JUST 200- final
environmental justice lecture: what does the UN say on climate change?
"Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time from shifting weather patterns that threaten food production, to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale Without drastic action today, adapting to these impacts in the future will be more difficult and costly
Human rights reading: the relations of rights and duties- how do they connect?
"duties toward our fellow humans and their rights mutually imply on another", our moral duties toward others often imply their rights, the recognition of their rights imposes duties on us towards them. ex. right to be treated fairly imposes duty to gov. to not torture and citizens have duty to not encourage torture. the UDHR imposes duties on international community to uphold human rights. duty on members to create world that honors human rights
Human rights reading: what steps have been taken to advance and enforce human rights by the UN?
1. UN high commissioner for human rights- principal UN office with mandate to promote and protect human rights. to see human rights laws and such are implemented plus followed 2. human rights council- smaller council to protect human rights with checks and balances 3. treaty monitoring bodies- Each covenant and convention has own monitoring body that makes sure it is being practiced after it is ratified by respective states and these bodies are independent experts not on behalf of countries 4. special appointees- to investigate specific issues 5. International criminal court- investigate and prosecute four crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression 6. responsibility to protect- limits to nat sovereignty, intervene when state gov does not
Human rights reading: what are the 6 sections?
1. Universality of human rights, the moral bases form human rights, challenge of cultural relativism, and the relationship between human rights and duties 2. Summary of the UN system of human rights as developed from founding to present. Universal declaration of Human Rights, major UN conventions and declaration, major UN operation mechanisms for advancing human rights. International criminal court, responsibility to protect, and millennium development goals 3. Development of international humanitarian law, law governing the conduct of war. Humanitarian law was before human rights law but now seen as part of it due mainly to emphasis on rights of civilians during wartime. 4. Reviews the human rights systems of the 5 regional organizations. From fist European system to most recent association of southeast Asian nations human rights declaration 5. describes the non-governmental human 6. rights movement and its vital role in advancing human rights 7. examines US's role within the international legal system of human rights
Case Watkins GJ lecture: how does GJ work? 6 ways
1. how the contemporary international system distributes, facilitates, and obstructs justice across earth 2. how people plus states relate to one another over time and space 3. the institutions we create to govern those relations like the UN 4. the ways power shapes those relations and institutions-some groups have more power 5. the roles of the individual and the nation state in the global community- what responsibilities/rights do individuals, states, nations have to global community 6. balance between national sovereignty and international norms- relations between state and world
"What is thing called GJ" reading: what does GJ help?
1. it challenges our assumptions and blind spots in our morals. to see things in a new light, things may not have noticed before. 2. we owe it to each other globally, what should be not what is, it introduces new problems and obligations. makes us re-examine standards
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are the two rules for studying justice?
1. recognizing subjectivity or ethnocentrism. preferences for prac's and values reflective of our own culture. background shapes perspective and it is important to respect diff viewpoints 2. dominant perspectives does not equal justice. there is no single way to perceive justice. it is the interaction of multiple perspectives.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what is the triple inequality of climate change? 3 ways that show inequality
1. responsibility- which nations are most responsible, who contributes the most/what countries. 2. vulnerability- which nations will suffer the effects most profoundly and what groups within those nations will? 3. response- which nations will/should bear the cost? they show how GJ is involved in response to global climate change
"What is thing called GJ" reading: how is GJ distinct?
GJ draws attention to specific global issues and potential problems of injustice that we may not have been aware of- to revise our political and moral philosophies, 2. the moral plus political context of the world is not simply the moral/political context of the domestic state carried over to the global stage- individuals have very different moral plus political relationships globally then in their domestic state. globally, there are more controlling institutions and morals the domestic and world stage are different
Human rights reading: what is the moral basis for universal rights? 4 moral claims
God/christianity- included in the declaration of independence but not in UDHR bc for all people, 4 claims: a secure claim to life, a secure claim to live one's life, a secure claim against severely cruel or degrading treatment, and secure claim against severely unfair treatment these are self-evident and clearly morally right
Human rights reading: what are the differences between the ICCPR and the ICESCR?
ICCPR- first gen, human's rights may be restricted during war or other public emergencies but only to the necessary extent but some essential rights cannot be restricted ever like the rights to life, etc. said all rights in the treaty must be honored and fulfilled immediately. ICESCR- 2nd gen, recognizes that many economic rights like right to education, health care, employment, social security, are beyond the capability of very poor countries. so rights to be fulfilled to the max of the state's resources with the hope of full fulfillment eventually.
"What is thing called GJ" reading: Dewey quote
Philosophy isn't device to deal with problems of philosophers but made by philosophers to deal with men's problems
Case Watkins GJ lecture: two definitions of global justice- Tan and Brock
Tan: "the investigation of what a just global order would look like", "an attempt to identity an ideally just world and the principles of justice that can systemically ground that vision" Brock: "what do individuals owe one another? what do states/gov. owe one another?"
Human rights reading: what 3 documents together are called the International bill of human rights?
UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR
environmental justice lecture: where does VA stand in water pollution?
VA's waterways are the second worst in the nation, measured by the amount of toxic chemicals discharged into them. 2014 Sachs and Murphy article abt strategy to protect virginians from toxic chemicals. importance of streams
environmental justice lecture: 2020 WEC report
asks network of business, gov., civil society leaders and experts to identify greatest global risks and most likely to happen in 10 yrs
Human rights reading: covenant def
a binding law for all nations to ratify it
International law film: what are the 4 key criteria for recognizing a new country?
a defined physical territory, a permanent population, a gov. that is exercising control over the physical territory, and the capacity to enter into international relations (the ability to relate to other gov.'s) some countries only do not meet one of the criteria so it is difficult and states choose what other states they will recognize
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are Nassbaum's 10 Central Human Capabilities
a list of 10 thresholds/ideas that should be extended to all people no matter their inclusion in a nation state or other group, all human beings are entitled to these things no matter any category: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, other species, play, control over one's environment
confronting the truth film: Truth commission or truth and reconciliation commission
a model of transitional justice, in over 20 countries, officially recognized bodies that use the testimonies of victims and perpetrators (and other evidence) to conduct detailed investigations of past crimes and harms committed by a gov. (and non-state actors) during conflict that often remain secret or hidden (often unknown to large segments of the population), and to revel the findings of the investigation and make recommendations for what the country "in transition" should do to address past harms/wrongs and to prevent violations in the future
confronting the truth film: transitional justice
a range of judicial and non-judicial justice processes that countries may use to fairly confront and respond to a legacy of past crimes and harms (including human rights abuses, mass atrocities and other forms of severe trauma perpetrated through gov. repression or civil conflicts). to help a country politically transition from an unjust violent/repressive society to a stable/just political system and are created to rebuilt social trust, repair/reform justice systems, and implement democratic governance
Human rights reading: what are declarations (post agreeing to covenant/convention, etc.)?
after covenant, a statement by a state that clarifies its understanding of a provisions or otherwise states its intentions regarding the convention
confronting the truth film: what are TC findings and recommendations mean?
after investigation complete, TCs publish a report of the findings of their investigation (documenting crimes/harms) and make recommendations for governmental, legal, and societal reforms to address the harms suffered by victims; to safeguard security and human rights; to provide due process for perps; to ensure that atrocities are not repeated
environmental justice lecture: what are the main sources of water pollution in VA?
agriculture- chemicals like pesticides, herbicides, fertilizer and animal waster industry- think about extraction of natural resources like coal and gas plus chemical storage and releases including heavy metals development- deforestation, storm water runoff from paving roads and constructing buildings, and waste water from our sewers intentional or careless dumping by individuals- the most visible to us, but lease dangerous comparatively
environmental justice lecture: what are the top 5 risks in the 2020 report?
all environmental and related to climate change: extreme weather events, human-made environmental damage and disasters, major biodiversity loss, and natural disasters from earthquakes to tsunamis top risk over next 10- failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation
environmental justice lecture: what is global risk?
an uncertain event or condition that is global in nature and impact. can cause significant and widespread negative impacts within the next 10 yrs.
confronting the truth film: what are some places with TCs?
argentina, uganda, chile, el salvador, sr lanka, east timor, peru, morocco, south africa, etc.
International law film: what is jus cogens?
certain crimes where there can be no disagreement over whether it is a crime. "a compelling law that overrides any customary law a country has," includes genocide, torture, piracy, and war crimes such as rape and child slavery
Case Watkins GJ lecture: nation-state
coincidence between a state and nation, the entity formed when people sharing the same historical, cultural, or linguistic roots form their own state with boarders, a gov., and international recognition. started in 17th century. we tend to talk about countries.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are 3 concepts that impact power relations?
colonialism and imperialism (1492)- drove capitalism and industrialization, accumulation of wealth and power, social hierarchies and patterns of power based on race, ethnicity, etc. 2. treaties of Westphalia- end of religious rule, secular 3. established idea of state sovereignty- absolute power of the state within its own boarders
Human rights reading: what are 4 other major UN conventions for preventing human rights abuses?
convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide/genocide convention, convention for the suppression of the traffic in persons and the exploitation of the prostitution of others, the convention against torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment (CAT)/torture convention bc of amnesty international, international convention for the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance/vanishing at hands of gov. or terrorist group when don't admit guilt
Case Watkins GJ lecture: multinational state
country composed of several peoples with distinct national perspectives. type of nation-state, kind of a smaller scale one
International law film: what are war crime tribunals? why did archbishop desmond tutu argue against them?
courts created to try individuals accused of crimes against humanity. to try individuals and make them take responsibility instead of states and a broader responsibility. to deter crimes. Archbish argued no reconciliation/closure was possible if the accused were not forgiven (just tried not forgiven) and that conflict in multi-ethnic societies can actually escalate because of the trials.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what is the 2015 Paris Climate Accords
created by 1992 UN convention on Climate Change (UNFFCCC), must act to protect the climate (and economic) system "on the basis of equality and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. agreement of nation states to cede some of their state sovereignty for the greater good of the earth. all have common responsibility for climate justice based on the country's ability to respond
confronting the truth film: what are some examples of transitional justice
criminal prosecutions, reparations programs, institutional reforms, and truth commissions
Case Watkins GJ lecture: ethnicity
cultural characteristics differentiating one group from another
International law film: what does the International Criminal Court do?
deals with those kinds of problems like the Nuremburg trials where individuals are held responsible for global acts
"What is thing called GJ" reading: gJ as a philosophical inquiry is one that aims to identify our ___________________________ at large beyond the confines of our country and to clarify ____________________.
duties to one another in the world, the basis and form of these duties
Human rights reading: what are reservations?
each covenant allows for reservations and declarations. a reservation allows a state that ratifies a treaty to say it accepts all parts of the treaty except for specific articles. it decreases the enforceability
environmental justice lecture: what two things are consistently listed in the top 5 long term risks in the WEC report?
failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation/climate action failure water crises
International law film: what is the main difficulty of international law?
finding agreement on what constitutes criminal behavior. each country has a different perception which is known as customary law. over time, the differences develop into consensus. One the global community accepts a law, it becomes an international customary law.
Human rights reading: what are the two different kinds of rights and what do they mean?
first generation (historically arose earlier, covers the kid of civil and political rights familiar to Americans in own bill of rights like freedom of religion and speech) second generation (covers economic and social rights like the rights to education and employment) many don't like the distinction bc it implies the 1st are more important than the second
GJ handout: what is the definition of security in a global context?
freedom from risk or danger. questions such as how is the US more/less secure then other countries and why. What risks do we face and from what/whom.
environmental justice lecture: what efforts can be done for water pollution?
friends of north fork, local org that ofers education, science, and advocacy to promote the health of the river for all human plus non humans that depend on it. encourage individual-level and policy oriented solutions. volunteer cleanup with local groups. trash ends up sorted and recycled or landfill. lot of garbage put into ocean
International law film: "international law is essential for securing ___________ and ______________. It applies between ___________________________________ and includes __________________ that are law when they are enforceable.
global peace and security; states, individuals, organizations, relations between gov.'s; treaties and agreements
Human rights reading: the universality of human rights
human rights implies basis rights to every human. European kings divine right, UDHR says rights to every human no matter race, color, sex, etc.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are the key concerns of GJ?
human rights, development of humans and as society, military intervention and just war (when is war ok), humanitarianism (ok to interfere in other state's affairs?), terrorism, poverty and economic inequality, social inequality, discrimination, migration across boarders and domestic, global health issues and access to health care, global environmental issues, sovereignty and global governance (what are global norms that guide all nation states)
Human rights reading: what is the acronym to remember ICESCR?
i call echo so classy rich
GJ handout: courses in this concentration area of the major address the __________________________ of these related issues in a diverse set of policy areas including ________________, __________________, ________, ______________, ______________, and ______________.
individual, group, and state dimensions; democratization, cultural identity, development, environmental protection, conflict resolution, and human rights
environmental justice lecture: south fork doah river scandal
industrial dumping of mercury, dupont company in Waynseboro from 1929-1950 released mercury into the river, contamination discovered in 1970s, monitoring over 20 yrs shows no decrease, in 2016 dupont agrees to pay 50 mil settlement
Case Watkins GJ lecture: state
institutional or governmental element of country
Human rights reading: todays rights are less about morals and more about ________________________ that majority of nations (called states) have adopted as binding law.
international law
GJ handout: The GJ and policy concentration in the Justice studies major explores ________________.
issues of justice in the global context
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are some global challenges in the national context?
it is affecting the most vulnerable groups in countries and the most vulnerable countries. it's already affecting the US in disaster relief, it brings the question of what obligations do we have as members of a global humanity, how complicated ethics of global justice is, there are no wrong answers just stronger and weaker arguments
Human rights reading: cultural relativism
it is the competing ideal to universal human rights, extremely it says that all values that individuals hold dear are derived from their culture and for that reason there can be no values that are objectively true for all cultures. it denies the existence of universal moral values including human rights. this is a challenge
International law film: what does the International Court of Justice have the authority to do?
it is the principal court of the UN, the authority to decide cases between countries. It has no authority to decide the individual criminal guilt or innocence of one person. a forum where countries can have disputes heard.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are 3 impacts of climate change?
it is unequivocal- already happening everywhere so shouldn't be debating if it is happening just how to solve it, it is unevenly distributed- the worlds poorest countries are the most affected by climate change even though contributing the least to it, it emphasizes the need for global governance - all nations can sign on and abide to make change
environmental justice lecture: how has the carter center helped reduce guinea worm disease?
it provides millions of tubes to guard again the water born larvae. tubes for drinking. has reduced GWD by 70%
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what should you keep in mind when looking at things?
just using one "map" limits our perspective, there is never an unbiased position- doesn't make it invalid, just singular, who created the map and what are their goals plus power?, important to use diff views and know what power they use
"What is thing called GJ" reading: Justice v. ethics
justice: how basic institutions of a social order allocate persons their basic rights plus responsibilities. global justice is what kinds of institutions we should support, what ones to establish and ones to support in response to problems ethics: what individuals owe to each other interpersonally/relationally. as humans what we owe. interpersonal responsibility. what we owe to others beyond our boarders. more personal. like ones perception of a good life and interpersonal obligations
environmental justice lecture: what are some mitigation techniques for development?
like JMU growth in h-burg, there are BMPs for designing buildings, sidewalks, and parking lots that can minimize polluting rivers from storm water runoff. JMU has done a lot. limiting "development" itself is also a strategy
Human rights reading: what are optional protocols?
many convenants and conventions have been followed by these that compliment the basic treaty. desribe how a convention is suppossed to be enforced, how individuals may complain that a state has violated a treaty, or add other provisions to the treaty they are ratified separate from the main treaty
Case Watkins GJ lecture: what are the two views of the obligations we have as members of a global humanity?
nationalism: do we have special responsibility to the welfare of our compatriots? cosmopolitanism: do we have equal responsibility to the welfare of all humanity? striking the balance between state sovereignty and global governance
"What is thing called GJ" reading: GJ as a philosophical inquiry, what our ___________ are and _______ these obligations are formed and _______ they are.
obligations, how, why
confronting the truth film: what are some of the difficulties, challenges, or problems with TCs?
people may be in opposition to it as they think the commission is political or don't want their past investigated, people do not want to relive the past, many of the affected are in remote, rural areas that are hard to reach, they aren't judicial part so they are kinda just there to educate not prosecute and punish like some citizens want so don't want to participate
confronting the truth film: what physical evidence did TCs in the film discover to document the truth of what happened in addition to testimonies?
physical note from on of kidnapped victims, human remains that show things such as torture actually took place and erase all doubt, can look at state detention centers and facilities where prisoners were held can help gather info when official refuse to speak or corroborate victim statements
"What is thing called GJ" reading: why does GJ matter? GJ is more of a problem of ____________ than of ________________
political will, understanding
"What is thing called GJ" reading: GJ shows the nature of problems of justice and identifies __________________
possible forms of responses and solutions to them. but people do not necessarily agree how to address the problems
human rights reading: responsibility to protect
protecting populations that are threatened with genocide, crimes against humanity or ethnic cleansing when their own national gov.'s cannot or will not do so. Cited limits to national sovereignty, first obligation is prevention of these crimes but also when necessary humanitarian intervention, guides international behavior so no abuse like colonial times, military intervention as last resort and when other prevention has failed and lesser measures have been examined plus deemed won't succeed, for saving civilian lives, Military intervention is not to be used when there are lesser human rights violations, nor conducted individually by a single nation.
"What is thing called GJ" reading: GJ is a philosophical inquiry motivated by __________
real world problems
GJ handout: The issues of justice in the global context the GJ concentration explores is _______________________.
security, equity, and equality
Human rights reading: convention
simply a declaration, a statement of ideals, non-binding. most major powers wanted this bc the countries differed on what they thought should be included so wanted nonbinding.
International law film: what are some of the limitations or criticisms discussed in the film of international law?
since it is very broad with lots of different committees and treaties, it becomes fragmented and not as cohesive, it is hard to not over specialize and be able to enforce, the problems often need a global solution but it is difficult to develop one, it has western centric bias- actions seen as political like invasion of iraq instead of a crime bc the law is biased towards them, hard to create a unified police authority that can enforce decisions bc international law has not police force. it doesn't have the mechanisms to achieve what a domestic system can do. hard to also regulate economics and wealth inequality with orgs like world trade org
confronting the truth film: why would TC/TRCs ask for testimony from thousands of victims?
so the most representative cases can be heard before public, can help establish picture and trend, TCs hear from many victims that the courts would be too overwhelmed to hear from so they can get a better idea of what actually happened. trials are hard in transitional situation too. the courts/judiciary is usually influenced by politics and corruption as well. the numbers show how much of a violation it was. shows people who aren't involved politically or in deep country are affected also not just priviledged.
confronting the truth film: why would victims participate in TC's?
societies have different views on what happened in events and for the healing process to begin and to have a unified view of what happened, to ensure the horror isn't repeated, victims can speak about things they haven't been able to before and voice suffering, for some type of closure and reconciliation, even though they have to relive experiences and it is very hard, it is beneficial and they can tell world what been through so the world knows, sometimes reluctant but may come forward if someone with experience talks to them, it is their only chance to speak out, to build community again in community-based culture, to not repeat violations and to heal
Case Watkins GJ lecture: sovereignty
state authority within a given territory. Since Westphalia, within boundaries of state, the state has authority
environmental justice lecture: water pollution as global issue- Toxic Price of Leather Film
tanneries/leather factories in Kanpur India are releasing chemical filled water into the ganges river which is what residents use for bathing, drinking, watering plants, and everything. the water is causing illnesses like mental disabilities, tuberculosis, eyesight problems skin discoloration, and heart attacks, and more. it is a mainly muslim area so the gov. (hindus) doesn't really care about them especially bc the leather exported is making them a lot of money in taxes
environmental justice lecture: what act was made for the national right to clean water?
the 1972 Clean Water Act, established a national right to clean water in the US (and authorized the federal gov. to take action to protect "navigable waters" of the US from it)
Human rights reading: what is the most important foundation for modern human rights?
the UDHR, statement of rights to all human beings but only was declaration of guiding ideals, not binding law
environmental justice lecture: what is UNEP?
the United Nations Environment program, has long identified climate change and water crises as global threats as well, the worlds leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the UN system, and serves as authoritative advocate for the global environment, its mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment but inspiring, informing, and enabling nations, and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising future generations
International law film: what is domestic law?
the ability for a country to self govern, they are laws determined by that particular country and are only followed within it's jurisdiction. a workable domestic law and state sovereignty is a fundamental part of a country's involvement in international law.
Human rights reading: why was turning the UDHR into international law slow and difficult?
the cold war-politics tramped human rights bc of conflict. new nations emerged from colonial rule and joined UN who swayed towards dictatorships that generally limited human rights.
Case Watkins GJ lecture: def of nation
the cultural element of a country, people psychologically bound to one another, a group of people sharing a common language, history, or culture
environmental justice lecture: where does JMU's water spring? what is one of the few water sources not impaired?
the dry river, the north river, the city plans to use the South Fork of the Shenandoah River in the future. Newman lake is not impaired
Human rights reading: what are the 5 major conventions and 2 declarations to protect specific groups?
the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination (CERD), the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), convention on the rights of the child (CRC), the international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their fam, the convention of the rights of persons with disabilities (CRPD) declarations: declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples and the declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
International law film: what is the UN?
the most important and influential (especially w the ICC) multilateral organization for security and peace, and to help restore it when security/peace is lacking. it changes the way atrocities are viewed. individuals becoming responsible for global crimes
GJ handout: what is the definition of equality in a global context?
the state of being equal, the same, alike. questions like what should be equal in a global context that is not? what are just and unjust means to achieve greater equality? how and when is inequality a global injustice?
GJ handout: what is the definition of equity in a global context?
the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair. questions such as what ex's of unfairness are there in the global context and and how can impartiality be achieved? international law? other means then law?
confronting the truth film: how are TCs different from traditional judicial processes such as courts of law?
they occur where massive human rights violations have occurred, to help society face a painful past, they are for restorative justice not retributive like courts who issue punishments or forms of retributive justice, they aren't investigations or courts. no judiciary body, not like judge, everyone on the same level and victims plus commissioners are on the same level not one higher than the other, TC's are on national television, first person accounts, very personal, millions watch unlike courts, you can see personal suffering, in some cases no one is even named, reparations to victims. deals w more victims than court could address
confronting the truth film: TC investigations what are they?
they seek to discover the truth about crimes/harms perpetrated so that they can identify patterns of abuse, institutional weaknesses in society (including but not limited to, ineffective or corrupt criminal justice systems, educational systems, governance, etc.) and cultural or social problems that contributed to making such violations possible
environmental justice lecture: adaptation
to acclimate or adjust to something, does nothing to reduce the problem itself, if climate change is creating flooding one adaptation is moving. does not solve the problem itself
International law film: what is the challenge for the international community in pursuit of the goal of international global justice?
to be really willing to commit to a systematic system of justice. a systematic and impartial system that applies to anybody irrespective of what nationality they are, or whose friend or ally they are. if they have perpetuated an act of genocide a crime against humanity or war crime it shouldn't matter what nationality they are, etc.
confronting the truth film: why would perps of human rights abuses participate in a TC or TRC?
to get amnesty or immunity, they don't just get off free, the commission is about restorative rather than retributive justice, the perps are still under threat of prosecution if not granted amnesty usually just for politically-motivated violations that are truthful, meant for national reconciliation and unity, gives dignity for the people who had been mean, to reunite offenders with communities, combo of culture and legal system. perps usually have to sign agreement after testimony and may require compensation but usually punishment is community service
environmental justice lecture: what are some things that we can do to mitigate pollution from agriculture?
to lessen pollution, implementing best management practices through grassroots education and volunteer engagement, like the Chesapeake Bay Foundation or things with farmers like riparian buffers where plant trees between farmland and river bank to help clean runoff before drainage, or agricultural fencing where fence livestock out of streams and rivers to prevent erosion and backteria
environmental justice lecture: mitigation
to lessen, diminish, or prevent something from producing harm/risk of harm. climate change mitigation refers to reducing or stopping the CAUSES of climate change, one major cause is burning fossil fuels. one major mitigation is using different energy sources like solar power
Human rights reading: the UN purpose and what it is?
to preserve peace, to promote fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination, contains goals of strengthening international law and advancing human health and welfare. the first task was to prepare a universal bill of rights
International law film: what is the ultimate goal of international law?
to secure peace and security for all people
confronting the truth film: what are some benefits of TC's for a country? what are some of the intended outcomes of this painful process?
to unite country after a calamity, to expose the level of atrocity, to make people aware of things that happen in their country, bc people aren't being directly affected sometimes they don't take notice, this forces them to. to document things that have not been documented before, opportunity to heal but no forget, for peace and unity. a rallying cry for change, to address the needs of the victims, to safeguard human rights through constitutional and legal reforms, reforms of judiciary, police, military forces, medical and legal professions, the media, and school systems that suppress history. report not just to powerful but to whole society making everyone responsible for implementation unlike regular courts. from denial to recognition and people can begin to look towards the future bc the past has been put to rest
Human rights reading: what resulted bc of the split in importance of first and second gen rights?
two binding covenants. Humphrey drafted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)- 1st gen International Covenant on Economic, social, and cultural rights (ICESCR) - 2nd gen
environmental justice lecture: what is water scarcity?
underground aquifers are the earth's second largest reserve of fresh water after glaciers/caps. filled over billions of years, humans are draining them at 2-4 times their natural recharge rate today. increasing pressure on the world's fresh water. clean water and drinking water is also issue
environmental justice lecture: ex. of water crises- The Aral Sea
was once 4th largest fresh water lake in world, and after soviets extracted too much water it has lost 80 percent of its water and fish and fishing jobs gone
environmental justice lecture: what are the 3 types of water crises?
water scarcity, pollution, and flood
"What is thing called GJ" reading: normative inquiry does not equal empirical inquiry- what does this mean?
what ought to be may be limited by the real world, they conflict bc how things ought to be isn't always possible
"What is thing called GJ" reading: GJ as a normative inquiry- what does this mean?
what ought/should be not what is reality, how individuals plus states ought to conduct themselves
International law film: what is the responsibility to protect?
when the "international community must respond when a country fails to protect its citizens," sometimes more political then for the citizens, debate over when one country should intervene in another's affairs
environmental justice lecture: what is the WEC?
world economic forum, non-profit, non-partisan international organization, committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas. annual meeting brining together many various types of leaders to discuss most pressing issues facing the world. annually publishes the global risks report identifying and analyzing the most pressing global risks
environmental justice lecture: do droughts also affect?
yes, cali drought, our indvidual and collective consumption also influences water availability. personal/individual solution could be conservation
environmental justice lecture: has the UN agreed that humans have a right to water?
yes, in 2002 committee on economic, social, and cultural rights. 2010 UN general assembly voted in favor of non binding resolution on the right
environmental justice lecture: do we pollute our oceans?
yes, trash is disposed in them. the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
