K201 Lecture Chapter 12
Primary Drivers of Systems Development OR Keys to successful SDLC Projects
- Create work-breakdown structure (WBS) - Estimate time vs costs -Create Project plan (using Gant chart, critical path and critical path analysis) -Adjust plan via trade-offs -Manage Challenges
Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development
-Expect, even welcome, changes in requirements. -Frequently deliver working version of the product. -Work closely with customer for the duration. -Test as you go -Design as you go -Team knows best how it's doing/how to change. -Can be used for business processes, information systems, and applications development
What are the 3 principle roles of Scrum?
-Product owner (business professional who represents customer) -Scrum Master -Team Members (7 plus or minus two)
Scrum Essentials
-Requirements list drives process -Each Work period (1 to 4-8 weeks) -Meet as group at beginning of day to determine tasks each member will perform. Meet at end of the day to discuss what was done and evaluate how the process is going. -Rinse and Repeat until: Customer says we're done, out of time, out of money -Three principle roles
Scrum Process
-Takes place over 1-8 weeks Prioritized Requirements list Choose requirements to deliver Stand up Do work Deliver and Reflect
What are the 4 critical challenges for Managing Development?
1-Coordination 2-Diseconomies of scale- Brook's Law - "adding more people to a late project that make the project later" 3-Configuration Control -Set of management policies, practices, and tools. -Used to maintain control over project resources. 4-Unexpected Events -New Management -Technology, competitor changes -Disasters -Loss
Gantt Chart
a chart that shows tasks, dates, dependencies, and possibly resources
business process management (BPM)
a cyclical process for systematically creating, assessing, and altering business processes
Test Plan
a formal description of the system's response to use and misuse scenarios
Implementation
implementing information systems components only or implementing the information system and the business process that use the system
Estimation of Time and Costs is difficult
* therefore, to avoid the task, org don't create IS just license existing ERP systms that include business processes and IS * If no suitable package exists; estimation w loosest commitment * estimations can be based on past projects
Relationship between business processes and information systems?
1. Business process, information systems and applications have different characteristics and components. 2. The relationship between the two is N:M. A business process need not relate to any information system, but an information system relates to at least one business process.. 3. Every IS has at least one application because every IS has a software component.
What is Done in the Define System Phase of the SDLC?
1. Define the system goals and scope: in terms of reason for facilitating the organization's competitive strategy 2. Determine feasibility: Cost (benefits justify the operational costs), schedule (estimate time to complete the project), organizational (new IS should fit in w org. structure customs,culture,legal reqs.) and technical(if existing IS can fulfill needs of system) 3. Form a Project Team: Project managers, coders, business analysts, end users, and more 4.Plan the Project: Determine Roles, set schedules, and determine task dependencies
What is done In the Design sysytem components phase of the SDLC?
1. Determine hardware specifications 2. Determine software specifications: assess off-the-shelf programs, consider changes to them, custom design your own 3. Design Database: 4. Design Procedures for app (BPM) System development process to formulate procedures for usage and development 5. Create job definitions (people)
3 Reasons Processes need Management
1. Improve process quality: Improve the efficiency of resource use or the effectiveness of the process in achieving a goal. 2. Adapt to change in technology: when there is a change in tech-> there is a change in process -> re-evaluation of process -> BPM 3. Adapt to change in business fundamentals such as change in market, company policy, customer characteristics; product lines; supply chain; company org (merger, acquisition); or environment
Properties of Business Processes (on exam)
1. Roles- like a job title, or a collection of activities 2. Resources- People or computer applications assigned to roles. 3. Flow- one of two things: a control flow that directs order of activities where as data flow represents the movement of data among activities OR 4. Data Flow- that shows the movement of data among activities and repositories
Documenting as-is business order process
1. Show it in swim-lane layout 2. Each role is given its own swim lane which contains all the activities of the role. 3. Subprocesses are certain activities that are defined in greater detail.
Four Stages of Business Process Management
BPM is a cyclical process for systematically creating, assessing, and altering business processes. 1. Model Processes: (most imp stage) create a model of existing processes i.e. as-is-model. Involves users and analysts. they evaluate the model and make improvements by changing structure (new model) and adding resources(assigning more people or create/update IS). 2. Create components: design changes to the business process at a depth sufficient for implementation. For a new IS or changed IS, system development projects are created and mgd. For activities involving IS, processes created 3. Implement processes: process actors are trained for activities; softening resistance to changes is imp 4. Assess Results: Continually assess business process effectiveness.
What is done in the Implementation phase of the SDLC?
Build system components Conduct Unit Tests Integrate components Conduct integrated tests Convert to new system
What is the Parallel approach to the system conversions?
Complete new and old systems run simultaneously (-) Very Safe but expensive
COBIT
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology a set of standard practices created by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association that are used in the assessment stage of the BPM cycle to determine how well an information system complies with an organization's strategy
What is the Plunge approach to the system conversions
Def: old system is shut and new is installed Only used if new system not vital to company operations In most cases avoid "taking the plunge" (-)High Risk if new system fails
What are the Common Approaches to system Conversions and which is not recommended?
Def: process of converting business activities from the old systems to the new. Pilot Phased Parallel Plunge Plunge is not recommended
What are the 5 Phases in the Systems Development Life Cycle
Define System Determine Requirements Design System Components Implement Systems Maintain the system
What is the Most important phase in the SDLC and why? (ON TEST)
Determine Requirements Sources of requirements 1. Conduct user interviews 2. Evaluate existing systems 3. Consider all 5 components 4. Determine new forms, queries for new IS 5. Consider security 6. ID new app and features 7. Create a new data model
Implementation for the 5 components of the SDLC
Hardware- Obtain, install, and test hardware Software- License and install off-the-shelf programs. Write alterations and custom programs. Test Programs. Data- Create database. Fill with data. Test data. Procedures- Document procedures. Create training programs. Review and test procedures. People- Hire and train personnel
Design for the 5 components of the SDLC
Hardware- determine hardware specifications Software- select off-the-shelf programs. Design alterations and custom programs as necessary. Data- Design Database and related structures. Procedures- Design user and operations procedures. People- Develop user and operations job descriptions
Information System
Has 5 components, hardware, software, data, people, procedures, and contains at least one application. Must support at least one business process
Systems analysts
IS professionals who understand both business and information technology. Focus primarily on on IS development, but are involved with business analysts on the management of business processes as well.
What is the pilot approach to system conversions?
Implement entire system in limited portion of business (+)Limits exposure to business if system fails
What is Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
It is the traditional process used to develop information systems and application
What does Swim-lane layout do?
It simplifies the process diagram and draws attention to interactions among components of the diagram.
How Is Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) Used to Model Processes?
Models are a blueprint for understanding the current process. Decisions or Gateways are BPMN flow elements, which are used to control how sequence flows interact as they converge and diverge within a process. Yes/No questions.
In the context of system implementation phase of the systems development life cycle (SDLC), a ________ installation is the riskiest because the old system is shut down and the new system is introduced. (ON TEST)
Plunge
What is done in the Maintenance Phase of the SDLC?
Record requests for change: failures, and Enhancements Prioritize requests: Mandated changes, Severe failures, Enhancements Fix Failures: Patches, Service Packs, New releases
Business analyst
Someone who is well versed in porter's Models, and in the organization's strategies and who focuses, primarily, on ensuring that business processes and information systems meet the organization's competitive strategy
What is the Phased approach to system conversions?
System installed in phases of modules Each Piece installed and tested (-) some systems are too integrated for this approach
work breakdown structures (WBS)
a hierarchy of the tasks required to complete a project * Divide & conquer; breakdown tasks onto smaller tasks until each task is small enough to estimate and manage * Each task culminates in 1 or more result i.e. deliverable * wbs is created to prevent inter-related tasks from confusing
Configuration Control
a set of management policies, practices, and tools that developers use to maintain control over the project's resources
Object Management Group (OMG)
a software industry standards organizations that created a standard set of terms and graphical notations for documenting business processes
Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)
a standard set of terms and graphical notations for documenting business processes
trade-off
balancing of three critical factors: requirements, cost, and time
Application
combination of hardware, software and data that accomplish a set of requiremt
Business Process
is a network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows that interact to accomplish a business function
What are the steps in the business process management (BPM) cycle?
model processes; create components; implement processes; assess results
baseline WBS
shows the planned tasks, dependencies, durations, and resource assignments
Brooks' law
states that adding more people to a late project makes it later
Deliverable
tasks that are measurable or observable steps in a developmental process
as-is model
the beginning of BPM that creates a model of the existing business process
critical path analysis
the process by which project managers compress the schedule by moving resources, typically people, from noncritical path tasks onto critical path tasks
Critical Path
the sequence of activities that determine the earliest date by which the project can be completed
diseconomies of scale
the situation that occurs when adding more resources creates inefficiencies
Velocity
the total number of points of work the team can accomplish each scrum period. The team uses its velocity to determine how many requirements it can commit to accomplishing in the next scrum period.
Cost Feasibility
whether an information system can be developed within a budget
organizational feasibility
whether an information system fits within an organization's customer, culture, and legal requirements
Schedule Feasibility
whether an information system will be able to be developed on the timetable needed
Technical Feasibility
whether existing information technology will be able to meet the needs of a new information system
