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaptation has
ethnography
Fieldwork in a particular culture.
biologically and culturally.
Humans continue to adapt and change
social complexity
In archaeology, the number of settlement levels in a city is a measure of ____________________.
d
In contrast with an anthropologist, a political scientist would be more likely to study... a) the impact of local farming practices on community health. b) the systematic repression of groups of people. c) how a national program affects local communities. d) a program developed by planners at a national level.
industrial production
In relatively recent eras, the spread of _____________ has/have profoundly affected human life.
...industrial nations and cities.
Industrialization and urbanization have helped shift anthropologists' work, increasingly, from villages to...
holistic
Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture.
...at an unknown time.
Language first developed in humans...
a comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential.
One of the most fundamental assumptions shared by all anthropologists is that
society
Organized life in groups; typical of humans or other animals.
...address contemporary social problems.
Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to...
...primate behavior sheds light on early human behavior.
Primatology is relevant to paleoanthropology because...
primates
Primatology is the study of __________________.
...threatened by construction activities.
Public archaeology has been given an importan role in evaluating sites...
b, c, & d
Recently, with the spread of industrialization, cultural anthropology has... a) become less scientific. b) focused increasing on urban life. c) been converging somewhat with sociology, both in interests and in methods. d) begun to examine mass media's cultural influence. e) become less quantitative.
biocultural
Referring to the inclusion and combination (to solve a common problem) of both biological and cultural approaches -- one of anthropology's hallmarks.
ethnography
The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers data to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called ________________.
applied anthropology
The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
biological anthropology
The branch of anthropology that studies human biological diversity in time and space -- for instance, hominid evolution, human genetics, human biological adaptation; also includes primatology (behavior and evolution of monkeys and apes). Also called physical anthropology.
linguistic anthropology
The branch of anthropology that studies linguistic variation in time and space, including interrelations between language and culture; includes historical linguistics and sociolinguistics.
cultural resource management (CRM)
The branch of applied archaeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, or other projects.
general anthropology
The field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.
cultural
The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at the high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ______________ adaptation.
the 19th century.
The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to
adaptation
The process by which organisms cope with environmental stresses.
excavation
The process used in archeology of digging through a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes over time is known as _________________.
human ecology
The study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on the ways people interact with nature and based on cultural values, is known as __________________.
cultural anthropology
The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
sociolinguistics
The study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; the study of language in its social context.
anthropology
The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors.
holism
The study of the whole of the human condition is
What the people actually did in everyday life, not what they report they did.
The studying of modern garbage, sometimes known as "garbology," provides evidence of which of the following concerning the people who produced the garbage?
cultural
The subfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ____________ anthropology.
cultivation of plants and domestication of animals.
The term food production refers to the
ethnology
The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares cultures in time and space.
made somewhat consistent.
Through enculturation, behavior and thought in a society are
...link all people in the modern world system.
Today's global economy and communications...
...sociologists studied industrial societies, whereas anthropologists studied nonindustrial societies.
Traditionally, the main distinction between sociologists and anthropologists has been that...
culture
Traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning.
true
True of false: The study of contemporary adaptations creates new challenges for anthropology.
false
True or false: Adaptation is an entirely cultural process.
True
True or false: In addition to having links in to the natural sciences, anthropology also has links to fields in the humanities.
d
What best describes anthropology's subdisciplines? a) They develop along independent trajectories b) interdisciplinary comparisons are not as valuable as in other sciences c) they are strictly based upon the culture to which they apply d) they influence each other
short-term physiological
When non-natives' breathing and heart rate increase in the mountain highlands, this is an example of __________________ adaption.
b, c, & d
Which of the following are accurate statements about ethnology? a) has a comparative/cross-cultural perspective. b) requires fieldwork to collect data. c) it is a group/community system. d) it is usually synthetic. e) it is often descriptive.
c, d, & e
Which of the following are among the four subfields of general anthropology? a) historical anthropology b) geological anthropology c) anthropological anthropology d) sociocultural anthropology e) biological anthropology
a, c, & e
Which of the following are aspects of linguistic anthropology? a) making inferences about universal features of language. b) analyzing language as a means of determining how racial differences first developed. c) studying linguistic differences to discover cultural variations in perception and thought. d) using languages to determine when countries engaged in wars with each other. e) reconstructing ancient languages.
a, b, & e
Which of the following are human biological capacities upon which culture depends? a) the ability to use language b) the ability to learn c) the ability to make and use forms of transportation d) the ability to mutate one's genes e) the ability to think symbolically
b, c, & e
Which of the following are specialities within biological anthropology? a) geology b) primatology c) human genetics d) modern languages e) paleoanthropology
a, b, & d
Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists? a) garbage b) animal bones c) folktales d) tools e) linguistics
b, d, & e
Which of the following areas have benefitted from the work of applied anthropologists? a) graphic design b) marking c) physics d) public health e) business
a, b, & c
Which of the following would be examples of topics studied in sociolinguistics? a) linguistic variation corresponding to regional dialects b) linguistic features that correlate with socioeconomic class c) relationships between social and linguistic variation d) speech characteristics related to specific defects in the structure of the tongue
Human ecology
______________ focuses on the ways in which humans use "of nature influences and is influenced by by social organization and cultural values".
anthropological archaeology
the branch of anthropology that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory.